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{{short description|1953 film by Cecil Holmes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Captain Thunderbolt
| name = Captain Thunderbolt
| image =
| image = Captain_Thunderbolt_(film).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Poster
| caption =
| director = [[Cecil Holmes (director)|Cecil Holmes]]
| director = [[Cecil Holmes (director)|Cecil Holmes]]
| producer = [[John Wiltshire (actor)|John Wiltshire]]
| producer = [[John Wiltshire (actor)|John Wiltshire]]
| writer = [[Creswick Jenkinson]]
| writer = [[Creswick Jenkinson]]
| narrator =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Grant Taylor (actor)|Grant Taylor]] <br> [[Charles Tingwell]]
| starring = [[Grant Taylor (actor)|Grant Taylor]]<br>[[Charles Tingwell]]
| music = [[Sydney John Kay]]
| music = [[Sydney John Kay]]
| cinematography = [[Ross Wood]]
| cinematography = [[Ross Wood]]
Line 16: Line 16:
| studio = Associated TV
| studio = Associated TV
| distributor = Ray Films
| distributor = Ray Films
| released = 1953 (overseas)<br>June 1955 (Australia)
| released = {{Film date|1955|09|08|Sydney|1956|06||England|df=yes}}
| runtime = 69 min. (53 min. TV version)
| runtime = 69 minutes (53 minutes TV version)
| country = Australia
| country = Australia
| language = English
| language = English
| budget = ₤15,000<ref name="pike">Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, ''Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production'', Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 216.</ref>
| budget = £15,000<ref name="pike">Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, ''Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production'', Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 216.</ref><ref name="bull">{{Citation
| title=PERSONAL ITEMS
⚫
| gross = ₤30,000<ref name="pike"/>
| journal=The Bulletin
| orig-date=1880
| department=105 volumes : illustrations (chiefly coloured), portraits (chiefly coloured) ; 30-40 cm.
| issn=0007-4039
| series=John Ryan Comic Collection (Specific issues).
| volume=73
| issue=3724
| date=27 Jun 1951
| location=Sydney, N.S.W
| publisher=John Haynes and J.F. Archibald
| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-525477717
| id=nla.obj-525477717
| access-date=19 August 2023
| via=Trove
}}</ref><ref name="max"/>
⚫
| gross = £30,000<ref name="pike"/>
}}
}}
'''''Captain Thunderbolt''''' is a 1953 Australian action film from director [[Cecil Holmes (director)|Cecil Holmes]] about the [[bushranger]] [[Captain Thunderbolt]]. It was one of the few all-Australian films of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18501666 |title=What Happens To Our Films?. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)|The Sunday Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=3 February 1952 |accessdate=25 August 2012 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
'''''Captain Thunderbolt''''' is a 1953 Australian action film from director [[Cecil Holmes (director)|Cecil Holmes]] about the [[bushranger]] [[Captain Thunderbolt]]. It was one of the few all-Australian films of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18501666 |title=What Happens To Our Films?. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)|The Sunday Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=3 February 1952 |accessdate=25 August 2012 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


==Synopsis==
==Synopsis==
Fred Ward is imprisoned for horse stealing. He escapes from Cockatoo Island and under the name of Captain Thunderbolt becomes a [[bushranger]], working with his friend and fellow escapee Alan Blake.
Fred Ward is imprisoned for horse stealing. He escapes from Cockatoo Island and under the name of Captain Thunderbolt becomes a [[bushranger]] in the New England region, working with his friend and fellow escapee Alan Blake. Blake has a romantic involvement with a "half-caste" (sic) girl Maggie that equally infringes the norms of the day.


Thunderbolt is tracked by the evil Sergeant Mannix who undertakes gunfights with the bushranger at a dance, then at a rocky outcrop, only to discover that he has killed Alan Blake instead. Mannix passes off Blake's body as Thunderbolt, enabling the bushranger to escape. The legend grows that Thunderbolt did not die.
Thunderbolt is tracked by the vengeful Trooper Mannix. After gunfights with the bushranger at a dance, then at a rocky outcrop, Mannix discovers that he has killed Alan Blake instead. Mannix passes off Blake's body as Thunderbolt, concealing the bushranger's escape. The legend grows that Thunderbolt did not die.


==Cast==
==Cast==
Line 34: Line 50:
*[[Charles Tingwell]] as Alan Blake
*[[Charles Tingwell]] as Alan Blake
*Rosemary Miller as Joan
*Rosemary Miller as Joan
*Harp McGuire as Sgt Mannix
*[[Harp McGuire]] as Trooper Mannix
*[[John Fegan (actor)|John Fegan]] as Dalton
*[[John Fegan (actor)|John Fegan]] as Sergeant Dalton
*Jean Blue as Mrs Ward
*[[Jean Blue]] as Mrs Ward
*John Fernside as Colonel
*[[John Fernside]] as Colonel
*Loretta Boutmy as Maggie
*Loretta Boutmy as Maggie
*Ronald Whelan as Hogstone
*[[Ronald Whelan (actor)|Ronald Whelan]] as Hogstone
*Charles Tasman as Colonial Secretary
*Charles Tasman as Colonial Secretary
*Harvey Adams as parliamentarian
*[[Harvey Adams]] as parliamentarian
*Patricia Hill as Belle
*Patricia Hill as Belle
*John Brunskill as Judge
*John Brunskill as Judge


==Production==
==Production==
The budget was provided entirely by theatrical entrepreneur Sir [[Ben Fuller (producer)|Benjamin Fuller]].<ref>[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fuller-sir-benjamin-john-ben-6254 Sir Benjamin Fuller] at ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71633625 "Sydney TV inquiry told: SACKED 'BECAUSE HE DEFIED MINISTER'."] ''The Argus (Melbourne)'' 16 Feb 1955: 10, accessed 27 November 2011</ref>
The budget was provided entirely by theatrical entrepreneur Sir [[Ben Fuller (producer)|Benjamin Fuller]].<ref>[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fuller-sir-benjamin-john-ben-6254 Sir Benjamin Fuller] at ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71633625 "Sydney TV inquiry told: SACKED 'BECAUSE HE DEFIED MINISTER'."] ''The Argus (Melbourne)'' 16 February 1955: 10, retrieved 27 November 2011</ref>


It was a return to leading man roles for Grant Taylor.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/unsung-aussie-filmmakers-grant-taylor-top-ten/|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|date=29 July 2019|title=Unsung Aussie Filmmakers – Grant Taylor: A Top Ten}}</ref>
⚫
The movie was shot in early 1951 on location in [[New England, New South Wales]], and at the Royal National Park in Sydney, with studio work done in Supreme Sound System in North Sydney. The woolshed dance sequence was shot at a Pyrmont woolstore. One of Thunderbolt's robbery victims was played by Kathleen Drummond, daughter of the then-local MP [[David Drummond (politician)|David Drummond]].


Holmes scouted locations around Armidale in late January 1951.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193955821 |title=Life Of Thunderbolt To Be Televised |newspaper=[[The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser]] |issue=3817 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 February 1951 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
British censorship requirements meant that the real-life romantic relationship between Thunderbolt and his aboriginal girlfriend Mary, who helped him escape from Cockatoo Island, was not featured in the film when released in Britain.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18490063 "Australia Makes Debut In T.V. Films."] ''The Sunday Herald (Sydney)'' 8 Apr 1951: 1 Supplement, accessed 27 November 2011</ref>


⚫
The movie was shot in early 1951 on location in [[New England, New South Wales]], and at the Royal National Park in Sydney, with studio work done in Supreme Sound System in North Sydney. The woolshed dance sequence was shot at a Pyrmont woolstore. One of Thunderbolt's robbery victims was played by Kathleen Drummond, daughter of the then-local MP [[David Drummond (politician)|David Drummond]].<ref name="max"/>
⚫
Captain Thunderbolt was allowed to live at the end of the film because the producers hoped to spin it off into a TV series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71674851 |title=Melbourne audiences might soon see... 'JEDDA' IN PERSON. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=20 August 1955 |accessdate=25 August 2012 |page=41 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> This did not happen.

Filming started near Armidale on 5 March for ten days then the unit moved to Uralla.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193957201 |title=FILM OF CAPTAIN THUNDERBOLT'S LIFE |newspaper=[[The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser]] |issue=3830 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=5 March 1951 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Taylor was accompanied by his wife during filming.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193957357 |title=Resemary Miller Likes Armidale |newspaper=[[The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser]] |issue=3832 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=9 March 1951 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

British censorship requirements meant that the real-life romantic relationship between Thunderbolt and his aboriginal girlfriend Mary, who helped him escape from Cockatoo Island, was not featured in the film when released in Britain.<ref name="max">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18490063 |title=Australia Makes Debut In T.V. Films |newspaper=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)]] |issue=115 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 April 1951 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |page=1 (Features) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> According to ''Filmink'' "Holmes was a bit of a lefty in real life, and he fashions the story so poor old Thunderbolt is a victim of the upper classes. Holmes was conservative enough, however, to remove Thunderbolt’s aboriginal wife from the story entirely."<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|title=50 Meat Pie Westerns|date=24 July 2019}}</ref> Loretta Boutmy, a singer, plays the role in blackface.<ref name="max"/>

⚫
Captain Thunderbolt was allowed to live at the end of the film because the producers hoped to spin it off into a TV series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71674851 |title=Melbourne audiences might soon see... 'JEDDA' IN PERSON. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=20 August 1955 |accessdate=25 August 2012 |page=41 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> (This did not happen.) Crewsick Jenkinson said the idea to write it that way came from his research which revealed that Frederic Britten died for Thunderbolt.<ref>{{Citation
| author1=Australian Broadcasting Commission.
| title=SHON BUSINESS
| journal=ABC Weekly
| orig-date=1939
| department=v. : ill. ; 29cm.
| volume=12
| issue=50
| date=16 December 1950
| location=Sydney
| publisher=ABC
| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1526914825
| id=nla.obj-1526914825
| access-date=19 August 2023
| via=Trove
}}</ref>


==Release==
==Release==
The film was meant to be released in August 1951.<ref name="bull"/> However it did not play in Melbourne or Sydney cinemas until late 1955.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article236262924 |title=After four years. Thunderbolt is in Sydney |newspaper=[[Tribune (Australian newspaper)|Tribune]] |issue=911 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=7 September 1955 |accessdate=19 August 2023 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The ''Sydney Morning Herald'' called it "modest but enterprising" with "stagy dialogue scenes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Captain Thunderbolt|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 September 1955|page= 29}}</ref>
⚫
The film did not receive a wide release in Australia – it did not play in Melbourne cinemas until late 1955, and Sydney until 1956. However it sold well overseas, including to American television.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44552821 "Local movie on television."] ''The Australian Women's Weekly'' 28 Nov 1951: 57], accessed 27 November 2011</ref>


⚫
The film sold well overseas, including to American television.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44552821 "Local movie on television."] ''The Australian Women's Weekly'' 28 November 1951: 57, retrieved 27 November 2011</ref><ref>{{Citation
The only copy of the film in possession of the Australian [[National Film and Sound Archive]] is a 53-minute TV edition. The archive is looking for a copy of the full 69-minute version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/film/australias-lost-films |title=Australia's 'Lost' Films |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive}}</ref>
| title=The bulletin
| publication-date=1880
| publisher=John Haynes and J.F. Archibald
| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-675206553
| accessdate=24 March 2019
}}</ref>

53-minute TV edition in 16mm format of the film is in possession of the Australian [[National Film and Sound Archive]]. The missing full version was located in Prague in 2024 and obtained by NFSA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/captain-thunderbolt-rides-again |title=Captain Thunderbolt Rudes Again}}</ref> The Archive has published the Trailer originating from a 35mm print.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/film/australias-lost-films |title=Australia's 'Lost' Films |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915045513/http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/film/australias-lost-films/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 65: Line 110:
*{{IMDb title|45606}}
*{{IMDb title|45606}}
*{{YouTube|y682mZG95yU|Interview with Philip Hawkes who played the young Thunderbolt at Moviememorabilie}}
*{{YouTube|y682mZG95yU|Interview with Philip Hawkes who played the young Thunderbolt at Moviememorabilie}}
*[http://colsearch.nfsa.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;adv=;group=;groupequals=;holdingType=;page=0;parentid=;query=captain%20thunderbolt;querytype=;rec=3;resCount=10 ''Captain Thunderbolt'']{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[National Film and Sound Archive]]
*[https://archive.today/20121128034544/http://colsearch.nfsa.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;adv=;group=;groupequals=;holdingType=;page=0;parentid=;query=captain%20thunderbolt;querytype=;rec=3;resCount=10 ''Captain Thunderbolt''] at [[National Film and Sound Archive]]
*[http://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/captain-thunderbolt ''Captain Thunderbolt''] at Oz Movies
*[http://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/captain-thunderbolt ''Captain Thunderbolt''] at Oz Movies
*[http://www.captainthunderboltfilm.vpweb.com.au] Specific website for the search for this film.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180401064955/http://captainthunderboltfilm.vpweb.com.au/] Specific website for the search for this film.
{{Cecil Holmes}}
{{Cecil Holmes}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
⚫
[[Category:Australian films]]
[[Category:Australian action films]]
[[Category:Australian action films]]
[[Category:Bushranger films]]
[[Category:Bushranger films]]
[[Category:Australian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:1950s action films]]
⚫
[[Category:Australian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1950s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sydney John Kay]]
[[Category:Captain Thunderbolt]]
[[Category:English-language action films]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 9 November 2024

Captain Thunderbolt
Poster
Directed byCecil Holmes
Written byCreswick Jenkinson
Produced byJohn Wiltshire
StarringGrant Taylor
Charles Tingwell
CinematographyRoss Wood
Edited byMargaret Cardin
Music bySydney John Kay
Production
company
Associated TV
Distributed byRay Films
Release dates
  • 8 September 1955 (1955-09-08) (Sydney)
  • June 1956 (1956-06) (England)
Running time
69 minutes (53 minutes TV version)
CountryAustralia
LanguageEnglish
Budget£15,000[1][2][3]
Box office£30,000[1]

Captain Thunderbolt is a 1953 Australian action film from director Cecil Holmes about the bushranger Captain Thunderbolt. It was one of the few all-Australian films of the 1950s.[4]

Synopsis

[edit]

Fred Ward is imprisoned for horse stealing. He escapes from Cockatoo Island and under the name of Captain Thunderbolt becomes a bushranger in the New England region, working with his friend and fellow escapee Alan Blake. Blake has a romantic involvement with a "half-caste" (sic) girl Maggie that equally infringes the norms of the day.

Thunderbolt is tracked by the vengeful Trooper Mannix. After gunfights with the bushranger at a dance, then at a rocky outcrop, Mannix discovers that he has killed Alan Blake instead. Mannix passes off Blake's body as Thunderbolt, concealing the bushranger's escape. The legend grows that Thunderbolt did not die.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

The budget was provided entirely by theatrical entrepreneur Sir Benjamin Fuller.[5][6]

It was a return to leading man roles for Grant Taylor.[7]

Holmes scouted locations around Armidale in late January 1951.[8]

The movie was shot in early 1951 on location in New England, New South Wales, and at the Royal National Park in Sydney, with studio work done in Supreme Sound System in North Sydney. The woolshed dance sequence was shot at a Pyrmont woolstore. One of Thunderbolt's robbery victims was played by Kathleen Drummond, daughter of the then-local MP David Drummond.[3]

Filming started near Armidale on 5 March for ten days then the unit moved to Uralla.[9] Taylor was accompanied by his wife during filming.[10]

British censorship requirements meant that the real-life romantic relationship between Thunderbolt and his aboriginal girlfriend Mary, who helped him escape from Cockatoo Island, was not featured in the film when released in Britain.[3] According to Filmink "Holmes was a bit of a lefty in real life, and he fashions the story so poor old Thunderbolt is a victim of the upper classes. Holmes was conservative enough, however, to remove Thunderbolt’s aboriginal wife from the story entirely."[11] Loretta Boutmy, a singer, plays the role in blackface.[3]

Captain Thunderbolt was allowed to live at the end of the film because the producers hoped to spin it off into a TV series.[12] (This did not happen.) Crewsick Jenkinson said the idea to write it that way came from his research which revealed that Frederic Britten died for Thunderbolt.[13]

Release

[edit]

The film was meant to be released in August 1951.[2] However it did not play in Melbourne or Sydney cinemas until late 1955.[14] The Sydney Morning Herald called it "modest but enterprising" with "stagy dialogue scenes.[15]

The film sold well overseas, including to American television.[16][17]

53-minute TV edition in 16mm format of the film is in possession of the Australian National Film and Sound Archive. The missing full version was located in Prague in 2024 and obtained by NFSA.[18] The Archive has published the Trailer originating from a 35mm print.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 216.
  2. ^ a b "PERSONAL ITEMS", 105 volumes : illustrations (chiefly coloured), portraits (chiefly coloured) ; 30-40 cm., The Bulletin, John Ryan Comic Collection (Specific issues)., 73 (3724), Sydney, N.S.W: John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, 27 June 1951 [1880], ISSN 0007-4039, nla.obj-525477717, retrieved 19 August 2023 – via Trove
  3. ^ a b c d "Australia Makes Debut In T.V. Films". The Sunday Herald (Sydney). No. 115. New South Wales, Australia. 8 April 1951. p. 1 (Features). Retrieved 19 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ "What Happens To Our Films?". The Sunday Herald. Sydney. 3 February 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 25 August 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ Sir Benjamin Fuller at Australian Dictionary of Biography
  6. ^ "Sydney TV inquiry told: SACKED 'BECAUSE HE DEFIED MINISTER'." The Argus (Melbourne) 16 February 1955: 10, retrieved 27 November 2011
  7. ^ Vagg, Stephen (29 July 2019). "Unsung Aussie Filmmakers – Grant Taylor: A Top Ten". Filmink.
  8. ^ "Life Of Thunderbolt To Be Televised". The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser. No. 3817. New South Wales, Australia. 2 February 1951. p. 8. Retrieved 19 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "FILM OF CAPTAIN THUNDERBOLT'S LIFE". The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser. No. 3830. New South Wales, Australia. 5 March 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 19 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ "Resemary Miller Likes Armidale". The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser. No. 3832. New South Wales, Australia. 9 March 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 19 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ Vagg, Stephen (24 July 2019). "50 Meat Pie Westerns". Filmink.
  12. ^ "Melbourne audiences might soon see... 'JEDDA' IN PERSON". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 August 1955. p. 41. Retrieved 25 August 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ Australian Broadcasting Commission. (16 December 1950) [1939], "SHON BUSINESS", v. : ill. ; 29cm., ABC Weekly, 12 (50), Sydney: ABC, nla.obj-1526914825, retrieved 19 August 2023 – via Trove
  14. ^ "After four years. Thunderbolt is in Sydney". Tribune. No. 911. New South Wales, Australia. 7 September 1955. p. 7. Retrieved 19 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "Captain Thunderbolt". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 September 1955. p. 29.
  16. ^ "Local movie on television." The Australian Women's Weekly 28 November 1951: 57, retrieved 27 November 2011
  17. ^ The bulletin, John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, 1880, retrieved 24 March 2019
  18. ^ "Captain Thunderbolt Rudes Again".
  19. ^ "Australia's 'Lost' Films". National Film and Sound Archive. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
[edit]
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