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{{Short description|American activist (born 1942)}}
{{Short description|American radical feminist activist (born 1942)}}
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'''Carol Hanisch''' (born 1942) is a [[radical feminist]] activist. She was an important member of [[New York Radical Women]] and [[Redstockings]]. She is best known for popularizing the phrase "[[the personal is political]]" in a 1970 essay of the same name.<ref name="webhome.cs.uvic.ca">https://webhome.cs.uvic.ca/~mserra/AttachedFiles/PersonalPolitical.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> However, Hanisch does not take responsibility of the phrase, stating in her 2006 updated essay, with a new introduction, that did not name it that, or in fact use it in the essay at all. Instead she claims that the title was done by the editors of ''Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation'' (where it was published), [[Shulamith Firestone]] and [[Anne Koedt]]. She also conceived the 1968 [[Miss America protest]] and was one of the four women who hung a women's liberation banner over the balcony at the [[Miss America Pageant]], disrupting the proceedings.<ref name="Buchanan2011">{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Paul D.|title=Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598843576|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lx5TlteHLvAC&pg=PA124 124ff]}}</ref>
'''Carol Hanisch''' (born 1942) is an American [[radical feminist]] activist. She was an important member of [[New York Radical Women]] and [[Redstockings]]. She is best known for popularizing the phrase "[[the personal is political]]" in a 1970 essay of the same name.<ref name="webhome.cs.uvic.ca">{{cite web |url=https://webhome.cs.uvic.ca/~mserra/AttachedFiles/PersonalPolitical.pdf |title=The Personal Is Political |first=Carol |last=Hanisch |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> She does not take responsibility of the phrase, stating in her 2006 updated essay, with a new introduction, that did not name it that, or in fact use it in the essay at all. Instead she claims that the title was done by the editors of ''Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation'' (where it was published), [[Shulamith Firestone]] and [[Anne Koedt]]. She also conceived the 1968 [[Miss America protest]] and was one of the four women who hung a women's liberation banner over the balcony at the [[Miss America Pageant]], disrupting the proceedings.<ref name="Buchanan2011">{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Paul D.|title=Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598843576|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lx5TlteHLvAC&pg=PA124 124ff]}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Line 20: Line 20:


==Feminist activism and writing==
==Feminist activism and writing==
By early 1968, Hanisch had secured the SCEF offices for the weekly meetings of the New York Radical Women, and it remained their base until the group dissolved in the early 1970s.<ref name=Brownmiller1999>Brownmiller, Susan (1999). ''In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution''. Dial Press, pp.&nbsp;20–21, 23.</ref>
By early 1968, Hanisch had secured the SCEF offices for the weekly meetings of the New York Radical Women, and it remained their base until the group dissolved in the early 1970s.<ref name=Brownmiller1999>Brownmiller, Susan (1999). ''In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution''. Dial Press, pp. 20-23.</ref>


In 1970 her most famous essay, 'the personal is political' was published in Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation. Hanisch states that the essay was named by the two editors Shulie Firestone and Anne Koedt. In the essay, the phrase is actually not used at all but it instead states:
In 1970, her most famous essay, 'the personal is political' was published in Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation. Hanisch states that the essay was named by the two editors Shulie Firestone and Anne Koedt. In the essay, the phrase is actually not used at all but it instead states:
One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time. There is only collective action for a collective solution.<ref name="webhome.cs.uvic.ca"/>
One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time. There is only collective action for a collective solution.<ref name="webhome.cs.uvic.ca"/>
The essay was written in response to a series of 'therapy groups' that Hanisch would attend. Her main argument was that these groups should not be deemed as 'apolitical', but instead any situation where women talk about their life and their struggles under the patriarchy is an extremely political act.


She co-founded and currently co-edits with Kathy Scarbrough ''Meeting Ground online'', the third version of "Meeting Ground." The statement of purpose from 1977 describes itself as providing "an ongoing place to hammer out ideas about theory, strategy and tactics for the women’s liberation movement and for the general radical movement of working men and women."<ref>[http://meetinggroundonline.org/about-meeting-ground/ ''Meeting Ground online''] website "about page" with January 1977 statement of purpose, ''accessed August 31, 2014.''</ref>
She co-founded and currently co-edits with Kathy Scarbrough ''Meeting Ground online'', the third version of "Meeting Ground." The statement of purpose from 1977 describes itself as providing "an ongoing place to hammer out ideas about theory, strategy and tactics for the women’s liberation movement and for the general radical movement of working men and women."<ref>[http://meetinggroundonline.org/about-meeting-ground/ ''Meeting Ground online''] website "about page" with January 1977 statement of purpose. Accessed August 31, 2014.</ref>


In 1996, Hanisch delivered a speech at the 30th Anniversary Symposium on “China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” at the [[The New School|New School for Social Research]]. The speech was titled "Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution on the Women's Liberation Movement." Hanisch credited [[William H. Hinton]]'s book ''[[Fanshen]]'' as well as the works of [[Mao Zedong]] for influencing the emerging women's liberation movement of the 1960s. She cites both Black Liberation and Maoist theory, and in particular Maoist notions of "[[Struggle session|speaking bitterness]]" and "[[Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticism]]", for helping to develop the idea of [[consciousness raising]] groups within American radical feminism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carolhanisch.org/Speeches/ChinaWLMSpeech/ChinaWLspeech.html |title=Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the Women's Liberation Movement |publisher=Carolhanisch.org |access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carolhanisch.org/Speeches/HintonSpeech/HintonTribSpeech.html |title=William Hinton and the Women of Long Bow |publisher=Carolhanisch.org |access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lovell |first=Julia |date=2019 |title=Maoism: A Global History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1-DwAAQBAJ&q=Carol%20Hanisch |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |isbn=978-1847922502}}</ref>
In 1996, Hanisch delivered a speech at the 30th Anniversary Symposium on “China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” at the [[The New School|New School for Social Research]]. The speech was titled "Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution on the Women's Liberation Movement." Hanisch credited [[William H. Hinton]]'s book ''[[Fanshen]]'' as well as the works of [[Mao Zedong]] for influencing the emerging women's liberation movement of the 1960s. She cites both Black Liberation and Maoist theory, and in particular Maoist notions of "[[Struggle session|speaking bitterness]]" and "[[Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticism]]", for helping to develop the idea of [[consciousness raising]] groups within American radical feminism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carolhanisch.org/Speeches/ChinaWLMSpeech/ChinaWLspeech.html |title=Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the Women's Liberation Movement |publisher=Carolhanisch.org |access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carolhanisch.org/Speeches/HintonSpeech/HintonTribSpeech.html |title=William Hinton and the Women of Long Bow |publisher=Carolhanisch.org |access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lovell |first=Julia |date=2019 |title=Maoism: A Global History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1-DwAAQBAJ&q=Carol%20Hanisch |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |isbn=978-1847922502}}</ref>


In 2013 Hanisch, along with Scarbrough, [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] and [[Kathie Sarachild]] initiated "Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", which they described as an "open statement from 48 radical feminists from seven countries".<ref>[http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'"], at ''Meeting Ground online'', August 12, 2013, updated with more signatures September 20, 2013.</ref> In August 2014 Michelle Goldberg in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described it as expressing their “alarm” at “threats and attacks, some of them physical, on individuals and organizations daring to challenge the currently fashionable concept of gender.”<ref>Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism"], ''[[The New Yorker]]''.</ref>
In 2013 Hanisch, along with Scarbrough, [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] and [[Kathie Sarachild]] initiated "Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", which they described as an "open statement from 48 radical feminists from seven countries".<ref>[http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'"], at ''Meeting Ground online'', August 12, 2013, updated with more signatures September 20, 2013.</ref> In August 2014, Michelle Goldberg in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described it as expressing their “alarm” at “threats and attacks, some of them physical, on individuals and organizations daring to challenge the currently fashionable concept of gender.”<ref>Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism"], ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Accessed March 12, 2024.</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:03, 8 November 2024

Carol Hanisch
Born1942 (age 81–82)
Iowa, U.S.
OccupationActivist
Notable work"The personal is political" (1969)
MovementRadical feminism

Carol Hanisch (born 1942) is an American radical feminist activist. She was an important member of New York Radical Women and Redstockings. She is best known for popularizing the phrase "the personal is political" in a 1970 essay of the same name.[1] She does not take responsibility of the phrase, stating in her 2006 updated essay, with a new introduction, that did not name it that, or in fact use it in the essay at all. Instead she claims that the title was done by the editors of Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation (where it was published), Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt. She also conceived the 1968 Miss America protest and was one of the four women who hung a women's liberation banner over the balcony at the Miss America Pageant, disrupting the proceedings.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Hanisch was born and raised on a small farm in rural Iowa, and worked as a wire services reporter in Des Moines before leaving to join the Delta Ministry in Mississippi in 1965, inspired by the Freedom Summer reports the year before. There, she met the co-founders of the Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), Anne Braden and husband Carl Braden, who hired her to run the SCEF NY office.[3]

Feminist activism and writing

[edit]

By early 1968, Hanisch had secured the SCEF offices for the weekly meetings of the New York Radical Women, and it remained their base until the group dissolved in the early 1970s.[3]

In 1970, her most famous essay, 'the personal is political' was published in Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation. Hanisch states that the essay was named by the two editors Shulie Firestone and Anne Koedt. In the essay, the phrase is actually not used at all but it instead states: One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time. There is only collective action for a collective solution.[1]

She co-founded and currently co-edits with Kathy Scarbrough Meeting Ground online, the third version of "Meeting Ground." The statement of purpose from 1977 describes itself as providing "an ongoing place to hammer out ideas about theory, strategy and tactics for the women’s liberation movement and for the general radical movement of working men and women."[4]

In 1996, Hanisch delivered a speech at the 30th Anniversary Symposium on “China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” at the New School for Social Research. The speech was titled "Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution on the Women's Liberation Movement." Hanisch credited William H. Hinton's book Fanshen as well as the works of Mao Zedong for influencing the emerging women's liberation movement of the 1960s. She cites both Black Liberation and Maoist theory, and in particular Maoist notions of "speaking bitterness" and "self-criticism", for helping to develop the idea of consciousness raising groups within American radical feminism.[5][6][7]

In 2013 Hanisch, along with Scarbrough, Ti-Grace Atkinson and Kathie Sarachild initiated "Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", which they described as an "open statement from 48 radical feminists from seven countries".[8] In August 2014, Michelle Goldberg in The New Yorker described it as expressing their “alarm” at “threats and attacks, some of them physical, on individuals and organizations daring to challenge the currently fashionable concept of gender.”[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Hanisch, Carol. "The Personal Is Political" (PDF). Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  2. ^ Buchanan, Paul D. (2011). Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture. ABC-CLIO. p. 124ff. ISBN 9781598843576.
  3. ^ a b Brownmiller, Susan (1999). In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. Dial Press, pp. 20-23.
  4. ^ Meeting Ground online website "about page" with January 1977 statement of purpose. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  5. ^ "Impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the Women's Liberation Movement". Carolhanisch.org. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  6. ^ "William Hinton and the Women of Long Bow". Carolhanisch.org. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  7. ^ Lovell, Julia (2019). Maoism: A Global History. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1847922502.
  8. ^ Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", at Meeting Ground online, August 12, 2013, updated with more signatures September 20, 2013.
  9. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism", The New Yorker. Accessed March 12, 2024.
[edit]
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