Manucher Ghorbanifar: Difference between revisions

Manucher Ghorbanifar
Manucher Ghorbanifar
Born	9 May 1945 (age 79); Iran
Nationality	Iranian
	Espionage activity
Service branch	SAVAK
Service years	Unknown–1979
Operations	NEQAB; Iran–Contra affair
Other work	Arms dealer

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Manucher Ghorbanifar (Persian: منوچهر قربانی‌فر; nicknamed Gorba, born May 9, 1945) is an expatriate Iranian arms dealer and former SAVAK agent.

According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Ghorbanifar was a double agent for Iran and Israel.^[2] The CIA director William Casey believed that Ghorbanifar was an Israeli agent.^[3]

He is best known as a middleman in the Iran–Contra Affair during the Ronald Reagan presidency.^[4] He re-emerged in American politics during the lead-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq during the first term of President George W. Bush as a back-channel intelligence source "in order to report on any interaction and attempts at negotiations between Iranian officials and US ambassador to Iraq, Zalmay Khalilzad".^[5]

Career

Prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution Ghorbanifar was an agent of Iran's SAVAK intelligence service, and a partner in an Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel.^[6]^[7] Ghorbanifar knew Israel's military attache in Tehran, Yaakov Nimrodi, who helped build SAVAK.^[8]^[9]

In 1980 Ghorbanifar was the liaison between the Shah's last Prime Minister, Shahpour Bakhtiar, in exile in Paris, and conspirators in the Iranian armed forces organising what is sometimes known as the Nojeh Coup. The plot was exposed, and hundreds of officers were arrested at Nojeh Air Base on 9–10 July 1980.^[10] Ghorbanifar had owned a shipping company and headed the logistics branch of the Niqab network which organised the civilian part of the plot. He had been recommended for the role by Bakhtiar.^[11] Some Iranian sources later accused Ghorbanifar of leaking information to the Iranian government which helped thwart the coup plot.^[12] In December 1985 Adnan Khashoggi said in an interview that Ghorbanifar was head of European intelligence under Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Prime Minister from 1981).^[12]

In 1981 Ghorbanifar was the source for the Washington Post's stories about Libyan hit squads targeting Ronald Reagan and other senior US figures; in 1986 he said he had created the story "To hurt Libya, an enemy of Israel".^[13] Ghorbanifar's contribution to the Libyan story contributed to the CIA's 1984 decision to issue a "burn notice" against Ghorbanifar.^[12]

In the early 1980s Ghorbanifar accompanied Cyrus Hashemi to Israel to arrange a $50m arms shipment, codenamed "Cosmos", to Iran. The deal was cancelled at the last minute with much of the equipment already loaded onto a ship in Eilat.^[14]

Iran–Contra affair

In the 1980s, Ghorbanifar's initial American contacts were National Security Council agents Oliver North and Michael Ledeen.^[12] Ledeen vouched for Ghorbanifar to National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane. Oliver North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from TOW and HAWK missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras.^[4]

Ghorbanifar's suspected duplicity during the Iran–Contra deal led CIA Director William Casey to order three separate lie-detector tests, all of which he failed. Iranian officials also suspected Ghorbanifar of passing them forged American documents. The CIA issued a burn notice (or "Fabricator Notice") on Ghorbanifar in 1984, meaning he was regarded as an unreliable source of intelligence, and a 1987 congressional report on Iran–Contra by the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair cites the CIA warning that Ghorbanifar "should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator and a nuisance".^[15]

His own cohorts in the arms-for-hostages affair were also incredulous. "I knew him to be a liar," North eventually acknowledged. Ronald Reagan had described Ghorbanifar as a “devious character.”^[16] Robert McFarlane, the national-security adviser who approved the Iran–Contra arms trades, once described Ghorbanifar as "one of the most despicable characters I have ever met."^[17] Former CIA official and Iran-Contra figure George Cave, who was involved in the 1984 decision to issue the burn notice,^[18] has described Ghorbanifar as "the most totally amoral person I have ever met".^[19] Thomas Twetten, Chief of the Near East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations at the time,^[20] said of him: "This is a guy who lies with zest."^[21]

According to a report in Time, Ghorbanifar's links with the CIA led to internal disputes, with the counter-terrorism division supporting him and Middle East officers attempting to discredit him. Ghorbanifar's anger at being labelled a liar may have led him to urge Iranian contacts to leak the Iran-Contra story.^[22]^[23] The affair first became public in a Lebanese newspaper, apparently leaked by Mehdi Hashemi.

French–Lebanese hostage crisis

Ghorbanifar has been suspected of being a former French DGSE informer, and allegedly accompanied Jean-Charles Marchiani, the right-hand man of former French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua, during his meetings with the deputy Iranian foreign minister to negotiate the release of the French hostages in Lebanon in the mid-1980s.^[24]

War on terrorism

In December 2001 Michael Ledeen organized a three-day meeting in Rome, Italy between Manucher Ghorbanifar and US Defense Intelligence Agency officials Larry Franklin and Harold Rhode.^[25] Also present were two officials from Italy's SISMI. In addition to a position at the American Enterprise Institute, Ledeen was working as a consultant to then U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith, who oversaw the Office of Special Plans. The 2001 meeting took place with the approval of then-Deputy National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley. The meeting concerned a secret offer from reportedly dissident Iranian officials to provide information relevant to the War on Terrorism and Iran's relationship with terrorists in Afghanistan.^[26]

Prior to the Iraq War, Ghorbanifar had passed allegations to the Bush administration that "enriched uranium was smuggled from Iraq into Iran and some may remain hidden in Iraq" which the CIA later discovered to be a fabrication created by Ghorbanifar.^[27]^[28] Ghorbanifar was linked to the Niger uranium forgeries which were forged documents initially released by SISMI that would later be used partly as justification for the Iraq War.^[29]

Summer 2003 news reports of the meetings prompted an internal review, as well as an investigation by the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld characterized the meetings as insignificant, saying, "There wasn't anything there that was of substance or of value that needed to be pursued further." News reports also indicated that Ghorbanifar sought to be paid for the middleman role. Subsequent contacts with Ghorbanifar were abandoned.^[4]

Manucher Ghorbanifar has emerged as the probable origin of the information cited by Congressman Curt Weldon's book, Countdown to Terror: The Top-Secret Information that Could Prevent the Next Terrorist Attack on America... and How the CIA has Ignored it (Regnery Publishing, June 2005) ISBN 0-89526-005-0. Weldon cites an anonymous source, "Ali," believed to be Fereidoun Mahdavi, a former Iranian minister of commerce before the Iranian Revolution who is a close associate of Ghorbanifar.^[4]

References

^ http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ Bahram Alavi (April 1988), "Khomeini's Iran: Israel's Ally", Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, pp. 4–6
^ "NORTH ON CASEY'S ROLE".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer, American Prospect, 20 March 2005, The Front Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Larisa Alexandrovna, 20 April 2006, Raw Story, Cheney has tapped Iranian expatriate, arms dealer to surveil discussions with Iran, officials say Archived August 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Los Angeles Times, 28 December 1986, The Iran Deception : REAGAN'S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3 : Enough to Make a Middleman Smile
^ brown.edu, Early Background Report on Manucher Ghorbanifar Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Declassified document described as Secret, Report, c. September 1, 1981, 1 pp. Archived May 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Black Rose Books, p. 178
^ Report^{[permanent dead link‍]} of the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair, 1987, p. 527
^ Kenneth R. Timmerman (1988), Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War, Chapter 5: Thou Shalt Not Threaten American Interest Archived May 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Iran Brief
^ Mark J. Gasiorowski (2002), "The Nuzhih Plot and Iranian Politics" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Int. J. Middle East Stud. 34 (2002), 645–666. DOI: 10.1017.S0020743802004038, p652
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bryan Brumley, Associated Press, 1 February 1987, Senate Report Calls Iranian Middleman in Arms Sales A 'Suspect Character' Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Andrew Killgore, The Libyan 'Hit Squad' Hoax, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 2000
^ Ronen Bergman (2008), The Secret War with Iran: The 30-Year Clandestine Struggle Against the World's Most Dangerous Terrorist Power^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Simon & Schuster, p144
^ James Risen, New York Times, 7 December 2003, How a Shady Iranian Deal Maker Kept the Pentagon's Ear Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ An American Life The Autobiography. Simon and Schuster. 15 November 1990. ISBN 9781451642681.
^ Article | The American Prospect Archived April 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (November 1995). Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair. DIANE. ISBN 9780788126024.
^ Peter Earnest (July 9, 2012). "Our Man in the Middle East (Part 2)". www.spymuseum.org (Podcast). International Spy Museum. Event occurs at 11:07-11:58. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Pincus, Walter; Lardner Jr., George (September 23, 1991). "GATES'S MEMORY GAPS CONTRAST WITH OTHERS' IRAN-CONTRA RECALL". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
^ President's Special Review Board (February 26, 1987). Report of the President's Special Review Board (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. B-53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
^ Ed Magnuson, Time, 2 February 1987, Double-Dealing Over Iran: CIA squabbling may have led to the arms-for-hostages scandal Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Black Rose Books, 223
^ Iskandar Safa and the French Hostage Scandal Archived February 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, February 2002 (in English)
^ "Harold Rhode - SourceWatch".
^ George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA, p. 311–314 (HarperCollins 2007).
^ Fayazmanesh, Sasan (31 March 2008). The United States and Iran Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135976873.
^ "CIA investigated tip on WMD from previously discredited source".
^ America's Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors (PDF)

External links

Michael Ledeen, "Truth About Ghorbanifar", with reply by Theodore H. Draper. New York Times Book Review 36, no. 7, 27 April 1989.
"Regime Change in Iran? One Man's Secret Plan". Newsweek, 22 December 2002.
James Risen. How a Shady Iranian Kept the Pentagon's Ear, New York Times, 7 December 2003.
"Arms dealer in talks with US officials about Iran". Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 2003.
Michael Ledeen, "Iran-contra Revisited?". National Review, 14 August 2003.
Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer, "The Front". The American Prospect, 1 April 2005.
Dana Priest, "Lawmaker's Book Warns of Iran". Washington Post, 9 June 2005: A08.
Laura Rozen, "Curt Weldon's Deep Throat". The American Prospect, 10 June 2005.
Larisa Alexandrovna. Spurious attempt to tie Iran, Iraq to nuclear arms plot bypassed U.S. intelligence channels Archived 2006-01-15 at the Wayback Machine, Raw Story, 11 January 2006.
Larisa Alexandrovna. Ghorbanifar Back on U.S. Payroll Archived 2016-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, Raw Story, 20 April 2006.
Laura Rozen, Three Days in Rome (Mother Jones magazine)

[1] ttps://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[2] Bahram Alavi (April 1988), "Khomeini's Iran: Israel's Ally", Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, pp. 4–6

[3] "NORTH ON CASEY'S ROLE".

[prospect-4] Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer, American Prospect, 20 March 2005, The Front Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[raw-5] Larisa Alexandrovna, 20 April 2006, Raw Story, Cheney has tapped Iranian expatriate, arms dealer to surveil discussions with Iran, officials say Archived August 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[6] Los Angeles Times, 28 December 1986, The Iran Deception : REAGAN'S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3 : Enough to Make a Middleman Smile

[7] rown.edu, Early Background Report on Manucher Ghorbanifar Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Declassified document described as Secret, Report, c. September 1, 1981, 1 pp. Archived May 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[Scott-8] Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Black Rose Books, p. 178

[9] Report^{[permanent dead link‍]} of the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair, 1987, p. 527

[Timmerman-10] Kenneth R. Timmerman (1988), Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War, Chapter 5: Thou Shalt Not Threaten American Interest Archived May 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Iran Brief

[Gasiorowski-11] Mark J. Gasiorowski (2002), "The Nuzhih Plot and Iranian Politics" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Int. J. Middle East Stud. 34 (2002), 645–666. DOI: 10.1017.S0020743802004038, p652

[Brumley-12] Bryan Brumley, Associated Press, 1 February 1987, Senate Report Calls Iranian Middleman in Arms Sales A 'Suspect Character' Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[13] Andrew Killgore, The Libyan 'Hit Squad' Hoax, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 2000

[14] Ronen Bergman (2008), The Secret War with Iran: The 30-Year Clandestine Struggle Against the World's Most Dangerous Terrorist Power^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Simon & Schuster, p144

[15] James Risen, New York Times, 7 December 2003, How a Shady Iranian Deal Maker Kept the Pentagon's Ear Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[16] An American Life The Autobiography. Simon and Schuster. 15 November 1990. ISBN 9781451642681.

[17] Article | The American Prospect Archived April 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

[18] Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (November 1995). Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair. DIANE. ISBN 9780788126024.

[ISM_2-19] Peter Earnest (July 9, 2012). "Our Man in the Middle East (Part 2)". www.spymuseum.org (Podcast). International Spy Museum. Event occurs at 11:07-11:58. Retrieved March 13, 2015.

[The_Washington_Post;_September_23,_1991-20] Pincus, Walter; Lardner Jr., George (September 23, 1991). "GATES'S MEMORY GAPS CONTRAST WITH OTHERS' IRAN-CONTRA RECALL". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2023.

[Report_of_the_President's_Special_Review_Board-21] President's Special Review Board (February 26, 1987). Report of the President's Special Review Board (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. B-53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

[22] Ed Magnuson, Time, 2 February 1987, Double-Dealing Over Iran: CIA squabbling may have led to the arms-for-hostages scandal Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[23] Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Black Rose Books, 223

[24] Iskandar Safa and the French Hostage Scandal Archived February 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, February 2002 (in English)

[25] "Harold Rhode - SourceWatch".

[26] George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA, p. 311–314 (HarperCollins 2007).

[27] Fayazmanesh, Sasan (31 March 2008). The United States and Iran Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135976873.

[28] "CIA investigated tip on WMD from previously discredited source".

[29] America's Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors (PDF)

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-'''Manucher Ghorbanifar''' ({{lang-fa|منوچهر قربانی‌فر}}; nicknamed '''Gorba''', born May 9, 1945) is an expatriate [[Iran]]ian arms dealer and former [[SAVAK]] agent.
+'''Manucher Ghorbanifar''' ({{langx|fa|منوچهر قربانی‌فر}}; nicknamed '''Gorba''', born May 9, 1945) is an expatriate [[Iran]]ian arms dealer and former [[SAVAK]] agent.
 According to the ''[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]'', Ghorbanifar was a [[double agent]] for Iran and [[Israel]].<ref>{{citation|title=Khomeini's Iran: Israel's Ally|url=https://www.wrmea.org/1988-april/khomeini-s-iran-israel-s-ally.html|date=April 1988|pages=4–6|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|author=Bahram Alavi}}</ref> The [[CIA]] director [[William Casey]] believed that Ghorbanifar was an Israeli agent.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/09/north-on-caseys-role/045a798e-12c5-4bb0-a72a-f202206a4a65/|title=NORTH ON CASEY'S ROLE}}</ref>
 He is best known as a middleman in the [[Iran–Contra Affair]] during the [[Ronald Reagan]] presidency.<ref name="prospect">Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer, ''[[American Prospect]]'', 20 March 2005, [http://prospect.org/article/front The Front] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114628/http://prospect.org/article/front |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> He re-emerged in [[United States|American]] politics during the lead-up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] during the first term of President [[George W. Bush]] as a back-channel [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] source "in order to report on any interaction and attempts at negotiations between Iranian officials and US ambassador to Iraq, [[Zalmay Khalilzad]]".<ref name="raw">Larisa Alexandrovna, 20 April 2006, ''[[Raw Story]]'', [http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/Cheney_has_tapped_Iranian_expatriate_arms_0420.html Cheney has tapped Iranian expatriate, arms dealer to surveil discussions with Iran, officials say] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807153026/http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/Cheney_has_tapped_Iranian_expatriate_arms_0420.html |date=August 7, 2016 }}</ref>
-Prior to the Iraq War, Ghorbanifar had passed allegations to the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] that "enriched uranium was smuggled from Iraq into Iran and some may remain hidden in Iraq" which the CIA later discovered to be a fabrication created by Ghorbanifar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fayazmanesh|first1=Sasan|title= The United States and Iran Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment|date=31 March 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135976873|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&dq=ghorbanifar+uranium&pg=PA145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24463867.html|title= CIA investigated tip on WMD from previously discredited source}}</ref> Ghorbanifar was linked to the [[Niger uranium forgeries]] which were forged documents initially released by [[SISMI]] that would later be used partly as justification for the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{citation|title=America's Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors|url= https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/11023/3688/ucalgary_2017_cake_timothy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=156}}</ref>
 == Career ==
-Prior to the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]] Ghorbanifar was an agent of Iran's [[SAVAK]] intelligence service, and a partner in an Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel.<ref>''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 28 December 1986, [http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-28/news/ss-753_1_adnan-khashoggi/2 The Iran Deception : REAGAN'S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3 : Enough to Make a Middleman Smile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814224509/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-28/news/ss-753_1_adnan-khashoggi/2 |date=August 14, 2016 }}</ref><ref>brown.edu, [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf  Early Background Report on Manucher Ghorbanifar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042415/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }}, Declassified document described as [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php Secret, Report, c. September 1, 1981, 1 pp.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505135332/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php |date=May 5, 2016 }}</ref> Ghorbanifar knew Israel's military attache in Tehran, [[Yaakov Nimrodi]], who helped build SAVAK.<ref name="Scott">Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091000/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC |date=January 3, 2014 }}'', Black Rose Books, p. 178</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ew_K3auTwEgC&pg=PA527 Report]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the [[Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair]], 1987, p. 527</ref>
+Prior to the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]] Ghorbanifar was an agent of Iran's [[SAVAK]] intelligence service, and a partner in an Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel.<ref>''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 28 December 1986, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-28-ss-753-story.html The Iran Deception : REAGAN'S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3 : Enough to Make a Middleman Smile] </ref><ref>brown.edu, [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf  Early Background Report on Manucher Ghorbanifar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042415/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }}, Declassified document described as [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php Secret, Report, c. September 1, 1981, 1 pp.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505135332/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php |date=May 5, 2016 }}</ref> Ghorbanifar knew Israel's military attache in Tehran, [[Yaakov Nimrodi]], who helped build SAVAK.<ref name="Scott">Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091000/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC |date=January 3, 2014 }}'', Black Rose Books, p. 178</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ew_K3auTwEgC&pg=PA527 Report]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the [[Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair]], 1987, p. 527</ref>
 In 1980 Ghorbanifar was the liaison between the Shah's last Prime Minister, [[Shahpour Bakhtiar]], in exile in Paris, and conspirators in the Iranian armed forces organising what is sometimes known as the [[Nojeh Coup]]. The plot was exposed, and hundreds of officers were arrested at Nojeh Air Base on 9–10 July 1980.<ref name=Timmerman>[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] (1988), ''Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War'', [http://www.iran.org/tib/krt/fanning_ch5.htm Chapter 5: Thou Shalt Not Threaten American Interest] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503010837/http://www.iran.org/tib/krt/fanning_ch5.htm |date=May 3, 2016 }}, The Iran Brief</ref> Ghorbanifar had owned a shipping company and headed the logistics branch of the Niqab network which organised the civilian part of the plot. He had been recommended for the role by Bakhtiar.<ref name=Gasiorowski>Mark J. Gasiorowski (2002), [http://mycaldron.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/nojeh-plot.pdf "The Nuzhih Plot and Iranian Politics"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202232/http://mycaldron.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/nojeh-plot.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}, ''Int. J. Middle East Stud''. 34 (2002), 645–666. DOI: 10.1017.S0020743802004038, p652</ref> Some Iranian sources later accused Ghorbanifar of leaking information to the Iranian government which helped thwart the coup plot.<ref name=Brumley>Bryan Brumley, [[Associated Press]], 1 February 1987, [https://apnews.com/237dd03fb87583b628e930d0efa80842 Senate Report Calls Iranian Middleman in Arms Sales A 'Suspect Character'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141233/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1987/Senate-Report-Calls-Iranian-Middleman-in-Arms-Sales-A-Suspect-Character-/id-237dd03fb87583b628e930d0efa80842 |date=March 5, 2016 }}</ref> In December 1985 [[Adnan Khashoggi]] said in an interview that Ghorbanifar was head of European intelligence under [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]] (Prime Minister from 1981).<ref name=Brumley />
-In 1981 Ghorbanifar was the source for the ''[[Washington Post]]''{{'}}s stories about [[Libya]]n [[Death squad|hit squad]]s targeting President Reagan and other senior US figures; in 1986 he said he had created the story "To hurt Libya, an enemy of Israel".<ref>[[Andrew Killgore]], [https://archive.today/20131119003435/http://www.wrmea.org/special-topics/377-uncategorised/old-html/10894-the-libyan-hit-squad-hoax.html The Libyan 'Hit Squad'<!-- AutoEd: rm unicode ctrl char w/no win-1252 mapping, intent unknown --> Hoax],  ''[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]'', December 2000</ref> Ghorbanifar's contribution to the Libyan story contributed to the CIA's 1984 decision to issue a "[[Burn notice (document)|burn notice]]" against Ghorbanifar.<ref name=Brumley />
+In 1981 Ghorbanifar was the source for the ''[[Washington Post]]''{{'}}s stories about [[Libya]]n [[Death squad|hit squad]]s targeting Ronald Reagan and other senior US figures; in 1986 he said he had created the story "To hurt Libya, an enemy of Israel".<ref>[[Andrew Killgore]], [https://archive.today/20131119003435/http://www.wrmea.org/special-topics/377-uncategorised/old-html/10894-the-libyan-hit-squad-hoax.html The Libyan 'Hit Squad'<!-- AutoEd: rm unicode ctrl char w/no win-1252 mapping, intent unknown --> Hoax],  ''[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]'', December 2000</ref> Ghorbanifar's contribution to the Libyan story contributed to the CIA's 1984 decision to issue a "[[Burn notice (document)|burn notice]]" against Ghorbanifar.<ref name=Brumley />
 In the early 1980s Ghorbanifar accompanied [[Cyrus Hashemi]] to Israel to arrange a $50m arms shipment, codenamed "Cosmos", to Iran. The deal was cancelled at the last minute with much of the equipment already loaded onto a ship in Eilat.<ref>[[Ronen Bergman]] (2008), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkxZcHL1xdYC&pg=PA144 The Secret War with Iran: The 30-Year Clandestine Struggle Against the World's Most Dangerous Terrorist Power]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', Simon & Schuster, p144</ref>
-== Iran–Contra Affair ==
+== Iran–Contra affair ==
-In the 1980s, Ghorbanifar's principal American contacts were [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] agents [[Oliver North]] and [[Michael Ledeen]].<ref name=Brumley />  Ledeen vouched for Ghorbanifar to [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Adviser]] [[Robert McFarlane]]. [[Oliver North]] later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] and [[MIM-23 HAWK|HAWK]] missile sales to Iran to the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contras]].<ref name="prospect" />
+In the 1980s, Ghorbanifar's initial American contacts were [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] agents [[Oliver North]] and [[Michael Ledeen]].<ref name=Brumley />  Ledeen vouched for Ghorbanifar to [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Adviser]] [[Robert McFarlane (American politician)|Robert McFarlane]]. [[Oliver North]] later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] and [[MIM-23 HAWK|HAWK]] missile sales to Iran to the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contras]].<ref name="prospect" />
 Ghorbanifar's suspected duplicity during the Iran–Contra deal led [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Director [[William Casey]] to order three separate [[lie-detector]] tests, all of which he failed. Iranian officials also suspected Ghorbanifar of passing them forged American documents. The CIA issued a [[burn notice (document)|burn notice]] (or "Fabricator Notice") on Ghorbanifar in 1984, meaning he was regarded as an unreliable source of intelligence, and a 1987 congressional report on Iran–Contra by the [[Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair]] cites the CIA warning that Ghorbanifar "should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator and a nuisance".<ref>[[James Risen]], ''[[New York Times]]'', 7 December 2003, [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/world/how-a-shady-iranian-deal-maker-kept-the-pentagon-s-ear.html How a Shady Iranian Deal Maker Kept the Pentagon's Ear] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306113527/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/world/how-a-shady-iranian-deal-maker-kept-the-pentagon-s-ear.html |date=March 6, 2016 }}</ref>
-His own cohorts in the arms-for-hostages affair were also incredulous. "I knew him to be a liar," North eventually acknowledged. [[Ronald Reagan]] had described Ghorbanifar as a “devious character.”<ref>{{cite book|title= An American Life The Autobiography|date = 15 November 1990|publisher = Simon and Schuster|isbn = 9781451642681|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aZs2Kk7tn94C&dq=Ghorbanifar++devious+character&pg=PT425}}</ref> [[Robert McFarlane]], the national-security adviser who approved the Iran–Contra arms trades, once described Ghorbanifar as "one of the most despicable characters I have ever met."<ref>[http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=9361 Article | The American Prospect] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412064305/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=9361 |date=April 12, 2007 }}</ref> Former CIA official and Iran-Contra figure [[George Cave (CIA agent)|George Cave]], who was involved in the 1984 decision to issue the burn notice,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew_K3auTwEgC&pg=PA222 |title = Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair|isbn = 9780788126024|last1 = Hamilton|first1 = Lee H.|last2 = Inouye|first2 = Daniel K.|date = November 1995}}</ref> has described Ghorbanifar as "the most totally amoral person I have ever met".<ref name="ISM 2">{{cite podcast |url=http://www.spymuseum.org/multimedia/spycast/episode/our-man-in-the-middle-east-part-2/ |title=Our Man in the Middle East (Part 2) |website=www.spymuseum.org |publisher=International Spy Museum |host=Peter Earnest |date=July 9, 2012 |time=11:07-11:58 |access-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref>
+His own cohorts in the arms-for-hostages affair were also incredulous. "I knew him to be a liar," North eventually acknowledged. [[Ronald Reagan]] had described Ghorbanifar as a “devious character.”<ref>{{cite book|title= An American Life The Autobiography|date = 15 November 1990|publisher = Simon and Schuster|isbn = 9781451642681|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aZs2Kk7tn94C&dq=Ghorbanifar++devious+character&pg=PT425}}</ref> [[Robert McFarlane (American politician)|Robert McFarlane]], the national-security adviser who approved the Iran–Contra arms trades, once described Ghorbanifar as "one of the most despicable characters I have ever met."<ref>[http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=9361 Article | The American Prospect] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412064305/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=9361 |date=April 12, 2007 }}</ref> Former CIA official and Iran-Contra figure [[George Cave (CIA agent)|George Cave]], who was involved in the 1984 decision to issue the burn notice,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew_K3auTwEgC&pg=PA222 |title = Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair|isbn = 9780788126024|last1 = Hamilton|first1 = Lee H.|last2 = Inouye|first2 = Daniel K.|date = November 1995| publisher=DIANE }}</ref> has described Ghorbanifar as "the most totally amoral person I have ever met".<ref name="ISM 2">{{cite podcast |url=http://www.spymuseum.org/multimedia/spycast/episode/our-man-in-the-middle-east-part-2/ |title=Our Man in the Middle East (Part 2) |website=www.spymuseum.org |publisher=International Spy Museum |host=Peter Earnest |date=July 9, 2012 |time=11:07-11:58 |access-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref>
+[[Thomas Twetten]], Chief of the Near East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations at the time,<ref name="The Washington Post; September 23, 1991">{{cite news |last1=Pincus |first1=Walter |author-link1=Walter Pincus |last2=Lardner Jr. |first2=George |author-link2=George Lardner |date=September 23, 1991 |title=
+GATES'S MEMORY GAPS CONTRAST WITH OTHERS' IRAN-CONTRA RECALL |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/23/gatess-memory-gaps-contrast-with-others-iran-contra-recall/0c6025f6-98a2-4d42-a032-a6298ebe5d1b/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 11, 2023}}</ref> said of him: "This is a guy who lies with zest."<ref name="Report of the President's Special Review Board">{{cite book |author=President's Special Review Board |title=Report of the President's Special Review Board |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP89G00643R001300120001-9.pdf |date=February 26, 1987 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=B-53 |ref={{harvid|President's Special Review Board|1987}}}}</ref>
 According to a report in ''Time'', Ghorbanifar's links with the CIA led to internal disputes, with the counter-terrorism division supporting him and Middle East officers attempting to discredit him. Ghorbanifar's anger at being labelled a liar may have led him to urge Iranian contacts to leak the Iran-Contra story.<ref>Ed Magnuson, ''Time'', 2 February 1987, [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963440,00.html Double-Dealing Over Iran: CIA squabbling may have led to the arms-for-hostages scandal]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061846/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C963440%2C00.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref>Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091000/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPTT8SAzRoC |date=January 3, 2014 }}'', Black Rose Books, 223</ref> The affair first became public in a Lebanese newspaper, apparently leaked by [[Mehdi Hashemi]].
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 == War on terrorism ==
-In December 2001 [[Michael Ledeen]] organized a three-day meeting in [[Rome]], [[Italy]] between Manucher Ghorbanifar and [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] officials [[Larry Franklin]] and [[Harold Rhode]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harold_Rhode|title=Harold Rhode - SourceWatch}}</ref> Also present were two officials from Italy's [[SISMI]]. In addition to a position at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], Ledeen was working as a consultant to then U.S. [[Undersecretary of Defense for Policy]] [[Douglas Feith]], who oversaw the [[Office of Special Plans]]. The 2001 meeting took place with the approval of then-Deputy [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[Stephen Hadley]]. The meeting concerned a secret offer from reportedly dissident [[Iran]]ian officials to provide information relevant to the [[War on Terrorism]] and Iran's relationship with [[terrorism|terrorists]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>George Tenet, ''[[At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA]]'', p. 311–314 (HarperCollins 2007).</ref>
+In December 2001 [[Michael Ledeen]] organized a three-day meeting in [[Rome]], [[Italy]] between Manucher Ghorbanifar and US [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] officials [[Larry Franklin]] and [[Harold Rhode]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harold_Rhode|title=Harold Rhode - SourceWatch}}</ref> Also present were two officials from Italy's [[SISMI]]. In addition to a position at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], Ledeen was working as a consultant to then U.S. [[Undersecretary of Defense for Policy]] [[Douglas Feith]], who oversaw the [[Office of Special Plans]]. The 2001 meeting took place with the approval of then-Deputy [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[Stephen Hadley]]. The meeting concerned a secret offer from reportedly dissident [[Iran]]ian officials to provide information relevant to the [[War on Terrorism]] and Iran's relationship with [[terrorism|terrorists]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>George Tenet, ''[[At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA]]'', p. 311–314 (HarperCollins 2007).</ref>
+Prior to the Iraq War, Ghorbanifar had passed allegations to the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] that "enriched uranium was smuggled from Iraq into Iran and some may remain hidden in Iraq" which the CIA later discovered to be a fabrication created by Ghorbanifar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fayazmanesh|first1=Sasan|title= The United States and Iran Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment|date=31 March 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135976873|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&dq=ghorbanifar+uranium&pg=PA145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24463867.html|title= CIA investigated tip on WMD from previously discredited source}}</ref> Ghorbanifar was linked to the [[Niger uranium forgeries]] which were forged documents initially released by [[SISMI]] that would later be used partly as justification for the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{citation|title=America's Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors|url= https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/11023/3688/ucalgary_2017_cake_timothy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=156}}</ref>
 Summer 2003 news reports of the meetings prompted an internal review, as well as an investigation by the [[U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee]]. [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] characterized the meetings as insignificant, saying, "There wasn't anything there that was of substance or of value that needed to be pursued further." News reports also indicated that Ghorbanifar sought to be paid for the middleman role. Subsequent contacts with Ghorbanifar were abandoned.<ref name="prospect" />
@@ Line 98: / Line 100: @@
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:Arms traders]]
+[[Category:Double agents]]
+[[Category:Exiles of the Iranian revolution in France]]
+[[Category:Exiles of the Iranian revolution in the United States]]
 [[Category:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
 [[Category:Iran–Contra affair]]
-[[Category:Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States]]
-[[Category:People of SAVAK]]
 [[Category:Iranian emigrants to France]]
 [[Category:Iranian emigrants to the United States]]
-[[Category:Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in France]]
+[[Category:People of SAVAK]]
-[[Category:Double agents]]