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Palagi (pronounced IPA: [/'pɑːlʌŋiː/] – singular ) or papalagi (plural) is a term in Samoan culture of uncertain etymology, sometimes used to describe foreigners.

Papālagi~Pālagi is a word in the Samoan language describing non-Samoans, usually white foreigners of European or American descent. In Samoa the term is used to describe foreigners. The word is both a noun e.g. a Palagi (European person) or an adjective e.g. Palagi house (non-traditional Samoan house). The word is a cognate in other Polynesian languages and has gained widespread use throughout much of western Polynesia, including in Tokelau, Tuvalu, 'Uvea and Futuna.

Written Pālagi or Papālagi in Samoan, and Papālangi or Pālangi in Tongan,^[1] the term Pālagi is also used in Niuean.

Use, meaning and origin of term

The etymology of the term Palagi is disputed. An explanation that emerged in the 19th century is that word is derived from the Polynesian root words "pa" (meaning: gates) and "lagi" (meaning: sky or heaven), hence the standard translation "gates of heaven"^[2] It has been suggested that the compound word comes from the Polynesian's reaction to seeing for the first time, European missionaries enter the country. Their skin being a different color made them think they were men sent from the gates of heaven.^[3] Tcherkézoff (1999) argues that such an interpretation is a European projection to explain Polynesian cosmology.^[1] Tent and Geraghty (2001) comment that the origin of the Western Polynesian Papālagi~Pālagi and the Fijian Vāvālagi~Pāpālagi remains a matter of speculation.^[4]

Jan Tent, a Macquarie University linguist, and Dr. Paul Geraghty, former director of the Institute of Fijian Language and Culture in Suva, suggest that the word may have its origins in the travels of the Polynesians themselves. They believe that the Polynesian islanders may have encountered Malay travellers prior to contact with Europeans, and adopted the Malay word barang (meaning: imported cloth). These researchers also suggest another possible etymology – the Malay word for European, as used in the 17th and 18th centuries, was faranggi. However, they discount this possibility as the word palangi seems to have originally referred to cloth; only later was the word transferred to the people.^[4]

Recorded use

Captain Cook noted the expression "ko e vaka no papalangi" (the boats of Papalangi) in Tonga, with Cook's transcription being "Towacka no papalangie" and his translation as "cloth ships".^[5]

The specific origin of this term remains uncertain. The term has gained widespread use throughout much of western Polynesia including Tokelau, Tuvalu, 'Uvea and Futuna, etc., with the expansion of use of the term being though to have occurred in the 18th century when Tongans, and to lesser extent Samoans, regularly interacted with white sailors, beachcombers, convicts, missionaries, and whalers who clearly delineated ethnoracial boundaries between themselves (papalagi/papalangi) and the Polynesians they encountered.^[4]^[1]

The missionary John Williams, of the London Missionary Society, records a speech in Samoa, in 1830, referring to the great powers of the "papalangis".^[6]

Louis Becke after having worked and travelled in the Pacific from 1869 to 1885 uses papalagi to mean a white person in stories^[7] set in what is now Tuvalu, The Rangers of the Tia Kua,^[8] Kennedy the Boatsteerer in which appears "The last native girl who occupied the proud position of Te avaga te papalagi (the white man's wife) was a native of the island of Maraki";^[9] Samoa, A Basket of Bread-Fruit,^[8] At a Kava-Drinking in which appears "alii papalagi (white gentleman)" and "this wandering papalagi tafea (beachcomber)",^[10] The Best Asset in a Fool’s Estate in which appears "the papalagi mativa (poor white)”;^[11] and the Tokelau, Challis the Doubter.^[12]

Modern usage

Largely because of the growing Pacific Islander culture in New Zealand, this word has been adopted by other Pacific cultures. Its usage in New Zealand's Pacific Islander media such as television and radio is common, and it is often used by the mainstream media to describe non-Samoans of European descent.^[13]^[14]

The term is now also used in New Zealand in a similar way to the Māori term Pākehā, but it is not restricted in referring to white people within Pacific-island surroundings. As with Pākehā, Samoans and Tongans initially applied palagi/palangi and papalagi/papalangi to whites of British derivation. Today, the Samoan term "gagana fa'a Palagi", the Tongan term "lea fakapālangi" and the Tuvaluan term "faka-Pālagi" still refer to the English language specifically, even though it is understood that many ethnic Europeans who are considered "palagi" do not speak English but rather German, French, Spanish, etc. While the term is generally applied to people of European ancestry as a means of differentiation or categorization, some feel the term is derogatory, especially when aimed pointedly toward half-caste Samoans or ethnic Samoans who were born and raised in western, metropolitan societies; "fia palagi" and "fie palangi" are commonly applied to ethnic Samoans and Tongans, respectively, who are viewed as favoring the "white man's" lifestyle or culture in lieu of traditional Polynesian modes of speech, dress, housing, interpersonal relations, etc.^[15]^[16]

Tcherkezoff (1999) comments, "Europeans are still called Papālagi in today's languages. In Samoan, it is an absolutely common everyday word, not in any way a metaphoric ceremonial expression used for special circumstances or used in derogatory/laudatory ways."^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tcherkezoff, Serge, 1999. "Who said the 17th–18th centuries paplagi/'Europeans' were 'sky-bursters'? A Eurocentric projection onto Polynesia", Journal of the Polynesian Society, 108, 4: 417–425.
^ Stair, John B., n.d. [c. 1897]. Old Samoa or Flotsam and Jetsam from the Pacific Ocean, Oxford: The Religious Tract Society.
^ Turner, George, 1884. Samoa: A Hundred Years Ago and Long Before, London: Macmillan.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tent, Jan and Paul Geraghty, Paul, 2001, "Exploding sky or exploded myth? The origin of Papalagi", Journal of the Polynesian Society, 110, No. 2: 171–214.
^ Beaglehole, J.C., 1961. The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol.3. The Voyage of the Resolution and the Discovery 1776–1780. Cambridge p. 178.
^ Williams, John, 1841. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, London: John Snow p. 282.
^ Louis Becke, By Reef and Palm (1894) and The Ebbing of the Tide (1896) London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd
^ ^a ^b Readbookonline.org, entry 22486, web: ROL486.
^ Readbookonline.org, entry 22423, web: ROL423.
^ Readbookonline.org, entry 22425, web: ROL425.
^ Readbookonline.org, entry 22419, web: ROL419.
^ Readbookonline.org, entry 22489, web: ROL489.
^ Simei-Barton, Paul (16 May 2008). "Review: Niu Sila at Glen Eden Playhouse". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
^ Cleaver, Dylan (18 May 2008). "Cricket: At home, a long way from Samoa". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
^ Khan, Lubna (9 October 1999). "Tongans work to maintain identity..." Deseret News. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ Watkin, Tim (22 February 2002). "Between two cultures". NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

External links

Lingua Franca: Tent and Geraghty's research into Papalangi

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Term in Samoan culture to describe foreigners.}}
 {{redirect|Palangi|places in Iran|Palangi, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Palangi, Iran|the book by Erich Scheurmann|The Papalagi}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
-'''Pālagi''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|/'pɑːlʌŋiː/}} – ''singular'' ) or '''papālagi''' (''plural'') is a term in [[Samoa]]n culture of uncertain meaning, sometimes used to describe foreigners. Tent and Geraghty (2001) comment that the origin of the Western Polynesian ''Papālagi~Pālagi'' and the Fijian ''Vāvālagi~Pāpālagi'' remains a matter of speculation.<ref name="TG">Tent, Jan and Paul Geraghty, Paul, 2001, "Exploding sky or exploded myth? The origin of Papalagi", ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 110, No. 2: 171–214.</ref>
+'''Palagi''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|/'pɑːlʌŋiː/}} – ''singular'' ) or '''papalagi''' (''plural'') is a term in [[Samoa]]n culture of uncertain etymology, sometimes used to describe foreigners.
-''Papālagi~Pālagi'' is a word in the [[Samoan language]] describing non-Samoans, usually white foreigners of European or American descent. In Samoa the term is used to describe foreigners. The word is both a [[noun]] e.g. ''a Palagi'' (European person) or an [[adjective]] e.g. ''Palagi'' house (non-traditional Samoan house). The word is a [[cognate]] in other [[Polynesian languages]] and has gained widespread use throughout much of western Polynesia, including in [[Tokelau]], [[Tuvalu]], [['Uvea]] and [[Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna|Futuna]].
+{{lang|sm|Papālagi~Pālagi}} is a word in the [[Samoan language]] describing non-Samoans, usually white foreigners of European or American descent. In Samoa the term is used to describe foreigners. The word is both a [[noun]] e.g. ''a Palagi'' (European person) or an [[adjective]] e.g. ''Palagi'' house (non-traditional Samoan house). The word is a [[cognate]] in other [[Polynesian languages]] and has gained widespread use throughout much of western Polynesia, including in [[Tokelau]], [[Tuvalu]], [['Uvea]] and [[Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna|Futuna]].
-Written ''Pālagi'' or ''Papālagi'' in Samoan, and ''Papālangi'' or ''Pālangi'' in Tongan,<ref name="T1">Tcherkezoff, Serge, 1999. "Who said the 17th–18th centuries paplagi/'Europeans' were 'sky-bursters'? A Eurocentric projection onto Polynesia", ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 108, 4: 417–425.</ref> the term ''Pālagi'' is also used in [[Niuean language|Niuean]].
+Written {{lang|sm|Pālagi}} or {{lang|sm|Papālagi}} in Samoan, and {{lang|to|Papālangi}} or {{lang|to|Pālangi}} in Tongan,<ref name="T1">Tcherkezoff, Serge, 1999. "Who said the 17th–18th centuries paplagi/'Europeans' were 'sky-bursters'? A Eurocentric projection onto Polynesia", ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 108, 4: 417–425.</ref> the term ''Pālagi'' is also used in [[Niuean language|Niuean]].
 ==Use, meaning and origin of term==
-The etymology of the term ''Palagi'' is disputed. An explanation that emerged in the 19th century is that word is derived from the Polynesian rootwords "pa" (meaning: gates) and "lagi" (meaning: sky or heaven), hence the standard translation "gates of heaven"<ref>Stair, John B., n.d. [c. 1897]. ''Old Samoa or Flotsam and Jetsam from the Pacific Ocean'', Oxford: The Religious Tract Society.</ref> It has been suggested that the compound word comes from the Polynesian's reaction to seeing for the first time, European missionaries enter the country. Their skin being a different color made them think they were men sent from the gates of heaven.<ref>Turner, George, 1884. ''Samoa: A Hundred Years Ago and Long Before'', London: Macmillan.</ref> Tcherkézoff (1999) argues that such an interpretation is a European projection to explain Polynesian cosmology.<ref name=T1/>
+The etymology of the term ''Palagi'' is disputed. An explanation that emerged in the 19th century is that word is derived from the Polynesian root words "pa" (meaning: gates) and "lagi" (meaning: sky or heaven), hence the standard translation "gates of heaven"<ref>Stair, John B., n.d. [c. 1897]. ''Old Samoa or Flotsam and Jetsam from the Pacific Ocean'', Oxford: The Religious Tract Society.</ref> It has been suggested that the compound word comes from the Polynesian's reaction to seeing for the first time, European missionaries enter the country. Their skin being a different color made them think they were men sent from the gates of heaven.<ref>Turner, George, 1884. ''Samoa: A Hundred Years Ago and Long Before'', London: Macmillan.</ref> Tcherkézoff (1999) argues that such an interpretation is a European projection to explain Polynesian cosmology.<ref name=T1/> Tent and Geraghty (2001) comment that the origin of the Western Polynesian ''Papālagi~Pālagi'' and the Fijian {{lang|fj|Vāvālagi~Pāpālagi}} remains a matter of speculation.<ref name="TG">Tent, Jan and Paul Geraghty, Paul, 2001, "Exploding sky or exploded myth? The origin of Papalagi", ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 110, No. 2: 171–214.</ref>
+[[Jan Tent]], a [[Macquarie University]] [[Linguistics|linguist]], and Dr. [[Paul Geraghty (linguist)|Paul Geraghty]], former director of the [[Institute of Fijian Language and Culture]] in [[Suva]], suggest that the word may have its origins in the travels of the Polynesians themselves. They believe that the Polynesian islanders may have encountered Malay travellers prior to contact with Europeans, and adopted the [[Malay language|Malay]] word ''barang'' (meaning: imported cloth). These researchers also suggest another possible etymology – the Malay word for European, as used in the 17th and 18th centuries, was ''[[Franks#Legacy|faranggi]]''. However, they discount this possibility as the word ''palangi'' seems to have originally referred to cloth; only later was the word transferred to the people.<ref name=TG/>
-The explanation of [[Niuean language|Niuean]] word "Palagi", is that "pa" means bang such as that of a gun and "lagi" means sky, literally means bangs into the sky.  In "Papa-lagi" "papa" means more than one bang or many bangs, and "lagi" means sky.  In the olden days, Europeans who landed on [[Niue]] carried guns and often fired the guns into the sky, when they landed on the reef, to scare away potential trouble-making natives.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
-[[Jan Tent]], a [[Macquarie University]] [[Linguistics|linguist]], and Dr. [[Paul Geraghty]], director of the [[Institute of Fijian Language and Culture]] in [[Suva]], suggest that the word may have its origins in the travels of the Polynesians themselves. They believe that the Polynesian islanders may have encountered Malay travellers prior to contact with Europeans, and adopted the [[Malay language|Malay]] word ''barang'' (meaning: imported cloth). These researchers also suggest another possible etymology – the Malay word for European, as used in the 17th and 18th centuries, was ''[[Franks#Legacy|faranggi]]''. However, they discount this possibility as the word ''palangi'' seems to have originally referred to cloth; only later was the word transferred to the people.<ref name=TG/>
-A possible alternative etymology for ''palangi'' is that is it derived from the Perso-Arabic term [[farang]]i, meaning "an outsider". The extent to which Arab traders explored the Pacific Islands, or that Pacific Island communities had contact with Muslim trades remains uncertain but Arab and Persian Muslim colonies were established in Indonesia and Malaysia starting around the 10th century AD. According to an unpublished paper by Prof. Bivar of the School of Oriental and African Studies, there is some textual evidence from Arab and Persian travelogues (cf. The Journeys of [[Sinbad the Sailor|Sinbad]] in the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'') for contact between Muslim traders and Pacific islands prior to European discoveries and landfalls.
 == Recorded use==
@@ Line 23: / Line 20: @@
 The missionary [[John Williams (missionary)|John Williams]], of the [[London Missionary Society]], records a speech in [[Samoa]], in 1830, referring to the great powers of the "papalangis".<ref>Williams, John, 1841. ''A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands'', London: John Snow p. 282.</ref>
-[[George Lewis Becke|Louis Becke]] after having worked and travelled in the Pacific from 1869 to 1885 uses ''papalagi'' to mean a white person in stories<ref>Louis Becke, ''By Reef and Palm'' (1894) and ''The Ebbing of the Tide'' (1896) London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd</ref> set in what is now [[Tuvalu]], ''The Rangers of the Tia Kua'',<ref name="R486">Readbookonline.net, entry 22486, web:[http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/22486/ ROL486].</ref> ''Kennedy the Boatsteerer'' in which appears "The last native girl who occupied the proud position of ''Te avaga te papalagi'' (the white man's wife) was a native of the island of Maraki";<ref name="R423">Readbookonline.net, entry 22423, web: [http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/22423/ ROL423].</ref> Samoa, ''A Basket of Bread-Fruit'',<ref name=R486/> ''At a Kava-Drinking'' in which appears "''alii papalagi'' (white gentleman)" and "this wandering ''papalagi tafea'' (beachcomber)",<ref name="R425">Readbookonline.net, entry 22425, web: [http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/22425/ ROL425].</ref> ''The Best Asset in a Fool’s Estate'' in which appears  "the ''papalagi mativa'' (poor white)”;<ref name="R419">Readbookonline.net, entry 22419, web: [http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/22419/ ROL419].</ref> and the [[Tokelau]], ''Challis the Doubter''.<ref name="R489">Readbookonline.net, entry 22489, web: [http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/22489/ ROL489].</ref>
+[[George Lewis Becke|Louis Becke]] after having worked and travelled in the Pacific from 1869 to 1885 uses ''papalagi'' to mean a white person in stories<ref>Louis Becke, ''By Reef and Palm'' (1894) and ''The Ebbing of the Tide'' (1896) London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd</ref> set in what is now [[Tuvalu]], ''The Rangers of the Tia Kua'',<ref name="R486">Readbookonline.org, entry 22486, web: [https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/22486/ ROL486].</ref> ''Kennedy the Boatsteerer'' in which appears "The last native girl who occupied the proud position of ''Te avaga te papalagi'' (the white man's wife) was a native of the island of Maraki";<ref name="R423">Readbookonline.org, entry 22423, web: [https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/22423/ ROL423].</ref> Samoa, ''A Basket of Bread-Fruit'',<ref name=R486/> ''At a Kava-Drinking'' in which appears "''alii papalagi'' (white gentleman)" and "this wandering ''papalagi tafea'' (beachcomber)",<ref name="R425">Readbookonline.org, entry 22425, web: [https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/22425/ ROL425].</ref> ''The Best Asset in a Fool’s Estate'' in which appears  "the ''papalagi mativa'' (poor white)”;<ref name="R419">Readbookonline.org, entry 22419, web: [https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/22419/ ROL419].</ref> and the [[Tokelau]], ''Challis the Doubter''.<ref name="R489">Readbookonline.org, entry 22489, web: [https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/22489/ ROL489].</ref>
 ==Modern usage==
 Largely because of the growing [[Pacific Islander]] culture in New Zealand, this word has been adopted by other Pacific cultures. Its usage in New Zealand's Pacific Islander media such as television and radio is common, and it is often used by the mainstream media to describe non-Samoans of European descent.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10510411">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=18&objectid=10510411 |title=''Review'': Niu Sila at Glen Eden Playhouse |author=Simei-Barton, Paul |date=16 May 2008 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="NZ_Herald_10510825">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/4/story.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10510825&pnum=0 |title=Cricket: At home, a long way from Samoa |author=Cleaver, Dylan |date=18 May 2008 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref>
-The term is now also used in New Zealand in a similar way to the Māori term [[Pākehā]], but it is not restricted in referring to white people within Pacific-island surroundings. As with [[Pākehā]], Samoans and Tongans initially applied ''palagi/palangi'' and ''papalagi/papalangi'' to whites of British derivation. Today, the Samoan term "''gagana fa'a Palagi''", the Tongan term "''lea fakapālangi''" and the Tuvaluan term "faka-Pālagi" still refer to the English language specifically, even though it is understood that many ethnic Europeans who are considered "palagi" do not speak English but rather German, French, Spanish, etc. While the term is generally applied to people of European ancestry as a means of differentiation or categorization, some feel the term is derogatory, especially when aimed pointedly toward half-caste Samoans or ethnic Samoans who were born and raised in western, metropolitan societies; "''fia palagi''" and "''fie palangi''" are commonly applied to ethnic Samoans and Tongans, respectively, who are viewed as favoring the "white man's" lifestyle or culture in lieu of traditional Polynesian modes of speech, dress, housing, interpersonal relations, etc.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Lubna |title=Tongans work to maintain identity... |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/721897/Tongans-work-to-maintain-identity.html |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=Deseret News |date=9 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watkin |first1=Tim |title=Between two cultures |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=940687 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=NZ Herald |date=22 February 2002}}</ref>
+The term is now also used in New Zealand in a similar way to the Māori term [[Pākehā]], but it is not restricted in referring to white people within Pacific-island surroundings. As with [[Pākehā]], Samoans and Tongans initially applied ''palagi/palangi'' and ''papalagi/papalangi'' to whites of British derivation. Today, the Samoan term "''gagana fa'a Palagi''", the Tongan term "''lea fakapālangi''" and the Tuvaluan term "faka-Pālagi" still refer to the English language specifically, even though it is understood that many ethnic Europeans who are considered "palagi" do not speak English but rather German, French, Spanish, etc. While the term is generally applied to people of European ancestry as a means of differentiation or categorization, some feel the term is derogatory, especially when aimed pointedly toward half-caste Samoans or ethnic Samoans who were born and raised in western, metropolitan societies; "''fia palagi''" and "''fie palangi''" are commonly applied to ethnic Samoans and Tongans, respectively, who are viewed as favoring the "white man's" lifestyle or culture in lieu of traditional Polynesian modes of speech, dress, housing, interpersonal relations, etc.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Lubna |title=Tongans work to maintain identity... |url=https://www.deseret.com/1999/10/9/19469651/tongans-work-to-maintain-identity-br-many-keep-traditions-but-lds-members-are-more-westernized-br-br/ |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=Deseret News |date=9 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watkin |first1=Tim |title=Between two cultures |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=940687 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=NZ Herald |date=22 February 2002}}</ref>
-Tcherkezoff (1999) comments,"Europeans are still called Papālagi in today's languages. In Samoan, it is an absolutely common everyday word, not in any way a metaphoric ceremonial expression used for special circumstances or used in ''[purely]'' derogatory/laudatory ways."<ref name=T1/>
+Tcherkezoff (1999) comments, "Europeans are still called Papālagi in today's languages. In Samoan, it is an absolutely common everyday word, not in any way a metaphoric ceremonial expression used for special circumstances or used in derogatory/laudatory ways."<ref name=T1/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 57: / Line 54: @@
 [[Category:Ethno-cultural designations]]
-[[Category:New Zealand society]]
 [[Category:Samoan words and phrases]]
-[[Category:Tongan society]]
+[[Category:European diaspora in New Zealand]]
-[[Category:White Oceanian]]
+[[Category:Tongan people of European descent]]
+[[Category:Samoan people of European descent]]

v t e Terms for Europeans and people of European descent
Africa	Buckra (Efik) Mbakara (Anaang)/(Efik)/(Ibibio) Mondele (Lingala) Mzungu (Swahili) Oburoni (Akan) Oyibo/Oyinbo (Igbo)/(Yoruba) Pied-noir (French) Toubab (Wolof) Zoreilles (Réunion Creole)
Asia	Ang mo (Hokkien) Bule (Indonesian) Farang (Persian-Thai) Gora (Hindi-Urdu) Goy (Hebrew) Guizi (Mandarin) Gweilo (Cantonese) Mat Salleh (Malaysian) Totok (Indonesian)
Europe	Gadjo (Romani) Goy (Hebrew, Yiddish)
North America	Béké (Igbo) Cracker (English) Honky (Etymology undetermined) Long knives (Iroquois) Redleg (English) Redneck (English) Wasi'chu (Lakota)
Oceania	Caldoche (French) Haole (Hawaiian) Pākehā (Māori) Palagi (Samoan)
South America	Gabacho (Spanish) Gringo (Spanish)