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A classical planet is an astronomical object that is visible to the naked eye and moves across the sky and its backdrop of fixed stars (the common stars which seem still in contrast to the planets). Visible to humans on Earth there are seven classical planets (the seven luminaries). They are from brightest to dimmest: the Sun, the Moon, Venus, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury and Saturn.

Greek astronomers such as Geminus^[1] and Ptolemy^[2] recorded these classical planets during classical antiquity, introducing the term planet, which means 'wanderer' in Greek (πλάνης planēs and πλανήτης planētēs), expressing the fact that these objects move across the celestial sphere relative to the fixed stars.^[3]^[4] Therefore, the Greeks were the first to develop the astrological connections to the planets' visual detail.^[5]

Through the use of telescopes other celestial objects like the classical planets were found, starting with the Galilean moons in 1610. Today the term planet is used considerably differently, with a planet being defined as a natural satellite directly orbiting the Sun (or other stars) and having cleared its own orbit. Therefore, only five of the seven classical planets remain recognized as planets, alongside Earth, Uranus, and Neptune.

History

Babylonian

The Babylonians recognized seven planets. A bilingual list in the British Museum records the seven Babylonian planets in the following order:^[6]

The Moon, Sin.
The Sun, Shamash.
Jupiter, Merodach.
Venus, Ishtar.
Saturn, Ninip.
Mercury, Nebo.
Mars, Nergal.

Mandaean

This section contains Mandaic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

In Mandaeism, the names of the seven planets are derived from the seven Babylonian planets.^[7] Overall, the seven classical planets (Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡅࡁࡀ, romanized: šuba, lit. 'The Seven'; ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ šibiahia, "planets"; or, combined, šuba šibiahia "Seven Planets"^[8]) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of Ruha, the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from Akkadian.^[7] Some of the names are ultimately derived from Sumerian, since Akkadian had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.

Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various Mandaean scriptures, such as the Scroll of Abatur. The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as mentioned in Masco (2012).^[9]^: 87

Planet	Mandaic	Mandaic script	Akkadian	Other names	Associations
Sun	Šamiš	ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ	Šamaš	Adunai ← Hebrew Adonai	light and life-powers Yawar Ziwa (Dazzling Light) and Simat Hayyi (Treasure of Life); Yazuqaeans^[10]
Venus	Libat	ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ	Delebat	Amamit (the underworld goddess), Argiuat, Daitia, Kukbat (the diminutive of 'star'), Spindar, ʿstira (i.e., Ishtar or Astarte), and Ruha or Ruha ḏ-qudša (Holy Spirit)	success in love and reproduction
Mercury	Nbu (ʿNbu)	ࡍࡁࡅ ࡏࡍࡁࡅ	Nabû	Maqurpiil, Mšiha ← Messiah; ʿaṭarid ← Arabic	learning, scribes; Christ and Christianity
Moon	Sin	ࡎࡉࡍ	Sīnu	Agzʿil, Ṭaṭmʿil, Ṣaurʿil, and Sira	miscarriages and abnormal births
Saturn	Kiwan	ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ	Kayyamānu	Br Šamiš (The Son of the Sun)	Jews; Saturday
Jupiter	Bil	ࡁࡉࡋ	Bēlu	Angʿil	male; "hot and moist"
Mars	Nirig	ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ	Nergallu	Marik	violence; Islam

Symbols

The astrological symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.^[11] In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray () for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.^[12] The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.^[13] The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus.^[13]

A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century,^[14] shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.^[15] A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols.^[15] The modern Sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the Renaissance.^[12]

Planetary hours

The Ptolemaic system used in ancient Greek astronomy placed the planets by order of proximity to Earth in the then-current geocentric model, closest to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.^[16] In addition the day was divided into seven-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).

The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the Roman seven-day week. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish Miércoles is Mercury, and in French mardi is Mars-day.

The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is Wōden’s-day (Wōden or Wettin eqv. Mercury), Thursday is Thor’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is Frige-day (Frige eqv. Venus). Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets. A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.

Weekday	Planet	Greek god	Germanic god		Weekday
French name	Roman god	Greek name	Norse name	Saxon name	English name
dimanche	Sol	Helios	Sól	Sunne	Sunday
lundi	Luna	Selene	Máni	Mōnda	Monday
mardi	Mars	Ares	Týr	Tīw	Tuesday
mercredi	Mercury	Hermes	Óðinn	Wōden / Wettin	Wednesday
jeudi	Jupiter	Zeus	Þórr	Thunor	Thursday
vendredi	Venus	Aphrodite	Frigg	Frige	Friday
samedi	Saturn	Cronus	Njörðr^[17]	Njord^[17]	Saturday

Alchemy

In alchemy, each classical planet (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world (silver, mercury/quicksilver, copper, gold, iron, tin and lead respectively). As a result, the alchemical glyphs for the metal and associated planet coincide. Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver"^[18]).

Alchemy in the Western World and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for hidden knowledge (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). Astrology has used the concept of classical elements from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.

Traditionally, each of the seven "planets" in the Solar System as known to the ancients was associated with, held dominion over, and "ruled" a certain metal (see also astrology and the classical elements).

The list of rulership is as follows:

The Sun rules Gold ()
The Moon, Silver ()
Mercury, Quicksilver/Mercury ()
Venus, Copper ()
Mars, Iron ()
Jupiter, Tin ()
Saturn, Lead ()

Some alchemists (e.g. Paracelsus) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the vital organs and the planets as follows:^[18]

Planet	Organ
Sun	Heart
Moon	Brain
Mercury	Lungs
Venus	Kidneys
Mars	Gallbladder
Jupiter	Liver
Saturn	Spleen

Contemporary astrology

Western astrology

Planet	Domicile sign(s)^[19]	Detriment sign(s)^[19]	Exaltation sign^[20]	Fall sign^[20]
Sun	Leo	Aquarius	Aries	Libra
Moon	Cancer	Capricorn	Taurus	Scorpio
Mercury	Gemini (diurnal) and Virgo (nocturnal)	Sagittarius (diurnal) and Pisces (nocturnal)	Virgo	Pisces
Venus	Libra (diurnal) and Taurus (nocturnal)	Aries (diurnal) and Scorpio (nocturnal)	Pisces	Virgo
Mars	Aries (diurnal) and Scorpio (nocturnal)	Libra (diurnal) and Taurus (nocturnal)	Capricorn	Cancer
Jupiter	Sagittarius (diurnal) and Pisces (nocturnal)	Gemini (diurnal) and Virgo (nocturnal)	Cancer	Capricorn
Saturn	Aquarius (diurnal) and Capricorn (nocturnal)	Leo (diurnal) and Cancer (nocturnal)	Libra	Aries

Indian astrology

Indian astronomy and astrology (jyotiṣa) recognises seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon) and two additional invisible planets(tamo'graha); rahu and ketu.^[21]^[22]

Sanskrit Name	English Name	Nakshatras	Guna	Represents	Day
Surya (सूर्य)	Sun	Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha	Sattva	Soul, king, highly placed persons, father, ego	Sunday
Chandra (चंद्र)	Moon	Rohini, Hasta and Shravana	Sattva	Emotional Mind, queen, mother.	Monday
Mangala (मंगल)	Mars	Mrigashira, Chitra and Dhanishta	Tamas	energy, action, confidence	Tuesday
Budha (बुध)	Mercury	Ashlesha, Jyeshta and Revati	Rajas	Communication and analysis, mind	Wednesday
Brihaspati (बृहस्पति)	Jupiter	Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada	Sattva	the great teacher, wealth, Expansion, progeny	Thursday
Shukra (शुक्र)	Venus	Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha	Rajas	Feminine, pleasure and reproduction, Luxury, Love, Spouse	Friday
Shani (शनि)	Saturn	Pushya, Anuradha and Uttara Bhadrapada	Tamas	learning the hard way. Career and Longevity, Contraction	Saturday
Rahu (राहु)	Ascending/North Lunar Node	Ardra, Swati and Shatabhisha	Tamas	an Asura who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into chaos, works on the subconscious level	none
Ketu (केतु)	Descending/South Lunar Node	Ashwini, Magha and Mula	Tamas	supernatural influences, works on the subconscious level	none

Naked-eye planets

Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy twilight and an extremely low angle at maximum elongations make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations.^[23] Mars is at its brightest when it is in opposition, which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the ecliptic; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the naked eye from the Earth.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Goldstein, Bernard R. (2007), "What's New in Ptolemy's Almagest", Nuncius, 22 (2): 271, doi:10.1163/221058707X00549
^ Pedersen, Olaf (2011), A Survey of the Almagest, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London: Springer Science + Business Media, ISBN 978-0-387-84825-9
^ Classification of the Planets
^ πλάνης, πλανήτης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ Campion, Nicholas (2022-03-23), "The Planets in Alchemy and Astrology (Medieval and Renaissance)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178&p=emaila66qfssqpmqfw#acrefore-9780190647926-e-178-bibliography-2 (inactive 2024-11-02), ISBN 978-0-19-064792-6, retrieved 2024-02-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ Mackenzie (1915). "13 Astrology and Astronomy". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria.
^ ^a ^b Bhayro, Siam (2020-02-10). "Cosmology in Mandaean Texts". Hellenistic Astronomy. Brill. pp. 572–579. doi:10.1163/9789004400566_046. ISBN 9789004243361. S2CID 213438712. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. (2021). The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought. New Delhi: Sterling. ISBN 978-81-950824-1-4. OCLC 1272858968.
^ Masco, Maire (2012). The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission. Tacoma, WA: Fluke Press. ISBN 978-1-938476-00-6. OCLC 864905792.
^ Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2004). "Manichaeans (Marmanaiia), Zoroastrians (Iazuqaiia), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts". Le Muséon. 117 (3–4): 243–280. doi:10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929.
^ Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. pp. 788–789.
^ ^a ^b Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. pp. 1, 159, 163.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus. pp. 62–63. It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name. Saturn's has a similar derivation [...] but underwent simplification. The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it. Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.
^ "Bianchini's planisphere". Florence, Italy: Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science). Retrieved 2010-03-17.
^ ^a ^b Maunder, A. S. D. (1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". The Observatory. 57: 238–247. Bibcode:1934Obs....57..238M.
^ Goldstein, Bernard R. (1967). "The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 57 (pt. 4): 6. doi:10.2307/1006040. JSTOR 1006040.
^ ^a ^b Vigfússon (1874:456).
^ ^a ^b Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9
^ ^a ^b Hand, Robert. "Astrology by Hand". Astro.com. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b Burk, Kevin (2001). Astrology: Understanding the Birth Chart: A Comprehensive Guide to Classical Interpretation. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-56718-088-6.
^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ "Strengthening Planetary Forces". Nepa Rudraksha.
^ "Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything". Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2007-07-14.

External links

Chronology of Solar System Discovery

[1] Goldstein, Bernard R. (2007), "What's New in Ptolemy's Almagest", Nuncius, 22 (2): 271, doi:10.1163/221058707X00549

[2] Pedersen, Olaf (2011), A Survey of the Almagest, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London: Springer Science + Business Media, ISBN 978-0-387-84825-9

[3] Classification of the Planets

[4] πλάνης, πλανήτης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

[5] Campion, Nicholas (2022-03-23), "The Planets in Alchemy and Astrology (Medieval and Renaissance)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178&p=emaila66qfssqpmqfw#acrefore-9780190647926-e-178-bibliography-2 (inactive 2024-11-02), ISBN 978-0-19-064792-6, retrieved 2024-02-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[6] Mackenzie (1915). "13 Astrology and Astronomy". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria.

[Bhayro_2020-7] Bhayro, Siam (2020-02-10). "Cosmology in Mandaean Texts". Hellenistic Astronomy. Brill. pp. 572–579. doi:10.1163/9789004400566_046. ISBN 9789004243361. S2CID 213438712. Retrieved 2021-09-03.

[Nasoraia_2021-8] Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. (2021). The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought. New Delhi: Sterling. ISBN 978-81-950824-1-4. OCLC 1272858968.

[Masco_2012-9] Masco, Maire (2012). The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission. Tacoma, WA: Fluke Press. ISBN 978-1-938476-00-6. OCLC 864905792.

[Shapira_2004-10] Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2004). "Manichaeans (Marmanaiia), Zoroastrians (Iazuqaiia), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts". Le Muséon. 117 (3–4): 243–280. doi:10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929.

[neugebauer-1975-11] Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. pp. 788–789.

[neugebauer-1987-12] Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. pp. 1, 159, 163.

[jones-1999-13] Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus. pp. 62–63. It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name. Saturn's has a similar derivation [...] but underwent simplification. The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it. Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.

[imss-14] "Bianchini's planisphere". Florence, Italy: Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science). Retrieved 2010-03-17.

[maunder-15] Maunder, A. S. D. (1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". The Observatory. 57: 238–247. Bibcode:1934Obs....57..238M.

[16] Goldstein, Bernard R. (1967). "The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 57 (pt. 4): 6. doi:10.2307/1006040. JSTOR 1006040.

[VIGFÚSSON456-17] Vigfússon (1874:456).

[BallParacelsus-18] Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9

[Astrology_by_Hand-19] Hand, Robert. "Astrology by Hand". Astro.com. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[Burk2001-20] Burk, Kevin (2001). Astrology: Understanding the Birth Chart: A Comprehensive Guide to Classical Interpretation. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-56718-088-6.

[dalalnavagr-21] Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

[22] "Strengthening Planetary Forces". Nepa Rudraksha.

[23] "Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything". Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2007-07-14.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Planets visible to the naked eye}}
+{{hatnote group|
 {{Redirect|Wandering stars|other uses|Wandering star (disambiguation){{!}}Wandering star}}
 {{For|the failed IAU planet category of Classical Planets|IAU definition of planet}}
+}}
 {{astrology}}
 A '''classical planet''' is an [[astronomical object]] that is visible to the [[naked eye]] and moves across the sky and its [[celestial dome|backdrop]] of [[fixed star]]s (the common stars which seem still in contrast to the planets). Visible to humans on Earth there are '''seven classical planets''' (the '''seven luminaries'''). They are from [[apparent magnitude|brightest to dimmest]]: the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], [[Venus]], [[Jupiter]], [[Mars]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Saturn]].
-Greek astronomers such as [[Geminus]]<ref>{{ Citation | last = Goldstein | first = Bernard R. | author-link = Bernard R. Goldstein | date = 2007 | title = What's New in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' | journal = Nuncius | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | page = 271 | doi = 10.1163/221058707X00549 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[Ptolemy]]<ref>{{ Citation | last = Pedersen | first = Olaf | author-link = Olaf Pedersen | date = 2011 | title = A Survey of the Almagest | series = Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | publisher = Springer Science + Business Media | place = New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London | isbn = 978-0-387-84825-9 }}</ref> recorded these classical planets during [[classical antiquity]], introducing the term ''[[planet]]'', which means "wanderer" in [[Greek language|Greek]] (πλάνης ''planēs'' and πλανήτης ''planētēs''), expressing the fact that these objects move across the [[celestial sphere]] relative to the fixed stars.<ref>[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/classification/classification.html Classification of the Planets]</ref><ref>{{LSJ|pla/nhs|πλάνης}}, {{LSJ|planh/ths|πλανήτης|ref}}.</ref>
+Greek astronomers such as [[Geminus]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Goldstein | first = Bernard R. | author-link = Bernard R. Goldstein | date = 2007 | title = What's New in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' | journal = Nuncius | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | page = 271 | doi = 10.1163/221058707X00549 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[Ptolemy]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Pedersen | first = Olaf | author-link = Olaf Pedersen | date = 2011 | title = A Survey of the Almagest | series = Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | publisher = Springer Science + Business Media | place = New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London | isbn = 978-0-387-84825-9 }}</ref> recorded these classical planets during [[classical antiquity]], introducing the term ''[[planet]]'', which means 'wanderer' in [[Greek language|Greek]] ({{lang|grc|πλάνης}} {{transl|grc|planēs}} and {{lang|grc|πλανήτης}} {{transl|grc|planētēs}}), expressing the fact that these objects move across the [[celestial sphere]] relative to the fixed stars.<ref>[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/classification/classification.html Classification of the Planets]</ref><ref>{{LSJ|pla/nhs|πλάνης}}, {{LSJ|planh/ths|πλανήτης|ref}}.</ref> Therefore, the Greeks were the first to develop the astrological connections to the planets' visual detail.<ref>{{Citation |last=Campion |first=Nicholas |title=The Planets in Alchemy and Astrology (Medieval and Renaissance) |date=2022-03-23 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science |url=https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190647926.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190647926-e-178&p=emailA66QFsSQpMqFw |access-date=2024-02-11 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178&p=emaila66qfssqpmqfw#acrefore-9780190647926-e-178-bibliography-2 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 |isbn=978-0-19-064792-6}}</ref>
-Through the use of [[telescope]]s other celestial objects like the classical planets were found, starting with the [[Galilean moons]] in 1610. Today the term ''planet'' is used considerably differently, with a [[definition of planet|planet being defined]] as a [[natural satellite]] directly orbiting the Sun ([[Exoplanet|or other stars]]) and having cleared its own orbit. Therefore, only five of the seven classical planets remain recognized as planets, alongside [[Earth]], [[Uranus]], [[Neptune]] and [[Pluto]].
+Through the use of [[telescope]]s other celestial objects like the classical planets were found, starting with the [[Galilean moons]] in 1610. Today the term ''planet'' is used considerably differently, with a planet [[definition of planet|being defined]] as a [[natural satellite]] directly orbiting the Sun (or [[Exoplanet|other stars]]) and having cleared its own orbit. Therefore, only five of the seven classical planets remain recognized as planets, alongside [[Earth]], [[Uranus]], and [[Neptune]].
 ==History==
@@ Line 15: / Line 17: @@
 The Babylonians recognized seven planets. A bilingual list in the British Museum records the seven Babylonian planets in the following order:<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackenzie |title=Myths of Babylonia and Assyria |date=1915 |chapter=13 Astrology and Astronomy |url=http://sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba19.htm}}</ref>
-*The moon, [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].
+*The Moon, [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].
-*The sun, [[Shamash]].
+*The Sun, [[Shamash]].
 *Jupiter, [[Marduk|Merodach]].
 *Venus, [[Ishtar]].
@@ Line 25: / Line 27: @@
 ===Mandaean===
 {{main|Mandaean cosmology}}
+{{Contains special characters|special=[[Mandaic language|Mandaic]] text|section=section}}
-In [[Mandaeism]], the names of the [[Mandaean cosmology#Planets|seven planets]] are derived from the seven Babylonian planets.<ref name="Bhayro 2020">{{cite book|last=Bhayro|first=Siam|title=Hellenistic Astronomy |chapter=Cosmology in Mandaean Texts|publisher=Brill|date=2020-02-10|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml|access-date=2021-09-03|pages=572–579|doi=10.1163/9789004400566_046|isbn=9789004243361 |s2cid=213438712 }}</ref> Overall, the seven classical planets ({{lang-myz|ࡔࡅࡁࡀ|šuba|The Seven}}; {{lang|myz|ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ}} {{transliteration|myz|šibiahia}}, "planets"; or, combined, {{transliteration|myz|šuba šibiahia}} "Seven Planets"<ref name="Nasoraia 2021">{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}</ref>) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of [[Ruha]], the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]].<ref name="Bhayro 2020"/> Some of the names are ultimately derived from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], since Akkadian had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.
+In [[Mandaeism]], the names of the [[Mandaean cosmology#Planets|seven planets]] are derived from the seven Babylonian planets.<ref name="Bhayro 2020">{{cite book|last=Bhayro|first=Siam|title=Hellenistic Astronomy |chapter=Cosmology in Mandaean Texts|publisher=Brill|date=2020-02-10|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml|access-date=2021-09-03|pages=572–579|doi=10.1163/9789004400566_046|isbn=9789004243361 |s2cid=213438712 }}</ref> Overall, the seven classical planets ({{langx|myz|ࡔࡅࡁࡀ|šuba|The Seven}}; {{lang|myz|ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ}} {{transliteration|myz|šibiahia}}, "planets"; or, combined, {{transliteration|myz|šuba šibiahia}} "Seven Planets"<ref name="Nasoraia 2021">{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}</ref>) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of [[Ruha]], the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]].<ref name="Bhayro 2020"/> Some of the names are ultimately derived from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], since [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.
 Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various [[Mandaean scriptures]], such as the ''[[Scroll of Abatur]]''. The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as mentioned in Masco (2012).<ref name="Masco 2012">{{cite book|last=Masco|first=Maire|title=The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission|publisher=Fluke Press|publication-place=Tacoma, WA|year=2012|isbn=978-1-938476-00-6|oclc=864905792}}</ref>{{rp|87}}
@@ Line 37: / Line 40: @@
 !Associations
 |-
-|[[Sun]]
+|Sun
 |[[Shamish|Šamiš]]
-|ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ|label=none}}
 |[[Shamash|Šamaš]]
-|''Adunai'' < Hebrew [[Adonai]]
+|''Adunai'' ← Hebrew [[Adonai]]
-|light and life-powers ''[[Yawar Ziwa]]'' (Dazzling Light) and ''[[Simat Hayyi]]'' (Treasure of Life); [[Yazuqaeans]]<ref name="Shapira 2004">{{cite journal|title=Manichaeans (''Marmanaiia''), Zoroastrians (''Iazuqaiia''), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts|last=Shapira|first=Dan D.Y.|journal=[[Le Muséon]]|volume=117|issue=3-4|date=2004|pages=243–280|doi=10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=60d8fdd28336c}}</ref>
+|light and life-powers ''[[Yawar Ziwa]]'' (Dazzling Light) and ''[[Simat Hayyi]]'' (Treasure of Life); [[Yazuqaeans]]<ref name="Shapira 2004">{{cite journal|title=Manichaeans (''Marmanaiia''), Zoroastrians (''Iazuqaiia''), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts|last=Shapira|first=Dan D.Y.|journal=[[Le Muséon]]|volume=117|issue=3–4|date=2004|pages=243–280|doi=10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=60d8fdd28336c}}</ref>
 |-
-|[[Venus]]
+|Venus
 |[[Libat]]
-|ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ|label=none}}
 |[[Inanna|Delebat]]
 |''Amamit'' (the underworld goddess), ''Argiuat'', ''Daitia'', ''Kukbat'' (the diminutive of 'star'), ''Spindar'', ''ʿstira'' (i.e., [[Ishtar]] or [[Astarte]]), and ''[[Ruha]]'' or ''Ruha ḏ-qudša'' ([[Holy Spirit]])
 |success in love and reproduction
 |-
-|[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
+|Mercury
 |[[Nbu]] (ʿNbu)
-|ࡍࡁࡅ<br />ࡏࡍࡁࡅ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡍࡁࡅ|label=none}}<br />{{Langx|myz|ࡏࡍࡁࡅ|label=none}}
 |[[Nabu|Nabû]]
-|''Maqurpiil'', ''Mšiha'' < [[Messiah]]; ''ʿaṭarid'' < Arabic
+|''Maqurpiil'', ''Mšiha'' ← [[Messiah]]; ''ʿaṭarid'' ← Arabic
 |learning, scribes; Christ and Christianity
 |-
-|[[Moon]]
+|Moon
 |[[Sin (Mandaeism)|Sin]]
-|ࡎࡉࡍ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡎࡉࡍ|label=none}}
 |[[Sin (mythology)|Sīnu]]
 |''Agzʿil'', ''Ṭaṭmʿil'', ''[[Saureil|Ṣaurʿil]]'', and ''Sira''
 |miscarriages and abnormal births
 |-
-|[[Saturn]]
+|Saturn
 |[[Kiwan]]
-|ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ|label=none}}
 |[[Kajamanu|Kayyamānu]]
 |''Br Šamiš'' (The Son of the Sun)
 |Jews; Saturday
 |-
-|[[Jupiter]]
+|Jupiter
 |[[Bil (Mandaeism)|Bil]]
-|ࡁࡉࡋ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡁࡉࡋ|label=none}}
 |[[Bel (mythology)|Bēlu]]
 |''Angʿil''
 |male; "hot and moist"
 |-
-|[[Mars]]
+|Mars
 |[[Nirig]]
-|ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ
+|{{Langx|myz|ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ|label=none}}
 |[[Nergal]]lu
 |''Marik''
@@ Line 90: / Line 93: @@
 {{main article|Astrological symbols|Planet symbols}}
-The [[astrological symbols]] for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.<ref name="neugebauer-1975">{{cite book
+The astrological symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.<ref name="neugebauer-1975">{{cite book
 | title = A history of ancient mathematical astronomy
 | last = Neugebauer
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 | date = 1975
 | pages = 788–789
-}}</ref> In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray ([[File:Old symbol for sun.svg|x15px|old sun symbol]]) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.<ref name="neugebauer-1987">{{cite book
+}}</ref> In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray ([[File:Sun symbol (medieval).svg|x15px|old sun symbol]]) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.<ref name="neugebauer-1987">{{cite book
 | title = Greek Horoscopes
 | last1 = Neugebauer
@@ Line 133: / Line 136: @@
 ==Planetary hours==
 {{main article|Planetary hours|Names of the days of the week}}
-The [[Ptolemaic system]] used in [[Greek astronomy]] placed the planets by order of proximity to Earth in the then-current [[geocentric model]], closest to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis |first= Bernard R. |last= Goldstein |page= 6 |journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date= 1967 |volume= 57 |issue= pt. 4 |doi= 10.2307/1006040 |jstor= 1006040}}</ref> In addition the day was divided into seven-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).
+The [[Ptolemaic system]] used in [[ancient Greek astronomy]] placed the planets by order of proximity to Earth in the then-current [[geocentric model]], closest to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis |first= Bernard R. |last= Goldstein |page= 6 |journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date= 1967 |volume= 57 |issue= pt. 4 |doi= 10.2307/1006040 |jstor= 1006040}}</ref> In addition the day was divided into seven-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).
-The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the Roman [[Week-day names|seven-day week]]. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish ''Miércoles'' is Mercury, and in French ''mardi'' is Mars-day.
+The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the [[names of the days of the week|Roman seven-day week]]. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish ''Miércoles'' is Mercury, and in French ''mardi'' is Mars-day.
-The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is ''[[Óðinn|Wōden]]''’s-day (''Wōden'' or ''Wettin'' eqv. Mercury), Thursday is ''[[Thor]]''’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is ''[[Frige]]''-day (Frige eqv. Venus).  Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets.  A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.
+The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is ''[[Odin|Wōden]]''’s-day (''Wōden'' or ''Wettin'' eqv. Mercury), Thursday is ''[[Thor]]''’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is ''[[Frigg|Frige]]''-day (Frige eqv. Venus).  Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets.  A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.
 {|class="wikitable"
@@ Line 148: / Line 151: @@
 |-
 |dimanche||[[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]
-|[[Helios]]||[[Sól (sun)|Sól]]||Sunne||Sunday
+|[[Helios]]||[[Sól (Germanic mythology)|Sól]]||Sunne||Sunday
 |-
-|lundi||[[Luna (mythology)|Luna]]
+|lundi||[[Luna (goddess)|Luna]]
 |[[Selene]]||[[Máni]]||Mōnda||Monday
 |-
@@ Line 159: / Line 162: @@
 |[[Hermes]]||[[Óðinn]]||Wōden / Wettin||Wednesday
 |-
-|jeudi||[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]
+|jeudi||[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]
 |[[Zeus]]||[[Þórr]]||Thunor||Thursday
 |-
@@ Line 170: / Line 173: @@
 ==Alchemy==
-{{further information|Astronomical symbols}}
+{{further information|Astronomical symbols|Alchemical symbol}}
-In alchemy, each classical planet ([[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Sun]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Saturn]]) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world ([[silver]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury/quicksilver]], [[copper]], [[gold]], [[iron]], [[tin]] and [[lead]] respectively).  As a result, the [[Alchemical symbol|alchemical glyphs]] for the metal and associated planet coincide.  Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver"<ref name="BallParacelsus">Philip Ball, ''The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science'', {{ISBN|978-0-09-945787-9}}</ref>).
+In [[alchemy]], each classical planet (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world ([[silver]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury/quicksilver]], [[copper]], [[gold]], [[iron]], [[tin]] and [[lead]] respectively). As a result, the alchemical glyphs for the metal and associated planet coincide. Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver"<ref name="BallParacelsus">Philip Ball, ''The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science'', {{ISBN|978-0-09-945787-9}}</ref>).
 [[Image:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png|thumb|right|300px|Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text.]]
-[[Alchemy]] in the [[Western World]] and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for [[occult|hidden knowledge]] (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). [[Astrology]] has used the concept of [[classical elements]] from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.
+Alchemy in the [[Western world|Western World]] and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for [[occult|hidden knowledge]] (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). [[Astrology]] has used the concept of [[classical elements]] from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.
 [[Image:Alchemical table Valentine (1671).jpg|200px|thumb|A table of alchemical symbols from [[Basil Valentine]]’s ''The Last Will and Testament'', 1670 ce.]]
@@ Line 202: / Line 206: @@
 |Venus||Kidneys
 |-
-|Mars||Gall bladder
+|Mars||[[Gallbladder]]
 |-
 |Jupiter||Liver
 |-
-|Saturn||Spleen
+|Saturn||[[Spleen]]
 |}
@@ Line 213: / Line 217: @@
 ===Western astrology===
 {{main article|Planets in astrology}}
-[[File:Thema Mundi.svg|thumb|right|[[Astrology]]: the [[Thema Mundi]] shows the naked-eye planets in their [[domicile (astrology)|domicile]]]]
+{{See also|Astrological sign#Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall}}[[File:Thema Mundi.svg|thumb|right|[[Astrology]]: the [[Thema Mundi]] shows the naked-eye planets in their [[domicile (astrology)|domicile]]]]
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Planet
@@ Line 267: / Line 272: @@
 {{main article|Navagraha}}
-[[Indian astronomy]] and [[Hindu astrology|astrology]] (''jyotiṣa'') recognises seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon) and two additional invisible planets(''tamo'graha'').<ref name="dalalnavagr">{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=280}}</ref>
+[[Indian astronomy]] and [[Hindu astrology|astrology]] (''jyotiṣa'') recognises seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon) and two additional invisible planets(''tamo'graha''); rahu and ketu.<ref name="dalalnavagr">{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Planetary Forces |url=https://nepalirudraksha.com/blogs/blog/strengthening-planetary-forces-with-rudraksha |website=Nepa Rudraksha}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
+! Sanskrit Name !! English Name !! [[Nakshatra|Nakshatras]]!! [[Guṇa|Guna]] !!Represents !!Day
-|- bgcolor=#cccccc
-! Sanskrit Name !! English Name !! Nakshatras !! [[Guṇa|Guna]] !!Represents !!Day !!
 |-
-| [[Surya]] (सूर्य) || [[Sun]] || Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha || [[Sattva]] || [[Soul]], king, highly placed persons, father, ego || Sunday
+| [[Surya]] ({{Langx|sa|सूर्य|label=none}}) || Sun || Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha || [[Sattva]] || [[Soul]], king, highly placed persons, father, ego || Sunday
 |-
-| [[Chandra]] (चंद्र) || [[Moon]] || Rohini, Hasta and Shravana || [[Sattva]] || Emotional Mind, queen, mother. || Monday
+| [[Chandra]] ({{Langx|sa|चंद्र|label=none}}) || Moon || Rohini, Hasta and Shravana || [[Sattva]] || Emotional Mind, queen, mother. || Monday
 |-
-| [[Mangala]] (मंगल) || [[Mars]] || Mrigashira, Chitra and Dhanishta || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || energy, action, [[confidence]] || Tuesday
+| [[Mangala]] ({{Langx|sa|मंगल|label=none}}) || Mars || Mrigashira, Chitra and Dhanishta || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || energy, action, [[confidence]] || Tuesday
 |-
-| [[Budha]] (बुध) || [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || Ashlesha, Jyeshta and Revati || [[Rajas]] ||[[Communication]] and analysis, mind || Wednesday
+| [[Budha]] ({{Langx|sa|बुध|label=none}}) || Mercury || Ashlesha, Jyeshta and Revati || [[Rajas]] ||[[Communication]] and analysis, mind || Wednesday
 |-
-| [[Brihaspati]] (बृहस्पति) || [[Jupiter]] || Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada || [[Sattva]]||the great teacher, wealth, Expansion, progeny || Thursday
+| [[Brihaspati]] ({{Langx|sa|बृहस्पति|label=none}}) || Jupiter || Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada || [[Sattva]]||the great teacher, wealth, Expansion, progeny || Thursday
 |-
-| [[Shukra]] (शुक्र) || [[Venus]] || Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha || [[Rajas]]||[[Feminine]], [[pleasure]] and [[reproduction]], Luxury, Love, Spouse || Friday
+| [[Shukra]] ({{Langx|sa|शुक्र|label=none}}) || Venus || Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha || [[Rajas]]||[[Feminine]], [[pleasure]] and [[reproduction]], Luxury, Love, Spouse || Friday
 |-
-| [[Shani]] (शनि) || [[Saturn]] || Pushya, Anuradha and Uttara Bhadrapada || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || learning ''the hard way''. Career and Longevity, Contraction || Saturday
+| [[Shani]] ({{Langx|sa|शनि|label=none}}) || Saturn || Pushya, Anuradha and Uttara Bhadrapada || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || learning ''the hard way''. Career and Longevity, Contraction || Saturday
 |-
-| [[Rahu]] (राहु) || [[Lunar node|Ascending/North Lunar Node]] || Ardra, Swati and Shatabhisha || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || an [[Asura]] who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into [[Chaos (cosmogony)|chaos]], works on the subconscious level || none
+| [[Rahu]] ({{Langx|sa|राहु|label=none}}) || [[Lunar node|Ascending/North Lunar Node]] || Ardra, Swati and Shatabhisha || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || an [[Asura]] who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into [[Chaos (cosmogony)|chaos]], works on the subconscious level || none
 |-
-| [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] (केतु) || [[Lunar node|Descending/South Lunar Node]]|| Ashwini, Magha and Mula || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] ||[[supernatural]] influences, works on the subconscious level || none
+| [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] ({{Langx|sa|केतु|label=none}}) || [[Lunar node|Descending/South Lunar Node]]|| Ashwini, Magha and Mula || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] ||[[supernatural]] influences, works on the subconscious level || none
 |}
 ==Naked-eye planets==
+{{Main articles|Planetae}}
-Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy [[twilight]] and an extremely low angle at maximum [[Elongation (astronomy)|elongation]]s make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |title=Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-07-14 |archive-date=2017-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324061045/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mars is at its brightest when it is in [[Astronomical opposition|opposition]], which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the [[ecliptic]]; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the [[naked eye]] from the Earth.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
+Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy [[twilight]] and an extremely low angle at maximum [[Elongation (astronomy)|elongation]]s make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |title=Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-07-14 |archive-date=2017-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324061045/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mars is at its brightest when it is in [[Astronomical opposition|opposition]], which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the [[ecliptic]]; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the [[naked eye]] from the Earth.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
 ==See also==
 * [[Antikythera mechanism]]
 * [[Behenian fixed star]]
-* [[Celestial spheres]]
-* [[Definition of planet]]
-* [[Hieroglyphic Monad]]
 * [[List of former planets]]
 * {{section link|List of Mesopotamian deities#Major deities}}
+* ''[[Monas Hieroglyphica]]'' of John Dee
 * [[Olympian spirits]]
-* [[Planetae]]
 * [[Worship of heavenly bodies]]
 * [[Wufang Shangdi]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Further reading==