Government of Turkey: Difference between revisions

Government of Republic of Turkey
	Emblem of Turkey
Formation	29 October 1923; 101 years ago
Founding document	Constitution of Turkey
Jurisdiction	Turkey
Website	www.turkiye.gov.tr
Legislative branch
Legislature	Parliament
Meeting place	Grand National Assembly
Executive branch
Leader	President
Headquarters	Presidential Complex
Main organ	President
Departments	17
Judicial branch
Court	Supreme Court
Seat	Ankara

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The Government of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the executive).

Constitution

According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a separation of powers. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the President of Turkey (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts the law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to the Constitutional Court for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153).^[1]

Branches of government

Legislative branch

Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to the D'Hondt method. Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries.

Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an independent parliamentarian. They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament.^[2]

The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution.

Executive branch

The executive power in the Turkish government is vested in the president of Turkey, where power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials.

President

The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief. The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State".

The president may sign legislation passed by the Parliament into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless a simple majority in the Parliament vote to override the veto. On the approval of the President, laws are published in the Official Gazette and they come into force by virtue of that publication unless a specific effective date is stipulated within the law itself. The President has also the ability to introduce pieces of legislation by issuing presidential decrees. However, laws introduced by the Parliament prevail over the presidential decrees with respect to the same subject in the hierarchy of norms. Furthermore, fundamental and personal rights or duties and political rights or duties cannot be regulated under presidential decrees.^[2]

Cabinet, ministries, and agencies

The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The Cabinet of Turkey includes the president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry.

In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the National Security Council, the State Supervisory Council, the National Intelligence Organization, the Directorate of Communications, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency and the Presidency of Strategy and Budget. There are also state-owned enterprises such as the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation.

Judicial branch

The Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, the Council of State, and the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the Constitution. The courts operate within the framework of civil law.

The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead the alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit.

International treaties, on ratification by the Parliament, have hierarchically the same effect as codes and statutes. However, international treaty provisions involving basic rights and freedoms prevail against domestic codes and statutes.^[2]

There are also specialised courts for certain legal areas within the scope of the powers of civil courts such as cadastral courts, commercial courts, consumer courts, intellectual and industrial property courts, and labour courts. In certain disputes, some quasi-legal authorities must be used before applying to court such as the Sports Arbitration Committee and the Turkish Football Federation Arbitration Committee.^[2]

Elections and voting system

All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930.^[3] Four years later, universal suffrage was implemented in all Turkish elections.^[3] Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950.

A brief summary of the electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows:

Presidential elections: A two-round system, with the top two candidates contesting a run-off election two weeks after the initial election should no candidate win at least 50% +1 of the popular vote.
Parliamentary elections: The D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly from 87 electoral districts that elect different numbers of MPs depending on their populations.
Local elections: Metropolitan and District Mayors, Municipal and Provincial Councillors, neighbourhood presidents and their village councils elected through a first-past-the-post system, with the winning candidate in each municipality elected by a simple majority.

Local administration

The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of devolution of powers.^[4] The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution.^[5]

A governor is representing the government in the province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee.^[6]

Finances

Taxation

Most of the taxes are levied by the central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities. Taxation system in Turkey is regulated by the Tax Procedure (TP) Law. It regulates the rights, burdens, carrying out duties along with principals of accrual. This Law consist of procedural and official provisions of all tax laws. The TP has five main sections: taxation, taxpayer duties, valuation, penalty provisions, tax cases.^[7]

Budget

The budget document often begins with the president's proposal to Parliament recommending funding levels for the next fiscal year, beginning January 1 and ending on December 31 of the year following. The expenditure of the State and of public corporations other than state-owned enterprises (SOE's) are determined by annual central government budgets.

References

^ "Turkish Constitution". anayasa.gov.tr. Anayasa Mahkemesi. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bacanak, Nihan (1 January 2020). "Legal systems in Turkey: overview". signon.thomsonreuters.com. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b Türkiye'nin 75 yılı , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250
^ "CoR - Turkey". portal.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Yakar, Mürsel. "In the Constitution". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Yakar, Mürsel. "Types of Local Governments". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish).
^ "Turkish Taxation System" (PDF). The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Finance Revenue Administration. 2016.

External links

Official website

[1] "Turkish Constitution". anayasa.gov.tr. Anayasa Mahkemesi. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[Nihan-2] Bacanak, Nihan (1 January 2020). "Legal systems in Turkey: overview". signon.thomsonreuters.com. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[tempo-3] Türkiye'nin 75 yılı , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250

[4] "CoR - Turkey". portal.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[5] Yakar, Mürsel. "In the Constitution". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 May 2020.

[Types-6] Yakar, Mürsel. "Types of Local Governments". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish).

[ministry-7] "Turkish Taxation System" (PDF). The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Finance Revenue Administration. 2016.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Government of Turkey}}
+{{Short description|none}}
 {{Infobox presidential government
-| government_name  = Government of Turkey
+| government_name  = Government of Republic of Turkey
 | image            = [[File:Emblem of Turkey.svg|140px]]
 | caption          = [[Emblem of Turkey]]
 | date             = {{start date and age|1923|10|29|df=y}}
-| jurisdiction     = Turkey
+| jurisdiction     = {{flag|Turkey}}
 | url              = {{URL|https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/}}
 | legislature      = [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]]
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 | leader_title     = [[President of Turkey|President]]
 | headquarters     = [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Complex]]
-| main_organ       = [[Cabinet of Turkey|Cabinet]]
+| main_organ       = [[President (government title)|President]]
 | departments      = [[Ministries of Turkey|17]]
 | court            = [[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Supreme Court]]
 | seat             = [[Ankara]]
-|document          = [[Constitution of Turkey|Constitution of the Republic of Turkey]]
+|document          = [[Constitution of Turkey]]
 }}
 {{Politics of Turkey}}
-The '''Government of Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti}}) is the [[Central government|national government]] of [[Turkey]]. It is governed as a [[unitary state]] under a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy]] and a [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] within a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party system]]. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches) or specifically the [[Cabinet of Turkey|Cabinet]] (the executive).
+The '''Government of Turkey''' ({{langx|tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti}}) is the [[Central government|national government]] of [[Turkey]]. It is governed as a [[unitary state]] under a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy]] and a [[Constitution of Turkey|constitutional]] [[republic]] within a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party system]]. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches) or specifically the [[Cabinet of Turkey|Cabinet]] (the executive).
-== Naming ==
-The republic is named "Turkey" ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}}) or "Republic of Turkey" ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti}}) with its full name. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms "Government of Turkey" or "Turkish Government" are often used in official documents to represent the national government as distinct from the local entities. Because the [[seat of government]] is in [[Ankara]], "Ankara" is commonly used as a [[metonym]] for the [[central government]].
 == Constitution ==
 {{Main|Constitution of Turkey}}
-According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a [[separation of powers]]. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the [[President of Turkey]] (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The Parliament accepts the law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The President promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The President may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the President is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The President can appeal to the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]] for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153).<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Constitution |url=https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/ |website=www.anayasa.gov.tr |publisher=Anayasa Mahkemesi |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
+According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a [[separation of powers]]. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the [[President of Turkey]] (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts the law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]] for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153).<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Constitution |url=https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/ |website=anayasa.gov.tr |publisher=Anayasa Mahkemesi |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
 == Branches of government ==
 === Legislative branch ===
 {{Main|Parliament of Turkey}}
-[[File:TBMM, August 2022.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Parliament of Turkey]]
+[[File:Süleyman_Demirel_Funeral_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Parliament of Turkey]]
 Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to the [[D'Hondt method]]. Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the  Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries.
-Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an [[Independent politician|independent parliamentarian]]. They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority is required to amend a law and a two-thirds majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament.<ref name="Nihan">{{cite news |last1=Bacanak |first1=Nihan |title=Legal systems in Turkey: overview |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-016-2851?transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=signon.thomsonreuters.com |date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
+Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an [[Independent politician|independent parliamentarian]]. They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament.<ref name="Nihan">{{cite news |last1=Bacanak |first1=Nihan |title=Legal systems in Turkey: overview |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-016-2851?transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=signon.thomsonreuters.com |date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
 The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution.
@@ Line 42: / Line 40: @@
 ==== President ====
 {{Main|President of Turkey}}
-[[File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg|thumb|300px|Main Buildings of the Presidential Complex]]
+[[File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Külliye]]]]
 The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the [[head of state]] and [[Head of government|government]], as well as the military [[Commander-in-chief#Turkey|commander-in-chief]]. The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State".
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 ==== Cabinet, ministries, and agencies ====
+[[File:Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] HQ in Ankara]]
 {{Main|Cabinet of Turkey|Ministries of Turkey}}
 The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The [[Cabinet of Turkey]] includes the president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry.
-In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], the [[State Supervisory Council]], the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]], the [[Directorate of Communications]] and the [[Presidency of Strategy and Budget]]. There are also [[state-owned enterprise]]s such as the [[Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation]].
+In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], the [[State Supervisory Council]], the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]], the [[Directorate of Communications]], [[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] and the [[Presidency of Strategy and Budget]]. There are also [[state-owned enterprise]]s such as the [[Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation]].
 === Judicial branch ===
 {{Main|Judicial system of Turkey}}
 [[File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]] in Ankara, Turkey.]]
-The [[Turkish Constitutional Court|Constitutional Court]], the [[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]], the [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]], and the [[Court of Jurisdictional Disputes]] are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the [[Constitution of Turkey|Constitution]]. The courts operate within the framework of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]].
+The [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]], the [[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]], the [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]], and the [[Court of Jurisdictional Disputes]] are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the [[Constitution of Turkey|Constitution]]. The courts operate within the framework of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]].
 The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead the alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit.
@@ Line 69: / Line 68: @@
 [[File:2019_Türkiye_yerel_seçimleri.jpg|thumb|250px|Citizens casting vote in 2019 general elections in a public school.]]
-All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the [[suffrage|right to vote]] in elections and to take part in referenda. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930.<ref name="tempo">''Türkiye'nin 75 yılı'' , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250</ref> Four years later, [[universal suffrage]] was implemented in all Turkish elections.<ref name="tempo"/> Turkey has been a [[Multi-party system|multi-party democracy]] since 1950.
+All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the [[suffrage|right to vote]] in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930.<ref name="tempo">''Türkiye'nin 75 yılı'' , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250</ref> Four years later, [[universal suffrage]] was implemented in all Turkish elections.<ref name="tempo"/> Turkey has been a [[Multi-party system|multi-party democracy]] since 1950.
 A brief summary of the electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows:
@@ Line 78: / Line 77: @@
 == Local administration  ==
-{{Main|Administrative divisions of Turkey}}
+{{Main|Local government in Turkey}}
 The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of [[devolution|devolution of powers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CoR - Turkey |url=https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Turkey.aspx |website=portal.cor.europa.eu |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yakar |first1=Mürsel |title=In the Constitution |url=https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/in-the-constitution/ |website=www.tbb.gov.tr |access-date=29 May 2020 |language=tr}}</ref>
 A governor is representing the government in the province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee.<ref name="Types">{{cite web |last1=Yakar |first1=Mürsel |title=Types of Local Governments |url=https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/types-of-local-governments/ |website=www.tbb.gov.tr |language=tr}}</ref>
 {{Turkey Labelled Map|float=left275px|Provinces of Turkey}}
 {{clear}}
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 * [[Cabinet of Turkey]]
 * [[Constitution of Turkey]]
-* [[Legal system of the Republic of Turkey]]
+* [[Judicial system of Turkey]]
 * [[Turkish Space Agency]]

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