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Coordinates: 32°0′19.56″N 72°11′19.92″E / 32.0054333°N 72.1888667°E / 32.0054333; 72.1888667
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
{{Infobox power station
|name = Khushab Nuclear Complex
|name = Khushab Nuclear Complex
| image =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| location_map = Pakistan
| country = Pakistan
| country = Pakistan
| locale = [[Khushab District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| location = [[Khushab District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|0|19.56|N|72|11|19.92|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat_d = 32
|lat_m = 0
|lat_s = 19.56
|lat_NS = N
| long_d = 72
|long_m = 11
|long_s = 19.92
|long_EW = E
| coordinates_type = type:landmark
| coordinates_display = title
| operator = [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC)
| operator = [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC)
| reactor_supplier = Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
| np_reactor_supplier = Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
| reactor_type = [[Heavy water reactor]]/<br>[[Weapons-grade#Weapons-grade plutonium|plutonium production reactor]]
| np_reactor_type = [[Heavy water reactor]]/<br>[[Weapons-grade#Weapons-grade plutonium|plutonium production reactor]]
| commissioned = Unit 1: 1998, Unit 2: 2010 Unit 3: 2013
| commissioned = Unit 1: 1996,<br>Unit 2: 2010 (unofficial),<br>Unit 3: 2013 (unofficial),<br>Unit 4: 2015 (unofficial)
| reactors_operate_mw = 3 (~150MWth)
| ps_units_operational = 4 (~200MWth)
| status = Operating
| status = O
| reactors_const_mw = 1 (~50MWth)
| ps_units_uc = 1 (possible)
| as_of = 27 Mar 2013
}}
}}
'''Khushab Nuclear Complex''' is a plutonium production [[nuclear reactor]] and [[heavy water]] complex situated 30 km south of the town of [[Jauharabad]] in [[Khushab District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].
'''Khushab Nuclear Complex''' is a plutonium production [[nuclear reactor]] and [[heavy water]] complex situated {{convert|30|km}} south of the town of [[Jauharabad]] in [[Khushab District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].


The heavy water and natural [[uranium]] reactors at Khushab are a central element of Pakistan's program to produce [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] for use in compact [[atomic weapon|nuclear warhead]]s. Khushab Nuclear Complex, like that at [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|Kahuta]], is not subject to [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] inspections.
The heavy water and natural [[uranium]] reactors at Khushab are a central element of Pakistan's program to produce [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] for use in compact [[atomic weapon|nuclear warhead]]s. Khushab Nuclear Complex, like that at [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|Kahuta]], is not subject to [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] inspections.


The three currently operating reactors have capacities variously reported at between 40&nbsp;[[MWt]] to 50&nbsp;MWt, and as high as 70&nbsp;MWt. They are conservatively estimated to be capable of producing 33&nbsp;kg of weapons grade plutonium annually.<ref name=complete>[http://www.fissilematerials.org/blog/2010/02/pakistan_may_have_complet.html Pakistan may have completed new plutonium production reactor, Khushab-II]</ref> Plutonium production and [[nuclear reprocessing]] facilities are being expanded at Khushab, [[Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor#(New-Laboratories)|New Labs]] and Chashma, signalling Pakistan's shift to a plutonium-based nuclear weapons program.
Four currently operating reactors have capacities variously reported at between 40&nbsp;[[MWth]] to 50&nbsp;MWth, and as high as 70&nbsp;MWth. In total, they are estimated to be capable of producing {{convert|44|kg}} of weapons grade plutonium annually.<ref name=complete>[http://www.fissilematerials.org/blog/2010/02/pakistan_may_have_complet.html Pakistan may have completed new plutonium production reactor, Khushab-II]</ref> Plutonium production and [[nuclear reprocessing]] facilities are being expanded at Khushab, [[Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor#New Labs|New Labs]] and Chashma.


Pakistan's first indigenous nuclear reactor was commissioned at Khushab in March&nbsp;1996. The Khushab Nuclear Complex was conceived and planned by the chairman of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] who began work on the 50 MWt Khushab-I reactor and heavy water plant in 1986. He appointed [[nuclear engineer]] [[Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood]] and Dr. N.A. Javed, both from the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]], as the Project-Directors for the reactor and the heavy water plant respectively.<ref>MA Chaudhri, "Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality," ''Defence Journal,'' May, 2006.</ref>According to a Pakistani press report this reactor began operating in early 1998.<ref>"Pakistan's Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Starts Up," [[Islamabad]] The Nation, April 13, 1998</ref>
Pakistan's first indigenous nuclear reactor was commissioned at Khushab in March&nbsp;1996. The Khushab Nuclear Complex was conceived and planned by the then chairman of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC), [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], who began work on the 50 MWth Khushab-I reactor and heavy water plant in 1986. He appointed [[nuclear engineer]] [[Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood]] and Dr. N.A. Javed, both from the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]], as the Project-Directors for the reactor and the heavy water plant respectively.<ref>MA Chaudhri, "Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality," ''Defence Journal,'' May, 2006.</ref> According to a Pakistani press report this reactor began operating in early 1998.<ref>"Pakistan's Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Starts Up," [[Islamabad]] The Nation, 13 April 1998</ref>


Based on the success of these projects and the experience and capability gained during their construction, onsite construction work on the second unit began around 2001 or 2002. In February 2010 [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and senior military officers attended a ceremony at the Khushab complex for what is believed to be the completion of the second reactor.<ref name=complete></ref>
Based on the success of these projects and the experience and capability gained during their construction, onsite construction work on the second unit began around 2001 or 2002. In February 2010 [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and senior military officers attended a ceremony at the Khushab complex for what is believed to be the completion of the second reactor.<ref name=complete /> There has been little to no government comment on the complex or other aspects of the [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons program]] since the late 1990s.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

The third unit was constructed between 2006 and 2011. As of 2013 it appears to be complete and in operation although there has been no official indication. Construction of the fourth unit began in 2010 and is still underway.<ref>http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/pakistan-appears-to-be-building-a-fourth-military-reactor-at-the-khushab-nu/</ref>


Judging by external appearance all but the first reactor are similar or identical in design.<ref>[http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/05/update-on-khushab-plutonium-production.html Asian Defence]</ref>
Judging by external appearance all but the first reactor are similar or identical in design.<ref>[http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/05/update-on-khushab-plutonium-production.html Asian Defence]</ref>


==Khushab-I==
==Reactors==
⚫
Khushab-I was commissioned in March 1996 and had gone critical and began production in early 1998.<ref>[http://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/facility/khushab.htm Khushab Nuclear Complex]</ref> It is a 50 MWt [[Heavy water]] and natural uranium research reactor for production of [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] for advanced compact warheads.

==Khushab-II==
The construction of Khushab II started in 2001 and was commpleted in 2009 and it went in production in 2010.<ref>[http://www.fissilematerials.org/blog/2010/02/pakistan_may_have_complet.html Pakistan may have completed new plutonium production reactor, Khushab-II]</ref> Khushab-II is a 50 MWt [[Heavy water]] reactor producing 11-15 kilogram of [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] a year for the Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.

==Khushab-III==
⚫
The construction of Khushab III started in 2006 and was commpleted in 2010 and it went in production in 2011.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/khushab.htm Khushab-III]</ref> Khushab-III is a 50 MWt [[Heavy water]] reactor producing 11-15 kilogram of [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] a year for the Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.


⚫
*'''Khushab-I''' was commissioned in March 1996 and had gone critical and begun production by early 1998.<ref>[http://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/facility/khushab.htm Khushab Nuclear Complex]</ref>
==Khushab-IV==
*Construction of '''Khushab-II''' started in 2001. It was complete by 2010.<ref name="complete"/>
The construction of Khushab-III started in 2011. By 2012, the construction was roughly 50 percent finished in building Khushab-IV, fourth nuclear reactor site at a facility that generates plutonium for nuclear bombs. Khushab-IV, from satellite imagery, appears different from earlier reactors.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/fourth-nuclear-reactor-pakistans-khushab-site-67579 Pakistan Presses Ahead on Plutonium Reactor]</ref><ref>[http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistan-presses-ahead-plutonium-reactor/ Fourth Nuclear Reactor at Pakistan's Khushab Site]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pakistan-closer-to-completing-fourth-nuclear-reactor-at-khushab-461513 Pakistan closer to completing fourth nuclear reactor at Khushab]</ref>
⚫
*The construction of '''Khushab-III''' started in 2006 and was complete by 2013.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/khushab.htm Khushab-III]</ref> Similar to the other three completed reactors, Khushab-III is a 50 MWth heavy water reactor producing 11-15 kilograms of plutonium a year for Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140705075829/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140703/DEFREG03/307030021/Third-Pakistani-Nuclear-Reactor-Operational Third Pakistani Nuclear Reactor Operational]</ref>
*Construction of '''Khushab-IV''' started in 2011. In January 2015 the reactor was believed to be complete and operational.<ref>[http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/pakistans-fourth-reactor-at-khushab-now-appears-operational/12 Pakistan’s Fourth Reactor at Khushab Now Appears Operational ]</ref>
*A further reactor has been speculated on ('''Khushab-V'''). Space-based surveillance has not turned up signs that work has begun yet on any fifth plutonium reactor at Khushab, although construction of major facilities continues.<ref>[http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/new-construction-at-pakistans-khushab-nuclear-site/12 New Construction at Pakistan’s Khushab Nuclear Site]</ref>


==Heavy water production==
==Khushab-V==
The heavy water plant is estimated to be able to produce between {{convert|50|and|100|t}} of heavy water per year.<ref>[http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/940/ Khushab Complex]</ref>
There are plans to construct Khushab-V in the future. The space-based surveillance did not turn up any signs that work had begun on a potential fifth plutonium reactor at Khushab.<ref>[http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/external-work-pakistans-fourth-plutonium-reactor-khushab-appears-almost-done/ External Work on Pakistan Plutonium Reactor Looks Nearly Done]</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Pakistan|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
* [[Munir Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Munir Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Khushab]]
* [[Khushab]]
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{{Nuclear power in Pakistan}}
{{Nuclear power in Pakistan}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Defence industry of Pakistan}}


[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Pakistan]]
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[[Category:Nuclear reprocessing sites]]
[[Category:Nuclear reprocessing sites]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction]]
[[Category:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]]
[[Category:Defence industry of Pakistan]]

Latest revision as of 14:56, 31 October 2024

Khushab Nuclear Complex
Map
CountryPakistan
LocationKhushab District, Punjab
Coordinates32°0′19.56″N 72°11′19.92″E / 32.0054333°N 72.1888667°E / 32.0054333; 72.1888667
StatusOperational
Commission dateUnit 1: 1996,
Unit 2: 2010 (unofficial),
Unit 3: 2013 (unofficial),
Unit 4: 2015 (unofficial)
OperatorPakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeHeavy water reactor/
plutonium production reactor
Reactor supplierPakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Power generation
Units operational4 (~200MWth)
Units under const.1 (possible)
[edit on Wikidata]

Khushab Nuclear Complex is a plutonium production nuclear reactor and heavy water complex situated 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the town of Jauharabad in Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan.

The heavy water and natural uranium reactors at Khushab are a central element of Pakistan's program to produce plutonium and tritium for use in compact nuclear warheads. Khushab Nuclear Complex, like that at Kahuta, is not subject to International Atomic Energy Agency inspections.

Four currently operating reactors have capacities variously reported at between 40 MWth to 50 MWth, and as high as 70 MWth. In total, they are estimated to be capable of producing 44 kilograms (97 lb) of weapons grade plutonium annually.[1] Plutonium production and nuclear reprocessing facilities are being expanded at Khushab, New Labs and Chashma.

Pakistan's first indigenous nuclear reactor was commissioned at Khushab in March 1996. The Khushab Nuclear Complex was conceived and planned by the then chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Munir Ahmad Khan, who began work on the 50 MWth Khushab-I reactor and heavy water plant in 1986. He appointed nuclear engineer Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood and Dr. N.A. Javed, both from the PAEC, as the Project-Directors for the reactor and the heavy water plant respectively.[2] According to a Pakistani press report this reactor began operating in early 1998.[3]

Based on the success of these projects and the experience and capability gained during their construction, onsite construction work on the second unit began around 2001 or 2002. In February 2010 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani and senior military officers attended a ceremony at the Khushab complex for what is believed to be the completion of the second reactor.[1] There has been little to no government comment on the complex or other aspects of the nuclear weapons program since the late 1990s.[citation needed]

Judging by external appearance all but the first reactor are similar or identical in design.[4]

Reactors

[edit]
  • Khushab-I was commissioned in March 1996 and had gone critical and begun production by early 1998.[5]
  • Construction of Khushab-II started in 2001. It was complete by 2010.[1]
  • The construction of Khushab-III started in 2006 and was complete by 2013.[6] Similar to the other three completed reactors, Khushab-III is a 50 MWth heavy water reactor producing 11-15 kilograms of plutonium a year for Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.[7]
  • Construction of Khushab-IV started in 2011. In January 2015 the reactor was believed to be complete and operational.[8]
  • A further reactor has been speculated on (Khushab-V). Space-based surveillance has not turned up signs that work has begun yet on any fifth plutonium reactor at Khushab, although construction of major facilities continues.[9]

Heavy water production

[edit]

The heavy water plant is estimated to be able to produce between 50 and 100 tonnes (49 and 98 long tons; 55 and 110 short tons) of heavy water per year.[10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Pakistan may have completed new plutonium production reactor, Khushab-II
  2. ^ MA Chaudhri, "Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality," Defence Journal, May, 2006.
  3. ^ "Pakistan's Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Starts Up," Islamabad The Nation, 13 April 1998
  4. ^ Asian Defence
  5. ^ Khushab Nuclear Complex
  6. ^ Khushab-III
  7. ^ Third Pakistani Nuclear Reactor Operational
  8. ^ Pakistan’s Fourth Reactor at Khushab Now Appears Operational
  9. ^ New Construction at Pakistan’s Khushab Nuclear Site
  10. ^ Khushab Complex
[edit]
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