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{{short description|Former bantustan in South Africa}}
{{short description|Former bantustan in South Africa}}
{{about|the former [[bantustan]] in South Africa||Zululand (disambiguation)}}
{{about|the former [[bantustan]] in South Africa|the modern South African province|KwaZulu-Natal||Zululand (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
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| common_name = KwaZulu
| common_name = KwaZulu
| status = [[Bantustan]]
| status = [[Bantustan]]
| p1 = Union of South Africa
| p1 = South Africa
| flag_p1 = Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg
| flag_p1 = Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg
| s1 = South Africa
| s1 = South Africa
| flag_s1 = Flag of South Africa.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of South Africa.svg
| image_flag = Flag of KwaZulu (1985–1994).svg
| image_flag = Flag of KwaZulu (1985–1994).svg
| image_coat = KwaZulu_coat_of_arms.jpg
| image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_KwaZulu.svg
| image_map = KwaZulu in South Africa.svg
| image_map = KwaZulu in South Africa.svg
| image_map_caption = Location of KwaZulu (red) within South Africa (yellow).
| image_map_caption = Location of KwaZulu (red) within South Africa (yellow).
| national_motto = "Sonqoba Simunye"<br>{{small|([[Zulu language|Zulu]]: Together we shall surmount)}}
| national_motto = "Sonqoba Simunye"<br />{{small|([[Zulu language|Zulu]]: Together we shall surmount)}}
| national_anthem =
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />[[English language|English]]<br />[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
| common_languages = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />English<br />[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
| capital = [[Nongoma]] {{small|(to 1980)}}<br/>[[Ulundi]] {{small|(1980&ndash;1994)}}
| capital = [[Nongoma]] {{small|(to 1980)}}<br />[[Ulundi]] {{small|(1980&ndash;1994)}}
| government_type = [[Constitutional Monarchy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= “Traditional” Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy |url= https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/southafrica2/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>
⚫
| leader_title1 = Chief Minister
| leader_name1 = [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]]
| leader_title1 = [[King of the Zulu Nation|King]]
| leader_name1 = [[Goodwill Zwelithini]]
⚫
| leader_title2 = Chief Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]]
| event_start = Self-government
| event_start = Self-government
| year_start = 1977
| year_start = 1977
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| date_end = 27 April
| date_end = 27 April
| year_end = 1994
| year_end = 1994
| currency = South African rand
| currency = [[South African rand]]
| stat_year1 = 1980<ref name="FrankentalSichone2005">{{cite book|author1=Sally Frankental|author2=Owen Sichone|title=South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G9vI6NEjgYC&pg=PA187|accessdate=2013-09-18|date=2005-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-674-3|page=187}}</ref>
| stat_year1 = 1980<ref name="FrankentalSichone2005">{{cite book|author1=Sally Frankental|author2=Owen Sichone|title=South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G9vI6NEjgYC&pg=PA187|access-date=2013-09-18|date=2005-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-674-3|page=187}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 32130
| stat_area1 = 32130
| stat_pop1 = 3,400,000
| stat_pop1 = 3,400,000
Line 36: Line 39:
}}
}}


'''KwaZulu''' was a semi-independent [[bantustan]] in [[South Africa]], intended by the [[apartheid]] government as a homeland for the [[Zulu people]]. The capital was moved from [[Nongoma]] to [[Ulundi]] in 1980.
'''KwaZulu''' was a semi-independent [[bantustan]] in [[South Africa]], intended by the [[apartheid]] government as a homeland for the [[Zulu people]]. The capital was moved from [[Nongoma]] to [[Ulundi]] in 1980.


It was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] and head of [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], who implemented the limited self-governing powers decided by the South African government as part of [[apartheid]], but rejected the nominal independence which four other homelands accepted, complaining about the fragmented nature of the state, and the inability of the apartheid government to consolidate a viable and contiguous territory for KwaZulu, in the face of stiff resistance from whites.<ref name="Trust2004"/> [[F. W. de Klerk]] later commented in an interview that he believed that Buthelezi would have accepted independence had his homeland been given the port of [[Richards Bay]], a proposal that failed due to the white population's resistance to the idea.<ref name="independentDeKlerkEnded">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-the-day-i-ended-apartheid-1886128.html</ref><ref name="Trust2004">{{cite book|author=South African Democracy Education Trust|title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970-1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGE-XB5QlD8C&pg=PA821|year=2004|publisher=Unisa Press|isbn=978-1-86888-406-3|pages=821–}}</ref>
It was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] and head of [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], who implemented the limited self-governing powers decided by the South African government as part of [[apartheid]], but rejected the nominal independence which four other homelands accepted, complaining about the fragmented nature of the state, and the inability of the apartheid government to consolidate a viable and contiguous territory for KwaZulu, in the face of stiff resistance from whites.<ref name="Trust2004"/> [[F. W. de Klerk]] later commented in an interview that he believed that Buthelezi would have accepted independence had his homeland been given the port of [[Richards Bay]], a proposal that failed due to the white population's resistance to the idea.<ref name="independentDeKlerkEnded">{{Cite web|date=2011-10-23|title=FW de Klerk: The day I ended apartheid|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-day-i-ended-apartheid-1886128.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Trust2004">{{cite book|author=South African Democracy Education Trust|title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970-1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGE-XB5QlD8C&pg=PA821|year=2004|publisher=Unisa Press|isbn=978-1-86888-406-3|pages=821–}}</ref>


An attempt to transfer parts of the homeland, along with parts of the Swazi homeland [[KaNgwane]], to the neighbouring country of [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] (now Eswatini) in 1982 was never realized.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43109383|jstor = 43109383|title = Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South AfricaThe Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane|last1 = Senftleben|first1 = Wolfgang|journal = Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America|year = 1984|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 493–501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722639|jstor = 722639|title = The Abortive Swazi Land Deal|last1 = Griffiths|first1 = Ieuan Ll|last2 = Funnell|first2 = D. C.|journal = African Affairs|year = 1991|volume = 90|issue = 358|pages = 51–64|doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098406}}</ref> This would have given land-locked Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments of South Africa and Swaziland, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred.<ref>https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/blacksash/pdfs/cnf19830311.026.001.000b.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The territory had been claimed by [[Sobhuza II of Swaziland|King Sobhuza]] of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from [[Mozambique]]. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal [[self-rule]] in 1984.<ref>Dennis Austin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=D_0NAAAAQAAJ&dq=KaNgwane+Swaziland+%22Supreme+Court%22&pg=PA54 ''South Africa, 1984'']. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1985. p. 54.</ref><ref>Leroy Vail. [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e8042&toc.id=d0e7328&brand=eschol ''The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa'']. California: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 310-316.</ref>
⚫
It was merged with the surrounding South African province of [[Natal Province|Natal]] to form the new province of [[KwaZulu-Natal]].

⚫
KwaZulu was merged with the surrounding South African province of [[Natal Province|Natal]] to form the new province of [[KwaZulu-Natal]].


The name ''kwaZulu'' translates roughly as ''Place of [[Zulu people|Zulus]]'', or more formally ''Zululand''.
The name ''kwaZulu'' translates roughly as ''Place of [[Zulu people|Zulus]]'', or more formally ''Zululand''.


In March 1996, two years after South Africa's transition to majority rule, the trial of ''The State v. Peter Msane & Others'' was held due to the accusation against thirteen retired white generals, including [[Magnus Malan]] (who served as defence minister at the height of emergency rule in the mid-1980s) and seven Zulus, partisans of Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom Party of complicity in a massacre of thirteen people, ten years earlier, in a rural village in the KwaZulu homeland known as KwaMakhutha.<ref name="Berkeley 2001">{{cite book |last=Berkeley |first=Bill |year=2001 |title=The Graves are Not Yet Full|url=https://archive.org/details/gravesarenotyetf00berk_0 |url-access=registration }}</ref> The trial was an attempt by [[Nelson Mandela]]'s new government to bring to justice those at the top of apartheid's security forces. They were alleged to have purposefully fanned violence among blacks by arming and training one faction as a proxy force, in the tradition of [[divide and rule]].<ref name="Berkeley 2001"/> However, all of the defendants were acquitted.
In March 1996, two years after South Africa's transition to majority rule, the trial of ''The State v. Peter Msane & Others'' was held due to the accusation against thirteen retired white generals, including [[Magnus Malan]] (who served as defence minister at the height of emergency rule in the mid-1980s) and seven Zulus, partisans of Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom Party of complicity in a massacre of thirteen people, ten years earlier, in a rural village in the KwaZulu homeland known as [[KwaMakhutha]].<ref name="Berkeley 2001">{{cite book |last=Berkeley |first=Bill |year=2001 |title=The Graves are Not Yet Full|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465006410 |url=https://archive.org/details/gravesarenotyetf00berk_0 |url-access=registration }}</ref> The trial was an attempt by [[Nelson Mandela]]'s new government to bring to justice those at the top of apartheid's security forces. They were alleged to have purposefully fanned violence among blacks by arming and training one faction as a proxy force, in the tradition of [[divide and rule]].<ref name="Berkeley 2001"/> However, all of the defendants were acquitted.


==Districts in 1991==
==Districts in 1991==
Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.<ref name=RSAdist>{{cite web|title=Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code|url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/|publisher=Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView|accessdate=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.<ref name=RSAdist>{{cite web|title=Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code|url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/|publisher=Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ezingolweni]]: 215,224
* [[Ezingolweni]]: 215,224
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[[Category:1981 establishments in South Africa]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in South Africa]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1994]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1994]]
[[Category:Former polities of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:History of KwaZulu-Natal]]

Latest revision as of 16:08, 28 October 2024

This article is about the former bantustan in South Africa. For the modern South African province, see KwaZulu-Natal. For other uses, see Zululand (disambiguation).
KwaZulu
1977–1994
Flag of KwaZulu
Flag
Coat of arms of KwaZulu
Coat of arms
Motto: "Sonqoba Simunye"
(Zulu: Together we shall surmount)
Location of KwaZulu (red) within South Africa (yellow).
Location of KwaZulu (red) within South Africa (yellow).
StatusBantustan
CapitalNongoma (to 1980)
Ulundi (1980–1994)
Common languagesZulu
English
Afrikaans
GovernmentConstitutional Monarchy[1]
• King
Goodwill Zwelithini
• Chief Minister
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
History 
• Self-government
1 February 1977
• Re-integrated into South Africa
27 April 1994
Area
1980[2]32,130 km2 (12,410 sq mi)
Population
• 1980[2]
3,400,000
• 1991[3]
5,524,774
CurrencySouth African rand
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
South Africa
South Africa

KwaZulu was a semi-independent bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a homeland for the Zulu people. The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980.

It was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi and head of Inkatha, who implemented the limited self-governing powers decided by the South African government as part of apartheid, but rejected the nominal independence which four other homelands accepted, complaining about the fragmented nature of the state, and the inability of the apartheid government to consolidate a viable and contiguous territory for KwaZulu, in the face of stiff resistance from whites.[4] F. W. de Klerk later commented in an interview that he believed that Buthelezi would have accepted independence had his homeland been given the port of Richards Bay, a proposal that failed due to the white population's resistance to the idea.[5][4]

An attempt to transfer parts of the homeland, along with parts of the Swazi homeland KaNgwane, to the neighbouring country of Swaziland (now Eswatini) in 1982 was never realized.[6][7] This would have given land-locked Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments of South Africa and Swaziland, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred.[8] The territory had been claimed by King Sobhuza of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from Mozambique. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal self-rule in 1984.[9][10]

KwaZulu was merged with the surrounding South African province of Natal to form the new province of KwaZulu-Natal.

The name kwaZulu translates roughly as Place of Zulus, or more formally Zululand.

In March 1996, two years after South Africa's transition to majority rule, the trial of The State v. Peter Msane & Others was held due to the accusation against thirteen retired white generals, including Magnus Malan (who served as defence minister at the height of emergency rule in the mid-1980s) and seven Zulus, partisans of Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom Party of complicity in a massacre of thirteen people, ten years earlier, in a rural village in the KwaZulu homeland known as KwaMakhutha.[11] The trial was an attempt by Nelson Mandela's new government to bring to justice those at the top of apartheid's security forces. They were alleged to have purposefully fanned violence among blacks by arming and training one faction as a proxy force, in the tradition of divide and rule.[11] However, all of the defendants were acquitted.

Districts in 1991

[edit]

Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ""Traditional" Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  2. ^ Sally Frankental; Owen Sichone (2005-01-01). South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-57607-674-3. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  3. ^ a b "Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code". Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b South African Democracy Education Trust (2004). The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970-1980. Unisa Press. pp. 821–. ISBN 978-1-86888-406-3.
  5. ^ "FW de Klerk: The day I ended apartheid". The Independent. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  6. ^ Senftleben, Wolfgang (1984). "Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South AfricaThe Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 17 (4): 493–501. JSTOR 43109383.
  7. ^ Griffiths, Ieuan Ll; Funnell, D. C. (1991). "The Abortive Swazi Land Deal". African Affairs. 90 (358): 51–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098406. JSTOR 722639.
  8. ^ https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/blacksash/pdfs/cnf19830311.026.001.000b.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  9. ^ Dennis Austin. South Africa, 1984. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1985. p. 54.
  10. ^ Leroy Vail. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. California: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 310-316.
  11. ^ a b Berkeley, Bill (2001). The Graves are Not Yet Full. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465006410.
  12. ^ "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 319.

28°19′00″S 31°25′00″E / 28.3167°S 31.4167°E / -28.3167; 31.4167

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