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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae}}
{{other uses|Erica (disambiguation)}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Erica herbacea0.jpg
|image = Erica herbacea0.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Erica carnea]]'' in flower
|image_caption = ''[[Erica carnea]]'' in flower
|display_parents = 2
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|taxon = Erica (plant)
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Ericales]]
|familia = [[Ericaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Ericoideae]]
|tribus = [[Ericeae]]
|genus = '''''Erica'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Over 700 species, including:<br />
|subdivision = See [[list of Erica species|list of ''Erica'' species]]
|synonyms = {{collapsible list |
''[[Erica arborea]]''<br />
*''Acrostemon'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica azorica]]''<br />
*''Aniserica'' <small>(Bartl.) N.E.Br.</small>
''[[Erica caffra]]''<br />
*''Anomalanthus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica cabernetea ]]''<br />
*''Apogandrum'' <small>Neck.</small>
''[[Erica caniculata]]''<br />
*''Arachnocalyx'' <small>Compton</small>
''[[Erica carnea]]''<br />
*''Arsace'' <small>Fourr.</small>
''[[Erica cerinthoides]]''<br />
*''Blaeria'' <small>L.</small>
''[[Erica ciliaris]]''<br />
*''Bruckenthalia'' <small>Rchb.</small>
''[[Erica cinerea]]''<br />
*''Callista'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica cruenta]]''<br />
*''Ceramia'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica erigena]]''<br />
*''Chlorocodon'' <small>Fourr.</small>
''[[Erica lusitanica]]''<br />
*''Chona'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica mackaiana]]''<br />
*''Coccosperma'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica mammosa]]''<br/>
*''Codonanthemum'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica manipuliflora]]''<br />
*''Coilostigma'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica plukenetii]]''<br />
*''Comacephalus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica reunionensis]]''<br />
*''Dasyanthes'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica scoparia]]''<br />
*''Desmia'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica terminalis]]''<br />
*''Ectasis'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica tetralix]]''<br />
*''Eleutherostemon'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
''[[Erica turgida]]''<br />
*''Eremia'' <small>D.Don</small>
''[[Erica vagans]]''<br/>
*''Eremiella'' <small>Compton</small>
''[[Erica verticillata]]''
*''Eremiopsis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
|}}
*''Eremocallis'' <small>Salisb. ex Gray</small>
*''Ericinella'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Ericodes'' <small>Kuntze</small>
*''Ericoides'' <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small>
*''Eriodesmia'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Eurylepis'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Euryloma'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Eurystegia'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Finckea'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Grisebachia'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Gypsocallis'' <small>Salisb. ex Gray</small>
*''Hexastemon'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Kolbia'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''Lagenocarpus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Lamprotis'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Lepterica'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''Lophandra'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Lopherina'' <small>Neck. ex A.Juss.</small>
*''Macnabia'' <small>Benth. ex Endl.</small>
*''Macrolinum'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Microtrema'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Mitrastylus'' <small>Alm & T.C.E.Fr.</small>
*''Nabea'' <small>Lehm. ex Klotzsch</small>
*''Nagelocarpus'' <small>Bullock</small>
*''Octogonia'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Octopera'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Omphalocaryon'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Pachycalyx'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Pachysa'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Pentapera'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Philippia'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Pilopus'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Plagiostemon '' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Platycalyx'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''Salaxis'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Scyphogyne'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Simocheilus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Stokoeanthus'' <small>E.G.H.Oliv.</small>
*''Sympieza'' <small>Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.</small>
*''Syndesmanthus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Syringodea'' <small>D.Don</small>
*''Tetralix'' <small>Zinn</small>
*''Thamnium'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Thamnus'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Thoracosperma'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
*''Tristemon'' <small>Klotzsch</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30249382-2#synonyms |title=''Erica'' Tourn. ex L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=8 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name=APweb>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/genera/ericaceaegen.html Ericaceae genera]". ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</ref>
}}


'''''Erica''''' is a [[genus]] of roughly 860 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Ericaceae.<ref>{{cite book |last=Manning |first=John |author2=Paterson-Jones, Colin |title=Field Guide to Fynbos |year=2007 |page=224 |publisher=Struik Publishers, Cape Town |isbn=978-1-77007-265-7}}</ref> The English common names "heath" and "heather" are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance. The genus ''[[Calluna]]'' was formerly included in ''Erica'' &ndash; it differs in having even smaller scale-leaves (less than 2–3&nbsp;mm long), and the flower [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] consisting of separate petals. ''Erica'' is sometimes referred to as "winter (or spring) heather" to distinguish it from ''Calluna'' "summer (or autumn) heather".
'''''Erica''''' is a [[genus]] of roughly 857 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Ericaceae]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Manning|first=John|author2=Paterson-Jones, Colin|title=Field Guide to Fynbos|year=2007|page=224|publisher=Struik Publishers, Cape Town|isbn=978-1-77007-265-7}}</ref> The English common names '''heath''' and '''[[Ericaceae|heather]]''' are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance. The genus ''[[Calluna]]'' was formerly included in ''Erica'' &ndash; it differs in having even smaller scale-leaves (less than 2–3&nbsp;millimetres long), and the flower [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] consisting of separate petals. ''Erica'' is sometimes referred to as "winter (or spring) heather" to distinguish it from ''Calluna'' "summer (or autumn) heather".

==Etymology==
The [[Latin]] word ''erica'' means "heath" or "broom".<ref>{{cite book |last=Scarborough |first=John |title=Medical Terminologies : Classical Origins Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture |volume=13 |year=1992 |page=20 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-806-13029-3}}</ref> It is believed that [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] adapted ''erica'' from [[Ancient Greek]] ἐρείκη.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gledhill |first=David |title=The Names of Plants |year=2008 |page=156 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3}}</ref> The expected [[Traditional English pronunciation of Latin|Anglo-Latin]] pronunciation, {{IPAc-en|ᵻ|ˈ|r|aɪ|k|ə}}, may be given in dictionaries ''([[OED]]:'' "Erica"), but {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛr|ᵻ|k|ə}} is more commonly heard.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sunset Editors |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607 |publisher=Leisure Arts |isbn=978-0-37603-851-7}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Most of the species of ''Erica'' are small [[shrub]]s from {{convert|20|-|150|cm|0|abbr=on}} high, though some are taller; the tallest are ''[[Erica arborea|E. arborea]]'' (tree heath) and ''[[Erica scoparia|E. scoparia]]'' (besom heath), both of which can reach up to {{convert|7|m|0|abbr=on}} tall. All are [[evergreen]], with minute, needle-like [[leaf|leaves]] 2–15&nbsp;mm long. Flowers are sometimes axillary, and sometimes borne in terminal [[umbels]] or spikes, and are usually outward or downward facing. The [[seed]]s are very small, and in some species may survive in the soil for decades.
Most of the species of ''Erica'' are small [[shrub]]s from {{convert|20|-|150|cm|0|abbr=off}} high, though some are taller; the tallest are ''[[Erica arborea|E. arborea]]'' (tree heath) and ''[[Erica scoparia|E. scoparia]]'' (besom heath), both of which can reach up to {{convert|7|m|0|abbr=off}} tall. All are [[evergreen]], with minute, needle-like [[leaves]] {{convert|2|–|15|mm|frac=8}} long. Flowers are sometimes axillary, and sometimes borne in terminal [[umbels]] or spikes, and are usually outward or downward facing. The [[seed]]s are very small, and in some species may survive in the soil for decades.


==Habitat==
==Taxonomy==
Dulfer<ref name="Dulfer1964">{{cite journal|title=Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung ''Erica'' L. 1 Teil |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien|year=1964|last=Dulfer|first=H|volume=67|pages=79–147|jstor=41769215}}</ref><ref name="Dulfer1965">{{cite journal|title=Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung ''Erica'' L. 2 Teil |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien|year=1965|last=Dulfer|first=H|volume=68|pages=25–177 |jstor=41764839}}</ref> published the last revision of the genus ''Erica'' in the 1960s, treating 605 species. Many new species have subsequently been described (particularly in South Africa) and a further 83 have been included in ''Erica'' from former "minor genera", such as ''Phillipia'' Klotzsch and ''Blaeria'' L.<ref name="Oliver2000">{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=E.G.H.|title=Systematics of Ericeae (Ericaceae-Ericoideae): species with indehiscent and partially dehiscent fruits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDslAQAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town|isbn=978-0-7992-2202-9}}</ref> A more recent overview of ''Erica'' species is provided in an electronic identification aid,<ref name="OliverForshaw2012">{{cite journal|title=Genus Erica An Identification Aid Version 3.00|journal=Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium|year=2012 |last1=Oliver|first1=E.G.H.|last2=Forshaw|first2=N.|volume=22|url=http://www.proteaatlas.org.za/ericakey.htm}}</ref> but a modern taxonomic revision of the genus as a whole is still lacking.
Around 690 of the species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to South Africa, and these are often called the Cape heaths, forming the largest genus in the [[fynbos]] <ref name="Manning 2012 p. ">{{cite book | last=Manning | first=John | title=Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region: 1: the core Cape flora | publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI | location=Pretoria | year=2012 | isbn=1-919976-74-4 | page=}}</ref>. The remaining species are native to other parts of Africa, Madagascar, the Mediterranean, and Europe.


=== Phylogeny ===
Like most Ericaceae, ''Erica'' species are mainly [[calcifuges]], being limited to [[acid]]ic or very acidic soils. In fact, the term "ericaceous" is frequently applied to all calcifuges, and to the compost used in their cultivation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> Soils range from dry, sandy soils to extremely wet ones such as [[bog]]. They often [[Dominance (ecology)|dominate]] [[Chamaephyte|dwarf-shrub]] habitats ([[Heath (habitat)|heathland]] and [[moorland]]), or the ground vegetation of open acidic [[woodland]].
A number of increasingly detailed phylogenetic hypotheses for ''Erica'' have been published based on nuclear [[ribosomal]] and [[plastid]] DNA sequences.<ref name="McGuireKron2005">{{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=Avery F.|last2=Kron|first2=Kathleen A.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships of European and African Ericas|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=166|issue=2|year=2005|pages=311–318|issn=1058-5893|doi=10.1086/427478|s2cid=85222709 }}</ref><ref name="Mugrabi de KupplerFagúndez2015">{{cite journal|last1=Mugrabi de Kuppler|first1=A.L.|last2=Fagúndez|first2=J.|last3=Bellstedt|first3=D.U.|last4=Oliver|first4=E.G.H.|last5=Léon|first5=J.|last6=Pirie|first6=M.D.|title=Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of ''Erica lusitanica'' using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=88|year=2015|pages=121–131|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.005|pmid=25888972|url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Testing_reticulate_versus_coalescent_origins_of_Erica_lusitanica_using_a_species_phylogeny_of_the_northern_heathers_Ericeae_Ericaceae_/5873697 }}</ref><ref name="PirieOliver2011">{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=Michael D.|last2=Oliver|first2=E.G.H.|last3=Bellstedt|first3=Dirk U.|title=A densely sampled ITS phylogeny of the Cape flagship genus ''Erica'' L. suggests numerous shifts in floral macro-morphology|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=61|issue=2|year=2011|pages=593–601|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.007|pmid=21722743}}</ref><ref name="PirieOliver2016">{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=M. D.|last2=Oliver|first2=E. G. H.|last3=Mugrabi de Kuppler|first3=A.|last4=Gehrke|first4=B.|last5=Le Maitre|first5=N. C.|last6=Kandziora|first6=M.|last7=Bellstedt|first7=D. U.|title=The biodiversity hotspot as evolutionary hot-bed: spectacular radiation of ''Erica'' in the Cape Floristic Region|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=190|year=2016|issn=1471-2148|doi=10.1186/s12862-016-0764-3|pmid=27639849|pmc=5027107 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016BMCEE..16..190P }}</ref> The closest relatives of ''Erica'' are ''[[Daboecia]]'' (one or two species) and ''[[Calluna]]'' (monospecific), representing the oldest surviving lineages of a, by inference, ancestrally Palearctic tribe Ericeae.<ref name="Mugrabi de KupplerFagúndez2015"/> The small number of European ''Erica'' species represent the oldest lineages of the genus, within which a single, order-of-magnitude more species-rich, African clade is nested.<ref name="PirieOliver2011" /> Within the African clade, Cape and Madagascan/Mascarene species respectively represent [[monophyletic]] groups.<ref name="PirieOliver2016" />


==Cultivation==
===Species===
{{Main|List of Erica species}}
''Erica'' species are grown as landscape or garden plants for their floral effect. They associate well with [[pinophyta|conifers]] and are frequently seen in planting schemes as massed groundcover beneath varieties of dwarf conifers. They are capable of producing flower colour throughout the year. They can also be grown in tubs or window boxes to provide interest through autumn and into winter.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
Selected species include:
[[File:Heather Garden, Ness Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 329931.jpg|thumbnail|left|Heather Garden, [[Ness Botanic Gardens]]]]
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''[[Erica abietina]]''
*''[[Erica afra]]''
*''[[Erica arborea]]''
*''[[Erica australis]]''
*''[[Erica azorica]]''
*''[[Erica baccans]]''
*''[[Erica cabernetea]]''
*''[[Erica canaliculata]]''
*''[[Erica capensis]]''
*''[[Erica carnea]]''
*''[[Erica cerinthoides]]''
*''[[Erica ciliaris]]''
*''[[Erica cinerea]]''
*''[[Erica comorensis]]''
*''[[Erica cruenta]]''
*[[Erica × darleyensis|''Erica'' × ''darleyensis'']]
*''[[Erica erigena]]''
*''[[Erica grandiflora]]''
*''[[Erica haematocodon]]''
*''[[Erica hirtiflora]]''
*''[[Erica jasminiflora]]''
*''[[Erica lusitanica]]''
*''[[Erica mackayana]]''
*''[[Erica mammosa]]''
*''[[Erica manipuliflora]]''
*''[[Erica margaritacea]]''
*''[[Erica mollis]]''
*''[[Erica multiflora]]''
*''[[Erica nana]]''
*''[[Erica nyassana]]''
*''[[Erica patersonia]]''
*''[[Erica peltata]]''
*''[[Erica plukenetii]]''
*''[[Erica pyramidalis]]''
*''[[Erica recurvata]]''
*''[[Erica reunionensis]]''
*''[[Erica scoparia]]''
*''[[Erica terminalis]]''
*''[[Erica tetralix]]''
*''[[Erica turgida]]''
*''[[Erica urna-viridis]]''
*''[[Erica vagans]]''
*''[[Erica ventricosa]]''
*''[[Erica versicolor]]''
*''[[Erica verticillata]]''
}}


{{Gallery |mode=packed
==Ecology==
|Baumheide.jpg|''[[Erica arborea]]''
Plants of this genus are eaten mainly by the [[larva]]e of many [[Lepidoptera]] species, including [[emperor moth]], [[garden tiger moth]], [[Lycophotia porphyrea|true lover's knot]], [[wormwood pug]], and the ''[[Coleophora]]'' case-bearers ''[[Coleophora juncicolella|C. juncicolella]]'' and ''[[Coleophora pyrrhulipennella|C. pyrrhulipennella]]''.
|Erica_cinerea_(Purpurlyng).jpg|''[[Erica cinerea]]''
|Erica junonia00.jpg|''[[Erica junonia]]''
|Erica mammosa flower.jpg|''[[Erica mammosa]]''
|Erica ciliaris.jpg|''[[Erica ciliaris]]''
|Uces en Ortegal.jpg|Heather fields in Ortegal ([[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Spain)
}}


=== Etymology ===
Some species of [[sunbird]]s are known to visit and pollinate ''Erica''. Two such species are the [[southern double-collared sunbird]] and the [[orange-breasted sunbird]].
The [[Latin]] word ''erica'' means "heath" or "broom".<ref>{{cite book |last=Scarborough |first=John |title=Medical Terminologies : Classical Origins Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-806-13029-3 |volume=13 |page=20}}</ref> It is believed that [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] adapted ''erica'' from [[Ancient Greek]] ἐρείκη.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gledhill |first=David |title=The Names of Plants |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |page=156}}</ref> The expected [[Traditional English pronunciation of Latin|Anglo-Latin]] pronunciation, {{IPAc-en|ᵻ|ˈ|r|aɪ|k|ə}}, may be given in dictionaries (''[[OED]]'': "Erica"), but {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛr|ᵻ|k|ə}} is more commonly heard.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |publisher=Leisure Arts |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-37603-851-7 |pages=606–607}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
<!-- already listed ==See also==
Around 690 of the species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to South Africa, and these are often called the Cape heaths, forming the largest genus in the [[fynbos]].<ref name="Manning 2012 p. ">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=John|title=Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region: 1: the core Cape flora|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI|location=Pretoria|year=2012|isbn=978-1-919976-74-7}}</ref> The remaining species are native to other parts of Africa, Madagascar, the Mediterranean, and Europe.
* [[Heath (habitat)]]
* ''[[Calluna]]'' -->


Like most Ericaceae, ''Erica'' species are mainly [[calcifuges]], being limited to [[acid]]ic or very acidic soils. In fact, the term "ericaceous" is frequently applied to all calcifuges, and to the [[compost]] used in their cultivation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> Soils range from dry, sandy soils to extremely wet ones such as [[bog]]. They often [[Dominance (ecology)|dominate]] [[Chamaephyte|dwarf-shrub]] habitats ([[Heath (habitat)|heathland]] and [[moorland]]), or the ground vegetation of open acidic [[woodland]].
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}


==References==
==Ecology==
Plants of this genus are eaten mainly by the [[larva]]e of many [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Saturnia pavonia]]'', [[garden tiger moth]], [[Lycophotia porphyrea|true lover's knot]], [[wormwood pug]], the [[silver-studded blue]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=C. D.|last2=Glen|first2=S. W. T.|last3=Lewis|first3=O. T.|last4=Hill|first4=J. K.|last5=Blakeley|first5=D. S.|date=1999-02-01|title=Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus|journal=Animal Conservation|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x|bibcode=1999AnCon...2...15T |s2cid=44647405 |issn=1469-1795}}</ref> and the ''[[Coleophora]]'' case-bearers ''[[Coleophora juncicolella|C. juncicolella]]'' and ''[[Coleophora pyrrhulipennella|C. pyrrhulipennella]]''.
{{Reflist}}


Some species of [[sunbird]]s are known to visit and pollinate ''Erica''. Two such species are the [[southern double-collared sunbird]] and the [[orange-breasted sunbird]].
<gallery>
File:Baumheide.jpg|<center>''[[Erica arborea]]''</center>
File:Grauheide.jpg|<center>''[[Erica cinerea]]''</center>


==Cultivation==
Image:Erica junonia00.jpg|<center>''[[Erica junonia]]''</center>
[[File:Heather Garden, Ness Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 329931.jpg|thumbnail|Heather Garden, [[Ness Botanic Gardens]]]]
Image:Erica mammosa flower.jpg|<center>''[[Erica mammosa]]''</center>
''Erica'' species are grown as landscape or garden plants for their floral effect. They associate well with [[pinophyta|conifers]] and are frequently seen in planting schemes as massed groundcover beneath varieties of dwarf conifers. They are capable of producing flower colour throughout the year. They can also be grown in tubs or window boxes to provide interest through autumn and into winter.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>
File:Erica ciliaris.jpg|<center>''[[Erica ciliaris]]''</center>
File:Uces en Ortegal.jpg|Heather fields in Ortegal ([[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]).
</gallery>


==References==
{{Commons|Erica}}
{{Commons|Erica}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q206998}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Erica| ]]
[[Category:Erica| ]]
[[Category:Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Groundcovers]]
[[Category:Groundcovers]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]

Latest revision as of 21:57, 27 October 2024

Erica
Erica carnea in flower
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Subfamily: Ericoideae
Tribe: Ericeae
Genus: Erica
L.
Species

See list of Erica species

Synonyms[1][2]
List
    • Acrostemon Klotzsch
    • Aniserica (Bartl.) N.E.Br.
    • Anomalanthus Klotzsch
    • Apogandrum Neck.
    • Arachnocalyx Compton
    • Arsace Fourr.
    • Blaeria L.
    • Bruckenthalia Rchb.
    • Callista D.Don
    • Ceramia D.Don
    • Chlorocodon Fourr.
    • Chona D.Don
    • Coccosperma Klotzsch
    • Codonanthemum Klotzsch
    • Coilostigma Klotzsch
    • Comacephalus Klotzsch
    • Dasyanthes D.Don
    • Desmia D.Don
    • Ectasis D.Don
    • Eleutherostemon Klotzsch
    • Eremia D.Don
    • Eremiella Compton
    • Eremiopsis N.E.Br.
    • Eremocallis Salisb. ex Gray
    • Ericinella Klotzsch
    • Ericodes Kuntze
    • Ericoides Heist. ex Fabr.
    • Eriodesmia D.Don
    • Eurylepis D.Don
    • Euryloma D.Don
    • Eurystegia D.Don
    • Finckea Klotzsch
    • Grisebachia Klotzsch
    • Gypsocallis Salisb. ex Gray
    • Hexastemon Klotzsch
    • Kolbia Adans.
    • Lagenocarpus Klotzsch
    • Lamprotis D.Don
    • Lepterica N.E.Br.
    • Lophandra D.Don
    • Lopherina Neck. ex A.Juss.
    • Macnabia Benth. ex Endl.
    • Macrolinum Klotzsch
    • Microtrema Klotzsch
    • Mitrastylus Alm & T.C.E.Fr.
    • Nabea Lehm. ex Klotzsch
    • Nagelocarpus Bullock
    • Octogonia Klotzsch
    • Octopera D.Don
    • Omphalocaryon Klotzsch
    • Pachycalyx Klotzsch
    • Pachysa D.Don
    • Pentapera Klotzsch
    • Philippia Klotzsch
    • Pilopus Raf.
    • Plagiostemon Klotzsch
    • Platycalyx N.E.Br.
    • Salaxis Salisb.
    • Scyphogyne Decne.
    • Simocheilus Klotzsch
    • Stokoeanthus E.G.H.Oliv.
    • Sympieza Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.
    • Syndesmanthus Klotzsch
    • Syringodea D.Don
    • Tetralix Zinn
    • Thamnium Klotzsch
    • Thamnus Klotzsch
    • Thoracosperma Klotzsch
    • Tristemon Klotzsch

Erica is a genus of roughly 857 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae.[3] The English common names heath and heather are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance. The genus Calluna was formerly included in Erica – it differs in having even smaller scale-leaves (less than 2–3 millimetres long), and the flower corolla consisting of separate petals. Erica is sometimes referred to as "winter (or spring) heather" to distinguish it from Calluna "summer (or autumn) heather".

Description

[edit]

Most of the species of Erica are small shrubs from 20–150 centimetres (8–59 inches) high, though some are taller; the tallest are E. arborea (tree heath) and E. scoparia (besom heath), both of which can reach up to 7 metres (23 feet) tall. All are evergreen, with minute, needle-like leaves 2–15 millimetres (1⁄8–5⁄8 in) long. Flowers are sometimes axillary, and sometimes borne in terminal umbels or spikes, and are usually outward or downward facing. The seeds are very small, and in some species may survive in the soil for decades.

Taxonomy

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Dulfer[4][5] published the last revision of the genus Erica in the 1960s, treating 605 species. Many new species have subsequently been described (particularly in South Africa) and a further 83 have been included in Erica from former "minor genera", such as Phillipia Klotzsch and Blaeria L.[6] A more recent overview of Erica species is provided in an electronic identification aid,[7] but a modern taxonomic revision of the genus as a whole is still lacking.

Phylogeny

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A number of increasingly detailed phylogenetic hypotheses for Erica have been published based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences.[8][9][10][11] The closest relatives of Erica are Daboecia (one or two species) and Calluna (monospecific), representing the oldest surviving lineages of a, by inference, ancestrally Palearctic tribe Ericeae.[9] The small number of European Erica species represent the oldest lineages of the genus, within which a single, order-of-magnitude more species-rich, African clade is nested.[10] Within the African clade, Cape and Madagascan/Mascarene species respectively represent monophyletic groups.[11]

Species

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Main article: List of Erica species

Selected species include:

Etymology

[edit]

The Latin word erica means "heath" or "broom".[12] It is believed that Pliny adapted erica from Ancient Greek ἐρείκη.[13] The expected Anglo-Latin pronunciation, /ɪˈraɪkə/, may be given in dictionaries (OED: "Erica"), but /ˈɛrɪkə/ is more commonly heard.[14]

Distribution and habitat

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Around 690 of the species are endemic to South Africa, and these are often called the Cape heaths, forming the largest genus in the fynbos.[15] The remaining species are native to other parts of Africa, Madagascar, the Mediterranean, and Europe.

Like most Ericaceae, Erica species are mainly calcifuges, being limited to acidic or very acidic soils. In fact, the term "ericaceous" is frequently applied to all calcifuges, and to the compost used in their cultivation.[16] Soils range from dry, sandy soils to extremely wet ones such as bog. They often dominate dwarf-shrub habitats (heathland and moorland), or the ground vegetation of open acidic woodland.

Ecology

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Plants of this genus are eaten mainly by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species, including Saturnia pavonia, garden tiger moth, true lover's knot, wormwood pug, the silver-studded blue,[17] and the Coleophora case-bearers C. juncicolella and C. pyrrhulipennella.

Some species of sunbirds are known to visit and pollinate Erica. Two such species are the southern double-collared sunbird and the orange-breasted sunbird.

Cultivation

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Heather Garden, Ness Botanic Gardens

Erica species are grown as landscape or garden plants for their floral effect. They associate well with conifers and are frequently seen in planting schemes as massed groundcover beneath varieties of dwarf conifers. They are capable of producing flower colour throughout the year. They can also be grown in tubs or window boxes to provide interest through autumn and into winter.[18]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erica.
  1. ^ "Erica Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  2. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Ericaceae genera". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  3. ^ Manning, John; Paterson-Jones, Colin (2007). Field Guide to Fynbos. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.
  4. ^ Dulfer, H (1964). "Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 1 Teil". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 67: 79–147. JSTOR 41769215.
  5. ^ Dulfer, H (1965). "Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 2 Teil". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 68: 25–177. JSTOR 41764839.
  6. ^ Oliver, E.G.H. (2000). Systematics of Ericeae (Ericaceae-Ericoideae): species with indehiscent and partially dehiscent fruits. Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. ISBN 978-0-7992-2202-9.
  7. ^ Oliver, E.G.H.; Forshaw, N. (2012). "Genus Erica An Identification Aid Version 3.00". Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium. 22.
  8. ^ McGuire, Avery F.; Kron, Kathleen A. (2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships of European and African Ericas". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 311–318. doi:10.1086/427478. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 85222709.
  9. ^ a b Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.L.; Fagúndez, J.; Bellstedt, D.U.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Léon, J.; Pirie, M.D. (2015). "Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of Erica lusitanica using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 88: 121–131. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.005. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25888972.
  10. ^ a b Pirie, Michael D.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Bellstedt, Dirk U. (2011). "A densely sampled ITS phylogeny of the Cape flagship genus Erica L. suggests numerous shifts in floral macro-morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 593–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21722743.
  11. ^ a b Pirie, M. D.; Oliver, E. G. H.; Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.; Gehrke, B.; Le Maitre, N. C.; Kandziora, M.; Bellstedt, D. U. (2016). "The biodiversity hotspot as evolutionary hot-bed: spectacular radiation of Erica in the Cape Floristic Region". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 190. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16..190P. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0764-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5027107. PMID 27639849.
  12. ^ Scarborough, John (1992). Medical Terminologies : Classical Origins Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture. Vol. 13. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-806-13029-3.
  13. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  14. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. Leisure Arts. 1995. pp. 606–607. ISBN 978-0-37603-851-7.
  15. ^ Manning, John (2012). Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region: 1: the core Cape flora. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7.
  16. ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
  17. ^ Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1999-02-01). "Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus". Animal Conservation. 2 (1): 15–21. Bibcode:1999AnCon...2...15T. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN 1469-1795. S2CID 44647405.
  18. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
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