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{{short description|Pakistani human rights activist}}
{{Short description|Pakistani human rights activist (1974–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Sabeen Mahmud <br /> {{Nastaliq|صبین محمود}}
| name = Sabeen Mahmud
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|صبین محمود}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1974|06|20|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1974|06|20|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|24|1974|06|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|24|1974|06|20|df=y}}
|death_place = Karachi, Pakistan
| death_place = Karachi, Pakistan
|death_cause = Shot by armed gunmen
| death_cause = [[Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)
|nationality = [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]
| nationality = [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]
|occupation = [[Human rights]] activist, social activist, [[Non-government organization|NGO]] worker
| occupation = [[Human rights]] activist, social activist, [[Non-government organization|NGO]] worker
}}
}}
'''Sabeen Mahmud''' (20 June 1974 – 24 April 2015) ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|صبین محمود}}}}) was a [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Pakistan]]i human rights activist and social worker who founded the [[Karachi]]-based cafe ''[[The Second Floor]]''. She also presided over the Karachi branch of [[TiE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-182592-Sabeen-Mahmud-Director-T2F-gunned-down-in-Karachi|title=Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi|date=25 Apr 2015|work=TheNews.com.pk}}</ref>
'''Sabeen Mahmud''' (20 June 1974 – 24 April 2015) ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|صبین محمود}}}}) was a [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Pakistan]]i human rights activist and social worker who founded the [[Karachi]]-based cafe ''[[The Second Floor]]''. She also presided over the Karachi branch of [[TiE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-182592-Sabeen-Mahmud-Director-T2F-gunned-down-in-Karachi|title=Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi|date=25 Apr 2015|work=TheNews.com.pk}}</ref>


Born and raised in [[Karachi]], she was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School|Karachi Grammar]] and later at the [[Kinnaird College for Women University|Kinnaird College]]. She later founded an interactive media and technology consulting firm and worked to establish the Citizens Archive of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178106|title=Sabeen Mahmud — a profile|last=Siddiqui|first=Maleeha Hamid|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> She set up [[The Second Floor|''The Second Floor (T2F)'']] in 2007 aimed at providing a community space for open dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.t2f.biz/|title=T2F {{!}} A Project of PeaceNiche|website=www.t2f.biz|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> Under Sabeen's leadership, T2F arranged a series of liberal social activities.<ref name="Zaidi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178157/sabeen-the-one-who-never-backed-down|title=Sabeen, the one who never backed down|last=Zaidi|first=Hassan Belal|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> She also co-led protests against the [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Red Mosque]] in Islamabad, and also took part in ''Pakistan for All'', a campaign to end [[Sectarianism in Pakistan|sectarianism]] and [[religious intolerance]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Zaidi"/>
Born and raised in [[Karachi]], Mahmud was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School|Karachi Grammar]] and later at the [[Kinnaird College for Women University|Kinnaird College]]. She later founded an interactive media and technology consulting firm and worked to establish the Citizens Archive of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178106|title=Sabeen Mahmud — a profile|last=Siddiqui|first=Maleeha Hamid|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> She set up [[The Second Floor|''The Second Floor (T2F)'']] in 2007 aimed at providing a community space for open dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.t2f.biz/|title=T2F {{!}} A Project of PeaceNiche|website=www.t2f.biz|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> Under Mahmud's leadership, T2F arranged a series of liberal social activities.<ref name="Zaidi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178157/sabeen-the-one-who-never-backed-down|title=Sabeen, the one who never backed down|last=Zaidi|first=Hassan Belal|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> She also co-led protests against the [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Red Mosque]] in Islamabad, and also took part in ''Pakistan for All'', a campaign to end [[Sectarianism in Pakistan|sectarianism]] and [[religious intolerance]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Zaidi"/>


On 24 April 2015, she hosted a debate on [[Balochistan conflict]] which included activists like [[Mama Qadeer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178050/t2f-hosts-the-balochistan-discussion-that-others-shy-away-from|title=T2F hosts the Balochistan discussion that others shy away from|last=Rafi|first=Haneen|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> After the event, she was shot dead by a gunman on her way home after hosting a seminar at T2F.<ref name="ET" /> As of 20 May 2015, Pakistani authorities have arrested the culprit behind Mahmud's murder.<ref name="ET5" /> Sabeen is referred to as part of 'Pakistan’s liberal, urban, globalised civil society'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PkJpppMet5HfH8WLAqeHrN/Death-of-a-liberal.html|title=Death of a liberal|last=Soofi|first=Mayank Austen|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref>
On 24 April 2015, Mahmud hosted a debate on the [[Balochistan conflict]] which included activists like [[Mama Qadeer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178050/t2f-hosts-the-balochistan-discussion-that-others-shy-away-from|title=T2F hosts the Balochistan discussion that others shy away from|last=Rafi|first=Haneen|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref> After the event, she was shot dead by a gunman on her way home after hosting a seminar at T2F.<ref name="ET" /> As of 20 May 2015, Pakistani authorities have arrested the culprit behind Mahmud's murder.<ref name="ET5" /> Mahmud is referred to as part of 'Pakistan’s liberal, urban, globalised civil society'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PkJpppMet5HfH8WLAqeHrN/Death-of-a-liberal.html|title=Death of a liberal|last=Soofi|first=Mayank Austen|date=2015-04-25|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
Mahmud wanted to challenge injustice and discrimination, and to encourage critical thinking; she told ''[[DAWN (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' that her biggest dream is to "change the world for the better through the Internet."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t2f.biz/wp-content/uploads/sabeen_dawn_profile.pdf|title=Profile: 'Sabeen Mahmud': Striving For Better|author=Saad Shafqat|work=Dawn|date=18 Sep 2008}}</ref> She founded PeaceNiche, an organisation that provides a "social platform" for public good.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/985/t2f-a-pursuit-of-the-heart/|title=T2F: A pursuit of the heart|date=7 Aug 2010|work=Tribune blog}}</ref><ref name="Mahmud2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mahmud|first1=Sabeen|title=Creative Karachi: Establishing an Arts & Culture Center for the World's Most Rapidly Growing City (Innovations Case Narrative:PeaceNiche and The Second Floor)|journal=Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization|volume=8|issue=3–4|year=2013|pages=27–41|issn=1558-2477|doi=10.1162/INOV_a_00185|s2cid=57565549|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/INOV_a_00185}}</ref>
Mahmud wanted to challenge injustice and discrimination, and to encourage critical thinking; she told ''[[DAWN (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' that her biggest dream is to "change the world for the better through the Internet."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t2f.biz/wp-content/uploads/sabeen_dawn_profile.pdf|title=Profile: 'Sabeen Mahmud': Striving For Better|author=Saad Shafqat|work=Dawn|date=18 Sep 2008}}</ref> She founded PeaceNiche, an organisation that provides a "social platform" for public good.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/985/t2f-a-pursuit-of-the-heart/|title=T2F: A pursuit of the heart|date=7 Aug 2010|work=Tribune blog}}</ref><ref name="Mahmud2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mahmud|first1=Sabeen|title=Creative Karachi: Establishing an Arts & Culture Center for the World's Most Rapidly Growing City (Innovations Case Narrative:PeaceNiche and The Second Floor)|journal=Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization|volume=8|issue=3–4|year=2013|pages=27–41|issn=1558-2477|doi=10.1162/INOV_a_00185|s2cid=57565549|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/INOV_a_00185}}</ref>


Mahmud founded a small tech company called "bits" with Zaheer Kidvai, with whom she worked in 2 other companies from the age of 14.5, and considered him her parent and mentor. In 2006, she founded The Second Floor (T2F), a cafe that hosted public forum discussions, film screenings, poetry writing, stand-up comedy and live theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178106/sabeen-mahmud-a-profile|title=Sabeen Mahmud — a profile|work=DAWN|date=24 Apr 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Sabeen co-hosted Pakistan's first civic hackathon, held at T2F in [[Karachi]],<ref name="wired">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/05/pakistans-first-hackathon/|title=Meet the Woman Behind Pakistan's First Hackathon|publisher=Wired|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> which was designed to bring together people from different disciplines to brainstorm ways to solve civic problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themarysue.com/sabeen-mahmud-hackathon/|title=Meet Sabeen Mahmud, a Woman Trying to Change Pakistan One Line of Code at a Time|work=The Mary Sue|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Mahmud hosted public figures, including [[Ayesha Siddiqa]] who authored a controversial book on military financing, leading to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] contacting The Second Floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/01/05/168678897/pakistani-cafe-is-oasis-in-desert-of-civil-discourse|title=Pakistani Cafe Is Oasis In Desert Of Civil Discourse|date=5 Jan 2013|publisher=NPR}}</ref>
Mahmud founded a small tech company called "bits" with Zaheer Kidvai, with whom she worked in 2 other companies from the age of 14, and considered him her parent and mentor. In 2006, she founded The Second Floor (T2F), a cafe that hosted public forum discussions, film screenings, poetry writing, stand-up comedy, and live theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1178106/sabeen-mahmud-a-profile|title=Sabeen Mahmud — a profile|work=DAWN|date=24 Apr 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Sabeen co-hosted Pakistan's first civic hackathon, held at T2F in [[Karachi]],<ref name="wired">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/05/pakistans-first-hackathon/|title=Meet the Woman Behind Pakistan's First Hackathon|publisher=Wired|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> which was designed to bring together people from different disciplines to brainstorm ways to solve civic problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themarysue.com/sabeen-mahmud-hackathon/|title=Meet Sabeen Mahmud, a Woman Trying to Change Pakistan One Line of Code at a Time|work=The Mary Sue|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Mahmud hosted public figures, including [[Ayesha Siddiqa]] who authored a controversial book on military financing, leading to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] contacting The Second Floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/01/05/168678897/pakistani-cafe-is-oasis-in-desert-of-civil-discourse|title=Pakistani Cafe Is Oasis In Desert Of Civil Discourse|date=5 Jan 2013|publisher=NPR}}</ref>


In 2013, she told [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] that she didn't want an armed security guard in The Second Floor "I said, that’s the price you pay for having a public space. I’m not having people checked and a military guy there because of a pervasive fear." She went on to state "Read Chomsky. Things are dangerous and bad things happen. But you can’t let fear control you, you’ll never get anything done."<ref name="wired"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/julie-strickland/sabeen-mahmud-pakistan-hackathon.html|title=Tech Guru Sabeen Mahmud: 'Fear Is Just a Line in Your Head'|work=Inc.|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Her work received coverage in international media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-32452760|title=Pakistani activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=BBC|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/pakistani-rights-activist-sabeen-mahmud-killed-150424210251526.html|title=Pakistani rights activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/asia/pakistan-free-speech-activist-sabeen-mahmud-killed/|title='Bravest woman,' free speech activist Sabeen Mahmud killed in Pakistan|newspaper=CNN|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015|first1=Sophia|last1=Saifi|first2=Ben|last2=Brumfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pak-activist-who-said-fear-is-just-line-in-her-head-shot-dead-in-karachi-mother-injured/|title=Pakistan activist, Sabeen Mahmud, who said fear is just line in her head, shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
In 2013, she told [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] that she didn't want an armed security guard in The Second Floor: "I said, that’s the price you pay for having a public space. I’m not having people checked and a military guy there because of a pervasive fear." She went on to state "Read Chomsky. Things are dangerous and bad things happen. But you can’t let fear control you, you’ll never get anything done."<ref name="wired"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/julie-strickland/sabeen-mahmud-pakistan-hackathon.html|title=Tech Guru Sabeen Mahmud: 'Fear Is Just a Line in Your Head'|work=Inc.|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Her work received coverage in international media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-32452760|title=Pakistani activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=BBC|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/pakistani-rights-activist-sabeen-mahmud-killed-150424210251526.html|title=Pakistani rights activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/asia/pakistan-free-speech-activist-sabeen-mahmud-killed/|title='Bravest woman,' free speech activist Sabeen Mahmud killed in Pakistan|newspaper=CNN|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015|first1=Sophia|last1=Saifi|first2=Ben|last2=Brumfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pak-activist-who-said-fear-is-just-line-in-her-head-shot-dead-in-karachi-mother-injured/|title=Pakistan activist, Sabeen Mahmud, who said fear is just line in her head, shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
[[File:Sabeen Mahmud Demonstration.jpg|thumb|Protest after the murder.]]
[[File:Sabeen Mahmud Demonstration.jpg|thumb|Protest after the murder.]]
During the late hours of 24 April 2015, Mahmud was fatally shot by gunmen on her way home after hosting a seminar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Anatomy of a murder|url = http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153209|accessdate = 2015-07-31|first = Naziha Syed Ali {{!}} Fahim|last = Zaman}}</ref> The gunmen (later identified as Saad Aziz and Aliur Rehman) shot her four or five times with a 9mm gun, as her car waited at a traffic light less than 500 metres from [[T2F]].<ref name=":0" />
During the late hours of 24 April 2015, Mahmud was fatally shot by gunmen on her way home after hosting a seminar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Anatomy of a murder|url = http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153209|accessdate = 2015-07-31|first = Naziha Syed Ali {{!}} Fahim|last = Zaman| date=31 July 2015 }}</ref> The gunmen (later identified as Saad Aziz and Aliur Rehman) shot her four or five times with a 9mm gun, as her car waited at a traffic light less than 500 metres from [[T2F]].<ref name=":0" />


According to a police official, the murder was a direct [[Target killings in Pakistan|target killing]]<ref name="ET" /> and was booked by the police under the Terrorism Act. Her mother Mahenaz Mahmud was also critically wounded in the attack and taken to the [[Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi|Aga Khan Hospital]] for treatment by Nuzhat Kidvai.<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/875375/t2f-director-shot-dead-in-karachi/|title=T2F director Sabeen Mehmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> The seminar, titled 'Unsilencing Balochistan (Take 2)', was held at the T2F cafe and focused on [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Among the guest speakers was the Baloch activist [[Mama Qadeer]].<ref name="ET" />
According to a police official, the murder was a direct [[Target killings in Pakistan|target killing]]<ref name="ET" /> and was booked by the police under the Terrorism Act. Her mother Mahenaz Mahmud was also critically wounded in the attack and taken to the [[Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi|Aga Khan Hospital]] for treatment by Nuzhat Kidvai.<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/875375/t2f-director-shot-dead-in-karachi/|title=T2F director Sabeen Mehmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> The seminar, titled 'Unsilencing Balochistan (Take 2)', was held at the T2F cafe and focused on [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Among the guest speakers was the Baloch activist [[Mama Qadeer]].<ref name="ET" />


According to Mama Qadeer, Sabeen and her mother left shortly after the event ended. The event had been rescheduled from 21 April to 24 April, and at a different venue, as organisers had received threats earlier.<ref name="ET"/> The Chief Minister of Sindh [[Qaim Ali Shah]] condemned the killing and called an inquiry into the incident. Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] extended his condolences to the family and sought a report from investigating authorities.<ref name="ET"/> The activist's death was also met with shock by prominent media and civil society members on social media.<ref name="ET"/> [[Nasreen Jalil]], [[Mosharraf Zaidi]], [[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]], [[Fasi Zaka]], [[Raza Rumi]], [[Hamid Mir]], [[Arif Alvi]], [[Fatima Bhutto]], [[Taimur Rahman]], [[Kamila Shamsie]], [[Malala Yousafzai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.malala.org/malala-condemns-tragic-killing-of-pakistani-human-rights-activist-sabe-1110231946.html|title=Malala Condemns Tragic Killing Of Pakistani Human Rights Activist Sabeen Mahmud|work=Malala Fund Blog|date=26 April 2015|accessdate=26 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231705/http://community.malala.org/malala-condemns-tragic-killing-of-pakistani-human-rights-activist-sabe-1110231946.html|archivedate=27 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Sharmila Farooqi]], among others, poured condemnations over the incident.<ref name="ET"/><ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177956/director-t2f-sabeen-mahmud-shot-dead-in-karachi|title=Director T2F Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-182592-Sabeen-Mahmud-Director-T2F-gunned-down-in-Karachi|title=Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi|newspaper=The News|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> General [[Asim Bajwa]], director general of the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]], strongly condemned the killing and assured that [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence agencies]] would provide assistance in capturing the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/875748/army-assures-assistance-in-investigating-sabeen-mahmuds-murder/|title=Intelligence agencies to assist in investigation of Sabeen Mahmud's murder|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> A panel in memory of Mahmud was held at the 2015 [[Islamabad Literature Festival]].<ref name="ET"/> On 23 May 2015 an international Hackathon was organized in loving memory of Sabeen Mahmud.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://f3mhack.org/index.php/en/|title=In loving memory of Sabeen|date=15 May 2015|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref>
According to Mama Qadeer, Mahmud and her mother left shortly after the event ended. The event had been rescheduled from 21 April to 24 April, and at a different venue, as organisers had received threats earlier.<ref name="ET"/> The Chief Minister of Sindh [[Qaim Ali Shah]] condemned the killing and called an inquiry into the incident. Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] extended his condolences to the family and sought a report from investigating authorities.<ref name="ET"/> The activist's death was also met with shock by prominent media and civil society members on social media.<ref name="ET"/> [[Nasreen Jalil]], [[Mosharraf Zaidi]], [[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]], [[Fasi Zaka]], [[Raza Rumi]], [[Hamid Mir]], [[Arif Alvi]], [[Fatima Bhutto]], [[Taimur Rahman]], [[Kamila Shamsie]], [[Malala Yousafzai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.malala.org/malala-condemns-tragic-killing-of-pakistani-human-rights-activist-sabe-1110231946.html|title=Malala Condemns Tragic Killing Of Pakistani Human Rights Activist Sabeen Mahmud|work=Malala Fund Blog|date=26 April 2015|accessdate=26 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231705/http://community.malala.org/malala-condemns-tragic-killing-of-pakistani-human-rights-activist-sabe-1110231946.html|archivedate=27 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Sharmila Farooqi]], among others, poured condemnations over the incident.<ref name="ET"/><ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177956/director-t2f-sabeen-mahmud-shot-dead-in-karachi|title=Director T2F Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-182592-Sabeen-Mahmud-Director-T2F-gunned-down-in-Karachi|title=Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi|newspaper=The News|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> General [[Asim Bajwa]], director general of the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]], strongly condemned the killing and assured that [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence agencies]] would provide assistance in capturing the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/875748/army-assures-assistance-in-investigating-sabeen-mahmuds-murder/|title=Intelligence agencies to assist in investigation of Sabeen Mahmud's murder|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> A panel in memory of Mahmud was held at the 2015 [[Islamabad Literature Festival]].<ref name="ET"/> On 23 May 2015 an international Hackathon was organized in memory of Mahmud.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://f3mhack.org/index.php/en/|title=In loving memory of Sabeen|date=15 May 2015|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref>

On 20 May, Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah stated that the mastermind behind Sabeen's murder had been arrested. The culprit also confessed his involvement in the [[2015 Karachi bus shooting|bus shooting against Ismailis]] in Karachi.<ref name="ET5">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/889452/arrested-safoora-attack-mastermind-confesses-to-sabeen-mahmuds-murder/|title=Arrested Safoora attack mastermind behind Sabeen's murder: Sindh CM|work=The Express Tribune|date=20 May 2015|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> The accused was identified as Saad Aziz.<ref name="ET5"/>
On 20 May, Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah stated that the mastermind behind Mahmud's murder had been arrested. The culprit also confessed his involvement in the [[2015 Karachi bus shooting|bus shooting against Ismailis]] in Karachi.<ref name="ET5">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/889452/arrested-safoora-attack-mastermind-confesses-to-sabeen-mahmuds-murder/|title=Arrested Safoora attack mastermind behind Sabeen's murder: Sindh CM|work=The Express Tribune|date=20 May 2015|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> The accused was identified as Saad Aziz.<ref name="ET5"/>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani activists]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistani women activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani women activists]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Sindh]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Sindh]]

Latest revision as of 17:48, 26 October 2024

Sabeen Mahmud
صبین محمود
Born(1974-06-20)20 June 1974
Karachi, Pakistan
Died24 April 2015(2015-04-24) (aged 40)
Karachi, Pakistan
Cause of deathAssassination (gunshot wounds)
NationalityPakistani
Occupation(s)Human rights activist, social activist, NGO worker

Sabeen Mahmud (20 June 1974 – 24 April 2015) (Urdu: صبین محمود) was a progressive Pakistani human rights activist and social worker who founded the Karachi-based cafe The Second Floor. She also presided over the Karachi branch of TiE.[1]

Born and raised in Karachi, Mahmud was educated at Karachi Grammar and later at the Kinnaird College. She later founded an interactive media and technology consulting firm and worked to establish the Citizens Archive of Pakistan.[2] She set up The Second Floor (T2F) in 2007 aimed at providing a community space for open dialogue.[3] Under Mahmud's leadership, T2F arranged a series of liberal social activities.[4] She also co-led protests against the Red Mosque in Islamabad, and also took part in Pakistan for All, a campaign to end sectarianism and religious intolerance in Pakistan.[4]

On 24 April 2015, Mahmud hosted a debate on the Balochistan conflict which included activists like Mama Qadeer.[5] After the event, she was shot dead by a gunman on her way home after hosting a seminar at T2F.[6] As of 20 May 2015, Pakistani authorities have arrested the culprit behind Mahmud's murder.[7] Mahmud is referred to as part of 'Pakistan’s liberal, urban, globalised civil society'.[8]

Life

[edit]

Mahmud wanted to challenge injustice and discrimination, and to encourage critical thinking; she told Dawn that her biggest dream is to "change the world for the better through the Internet."[9] She founded PeaceNiche, an organisation that provides a "social platform" for public good.[10][11]

Mahmud founded a small tech company called "bits" with Zaheer Kidvai, with whom she worked in 2 other companies from the age of 14, and considered him her parent and mentor. In 2006, she founded The Second Floor (T2F), a cafe that hosted public forum discussions, film screenings, poetry writing, stand-up comedy, and live theatre.[12] In 2013, Sabeen co-hosted Pakistan's first civic hackathon, held at T2F in Karachi,[13] which was designed to bring together people from different disciplines to brainstorm ways to solve civic problems.[14] Mahmud hosted public figures, including Ayesha Siddiqa who authored a controversial book on military financing, leading to the Inter-Services Intelligence contacting The Second Floor.[15]

In 2013, she told Wired magazine that she didn't want an armed security guard in The Second Floor: "I said, that’s the price you pay for having a public space. I’m not having people checked and a military guy there because of a pervasive fear." She went on to state "Read Chomsky. Things are dangerous and bad things happen. But you can’t let fear control you, you’ll never get anything done."[13][16] Her work received coverage in international media.[17][18][19][20]

Death

[edit]
Protest after the murder.

During the late hours of 24 April 2015, Mahmud was fatally shot by gunmen on her way home after hosting a seminar.[21] The gunmen (later identified as Saad Aziz and Aliur Rehman) shot her four or five times with a 9mm gun, as her car waited at a traffic light less than 500 metres from T2F.[21]

According to a police official, the murder was a direct target killing[6] and was booked by the police under the Terrorism Act. Her mother Mahenaz Mahmud was also critically wounded in the attack and taken to the Aga Khan Hospital for treatment by Nuzhat Kidvai.[6] The seminar, titled 'Unsilencing Balochistan (Take 2)', was held at the T2F cafe and focused on Balochistan. Among the guest speakers was the Baloch activist Mama Qadeer.[6]

According to Mama Qadeer, Mahmud and her mother left shortly after the event ended. The event had been rescheduled from 21 April to 24 April, and at a different venue, as organisers had received threats earlier.[6] The Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah condemned the killing and called an inquiry into the incident. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif extended his condolences to the family and sought a report from investigating authorities.[6] The activist's death was also met with shock by prominent media and civil society members on social media.[6] Nasreen Jalil, Mosharraf Zaidi, Altaf Hussain, Fasi Zaka, Raza Rumi, Hamid Mir, Arif Alvi, Fatima Bhutto, Taimur Rahman, Kamila Shamsie, Malala Yousafzai[22] and Sharmila Farooqi, among others, poured condemnations over the incident.[6][23][24] General Asim Bajwa, director general of the Inter-Services Public Relations, strongly condemned the killing and assured that intelligence agencies would provide assistance in capturing the perpetrators.[25] A panel in memory of Mahmud was held at the 2015 Islamabad Literature Festival.[6] On 23 May 2015 an international Hackathon was organized in memory of Mahmud.[26]

On 20 May, Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah stated that the mastermind behind Mahmud's murder had been arrested. The culprit also confessed his involvement in the bus shooting against Ismailis in Karachi.[7] The accused was identified as Saad Aziz.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi". TheNews.com.pk. 25 April 2015.
  2. ^ Siddiqui, Maleeha Hamid (25 April 2015). "Sabeen Mahmud — a profile". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  3. ^ "T2F | A Project of PeaceNiche". www.t2f.biz. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  4. ^ a b Zaidi, Hassan Belal (25 April 2015). "Sabeen, the one who never backed down". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  5. ^ Rafi, Haneen (25 April 2015). "T2F hosts the Balochistan discussion that others shy away from". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "T2F director Sabeen Mehmud shot dead in Karachi". The Express Tribune. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  7. ^ a b c "Arrested Safoora attack mastermind behind Sabeen's murder: Sindh CM". The Express Tribune. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  8. ^ Soofi, Mayank Austen (25 April 2015). "Death of a liberal". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  9. ^ Saad Shafqat (18 September 2008). "Profile: 'Sabeen Mahmud': Striving For Better" (PDF). Dawn.
  10. ^ "T2F: A pursuit of the heart". Tribune blog. 7 August 2010.
  11. ^ Mahmud, Sabeen (2013). "Creative Karachi: Establishing an Arts & Culture Center for the World's Most Rapidly Growing City (Innovations Case Narrative:PeaceNiche and The Second Floor)". Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization. 8 (3–4): 27–41. doi:10.1162/INOV_a_00185. ISSN 1558-2477. S2CID 57565549.
  12. ^ "Sabeen Mahmud — a profile". DAWN. 24 April 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Meet the Woman Behind Pakistan's First Hackathon". Wired. 15 May 2013.
  14. ^ "Meet Sabeen Mahmud, a Woman Trying to Change Pakistan One Line of Code at a Time". The Mary Sue. 15 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Pakistani Cafe Is Oasis In Desert Of Civil Discourse". NPR. 5 January 2013.
  16. ^ "Tech Guru Sabeen Mahmud: 'Fear Is Just a Line in Your Head'". Inc. 15 May 2013.
  17. ^ "Pakistani activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi". BBC. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Pakistani rights activist Sabeen Mahmud shot dead". Al Jazeera. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  19. ^ Saifi, Sophia; Brumfield, Ben (25 April 2015). "'Bravest woman,' free speech activist Sabeen Mahmud killed in Pakistan". CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  20. ^ "Pakistan activist, Sabeen Mahmud, who said fear is just line in her head, shot dead in Karachi". The Indian Express. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  21. ^ a b Zaman, Naziha Syed Ali | Fahim (31 July 2015). "Anatomy of a murder". Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  22. ^ "Malala Condemns Tragic Killing Of Pakistani Human Rights Activist Sabeen Mahmud". Malala Fund Blog. 26 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  23. ^ "Director T2F Sabeen Mahmud shot dead in Karachi". Dawn. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  24. ^ "Sabeen Mahmud Director T2F gunned down in Karachi". The News. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  25. ^ "Intelligence agencies to assist in investigation of Sabeen Mahmud's murder". Express Tribune. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  26. ^ "In loving memory of Sabeen". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
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