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{{Short description|Hereditary ruler of the Mexican Empire}}
{{Short description|Ruler of the Mexican Empire}}
{{For|the rulers of pre-Columbian [[Aztec Empire]]|List of Tenochtitlan rulers}}
{{For|rulers of the pre-Columbian [[Aztec Empire]]|List of Tenochtitlan rulers}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
{{Infobox former monarchy
|royal_title = Emperor
|royal_title = Emperor
|realm = Mexico
|realm = Mexico
|border = imperial
|border = imperial
|coatofarms = Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg
|coatofarms = Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg
|coatofarmssize = 120px
|coatofarmssize = 120px
|coatofarmscaption = '''[[Coat of arms of Mexico|Imperial Coat of arms]]'''
|coatofarmscaption = [[Coat of arms of Mexico|Imperial coat of arms]]
|image = Iturbide Emperador by Josephus Arias Huerta.jpg
|image = Iturbide Emperador by Josephus Arias Huerta.jpg
|caption = '''First emperor<br />[[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I]]'''<br />19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823
|caption = '''First emperor'''<br />[[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I]]<br />19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823
|style = [[Imperial Majesty|His Imperial Majesty]]
|style = [[Imperial Majesty|His Imperial Majesty]]
|first_monarch = [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I]]
|first_monarch = [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I]]
|last_monarch = [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]]
|last_monarch = [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]]
|residence = [[Palace of Iturbide|Palace of Moncada]] (1822–1823)<br />[[Chapultepec Castle]] (1864–1867)
|residence = [[Palace of Iturbide|Palace of Moncada]] (1822–1823)<br />[[Chapultepec Castle]] (1864–1867)
|began = 19 May 1822 ([[First Mexican Empire|First Empire]])<br />10 April 1864 ([[Second Mexican Empire|Second Empire]])
|appointer = [[Order of succession|Hereditary]]
|began = 19 May 1822<br />10 April 1864
|ended = 19 March 1823 (First Empire)<br />15 May 1867 (Second Empire)
|ended = 19 March 1823<br />15 May 1867
|pretender = [[Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide]]
|pretender = [[Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide]]
}}
}}


The '''Emperor of Mexico''' ({{Lang-es|'''Emperador de México'''}}) was the head of state and ruler of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century.
The '''Emperor of Mexico''' ({{Langx|es|Emperador de México}}) was the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]
of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions during the 19th century.


With the [[Declaration of Independence (Mexico)|Mexican Declaration of Independence]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] in 1821, Mexico became an independent monarchy—the [[First Mexican Empire]] (1822–1823). Mexico briefly reverted into a monarchy in the 1860s, during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (1864–1867). In both instances of Empire, the reigning Emperor was forcibly deposed and then executed.
With the [[Declaration of Independence (Mexico)|Mexican Declaration of Independence]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] in 1821, Mexico briefly became an independent monarchy – the [[First Mexican Empire]]. For a few years in the mid 1860s, Mexico reverted to being a monarchy – the [[Second Mexican Empire]]. In both instances, the reigning emperor was forcibly deposed and then executed.


== First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) ==
== First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) ==
Line 63: Line 63:


=== Decree ===
=== Decree ===
The Superior Government Junta by the [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Conservative Party]] decreed on July 11, 1863<ref>[https://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/117/000268757.pdf ITAM Library Studies]</ref> the following:
The Superior Government Junta by the [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Conservative Party]] decreed on July 11, 1863<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/117/000268757.pdf |title=ITAM Library Studies |access-date=2019-01-25 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015031/https://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/117/000268757.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> the following:


{{Blockquote|
{{Blockquote|
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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Pretenders to the throne of Mexico]]
* [[Prince Imperial of Mexico]]
* [[Prince Imperial of Mexico]]
* [[Regency of the Mexican Empire]]
* [[Regency of the Mexican Empire]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Emperors Of Mexico}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Emperors Of Mexico}}
[[Category:Mexican emperors| ]]
[[Category:Emperors of Mexico| ]]
[[Category:Mexican Empire]]
[[Category:Mexican Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in North America]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in North America]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Mexico, Emperors]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Mexico, Emperors]]
[[Category:Titles of nobility in North America]]
[[Category:Mexican monarchy|*]]
[[Category:Mexican monarchy|*]]
[[Category:Mexican nobility|*]]
[[Category:Mexican noble titles]]
[[Category:Lists of Mexican politicians]]
[[Category:Lists of Mexican politicians]]

Latest revision as of 05:35, 25 October 2024

For rulers of the pre-Columbian Aztec Empire, see List of Tenochtitlan rulers.
Emperor of Mexico
Imperial
Imperial coat of arms
First emperor
Agustín I
19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823
Details
StyleHis Imperial Majesty
First monarchAgustín I
Last monarchMaximilian I
Formation19 May 1822 (First Empire)
10 April 1864 (Second Empire)
Abolition19 March 1823 (First Empire)
15 May 1867 (Second Empire)
ResidencePalace of Moncada (1822–1823)
Chapultepec Castle (1864–1867)
Pretender(s)Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide

The Emperor of Mexico (Spanish: Emperador de México) was the head of state and head of government of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions during the 19th century.

With the Mexican Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico briefly became an independent monarchy – the First Mexican Empire. For a few years in the mid 1860s, Mexico reverted to being a monarchy – the Second Mexican Empire. In both instances, the reigning emperor was forcibly deposed and then executed.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)

[edit]
Main article: First Mexican Empire
Portrait Coat of arms Name Emperor from Emperor until House
Agustín I 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Iturbide

Decree

[edit]

The Sovereign Mexican Constituent Congress decreed on June 22, 1822[1] the following:

  • Art 1 °. The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary.
  • Art 2 °. Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne.
  • Art 3 °. The crown prince will be called "Prince Imperial" and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness.
  • Art 4 °. The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M will be called "Mexican Princes", and will have the treatment of Highness.
  • Art 5 °. Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M, is decorated with the title of "Prince of the Union" and the treatment of Highness, during his life.
  • Art 6 °. It is also granted the title of "Princess of Iturbide" and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor.

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)

[edit]
Main article: Second Mexican Empire
Portrait Coat of arms Name Emperor from Emperor until House
Maximilian I 10 April 1864 19 June 1867 Habsburg-Lorraine

Decree

[edit]

The Superior Government Junta by the Conservative Party decreed on July 11, 1863[2] the following:

  • Art 1 °. The Mexican nation adopts a moderated, hereditary monarchy by way of government, with a Catholic prince.
  • Art 2 °. The sovereign will take the title of Emperor of Mexico.
  • Art 3 °. The imperial crown of Mexico is offered to S. A. I. and R., Prince Maximilian, archduke of Austria, for himself and his descendants.
  • Art 4 °. In the event that, due to circumstances impossible to foresee, Archduke Maximilian did not take possession of the throne that is offered, the Mexican nation refers to the benevolence of HM Napoleon III, emperor of the French, to be instructed by another Catholic prince.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Digital UANL Studies of the General History of Mexico. VOLUME V[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ "ITAM Library Studies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
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