Gettysburg Cyclorama: Difference between revisions

The Battle of Gettysburg (detail)
The Battle of Gettysburg (detail)
Artist	Paul Philippoteaux
Year	1883
Medium	Oil on canvas
Dimensions	13 m × 115 m (42 ft × 377 ft)
Location	Museum and Visitor Center, Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
	39°48′41″N 77°13′33″W / 39.81139°N 77.22583°W

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The Battle of Gettysburg, also known as the Gettysburg Cyclorama, is a cyclorama painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett's Charge, the climactic Confederate attack on the Union forces during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. After being commissioned by Chicago investors, Philippoteaux studied the battlefield and interviewed participants, completing the cyclorama in 1883. A Boston version of the cyclorama was later made, as well as two other major copies. After being displayed in several other locations in whole and in part, the Boston version was taken to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and was displayed there beginning in the 1910s. In 1942, it was purchased by the National Park Service. The cyclorama has been restored multiple times and is on display at Gettysburg National Military Park.

Description

The painting is the work of French artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux. It depicts Pickett's Charge, the failed infantry assault that was the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg. The painting is a cyclorama, a type of 360° cylindrical painting. The intended effect is to immerse the viewer in the scene being depicted, often with the addition of foreground models and life-sized replicas to enhance the illusion. Among the sites documented in the painting are Cemetery Ridge, the Angle, and the "High-water mark of the Confederacy". The version that hangs in Gettysburg, a recent (2005) restoration of the version created for Boston, is 42 feet (13 m) high and 377 feet (115 m) in circumference.^[1]

Details of the painting

Pickett's Charge up Cemetery Ridge.
Confederate General Lewis Armistead at The Angle ^[a] He was shot three times, and died, probably of sepsis, two days later in a Union field hospital).
A wounded President Lincoln, reportedly according to Philippoteaux, representative of a wounded nation^[2]^[3]
Caisson exploding
General George Meade and staff advancing toward Cemetery Ridge
General Winfield Scott Hancock
Union infantry and artillery advancing Toward The Angle
Union Line on Cemetery Ridge
Union Major Alonzo Cushing at The Angle

Development

Philippoteaux became interested in cycloramas and, in collaboration with his father, created The Defence of the Fort d'Issy in 1871. Other successful works included Taking of Plevna (Turko-Russian War), the Passage of the Balkans, The Belgian Revolution of 1830, Attack in the Park, The Battle of Kars, The Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, and the Derniere Sortie.^[4] He was commissioned by a group of Chicago investors to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the Gettysburg Battlefield to sketch and photograph the scene, and extensively researched the battle and its events over several months. He erected a wooden platform along present-day Hancock Avenue and drew a circle around it, eighty feet in diameter, driving stakes into the ground to divide it into ten sections. Local photographer William H. Tipton took three photographs of each section, focusing in turn on the foreground, the land behind it, and the horizon. The photos, pasted together, formed the basis of the composition.^[5] Philippoteaux also interviewed several survivors of the battle, including Union generals Winfield S. Hancock, Abner Doubleday, Oliver O. Howard, and Alexander S. Webb, and based his work partly on their recollections.^[4]

Philippoteaux enlisted a team of five assistants, including his father until his death, to create the final work.^[4] It took over a year and a half to complete.^[1] The finished painting was nearly 100 yards long and weighed six tons.^[6] When completed for display, the full work included not just the painting, but numerous artifacts and sculptures, including stone walls, trees, and fences.^[1] The effect of the painting has been likened to the nineteenth century equivalent of an IMAX theater.^[6] Four major versions were made: the Chicago copy, the Boston copy, and two others. Of the latter copies, one was cut up and converted into tents for use on an Indian reservation, while the fate of the other is not known.^[1]

Chicago version

In 1881, Paul Philippoteaux was commissioned by Charles Willoughby to paint a cyclorama depicting Pickett's Charge for $50,000.^[7] Willoughby, Phillippoteaux, and other investors formed the National Panorama Company to display the artwork once it was completed. A location for a building to house the cyclorama was also selected.^[8]

The work opened to the public in Chicago on October 22, 1883, to critical acclaim.^[4] General John Gibbon, one of the commanders of the Union forces who repelled Pickett's Charge, was among the veterans of the battle who gave it favorable reviews.^[1] So realistic was the painting that many veterans of the war were reported to have wept upon seeing it.^[9] The painting was displayed in Chicago for ten years; the exhibitors claimed that it was viewed by over two million people during that time. This version was probably not the copy displayed at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and a cyclorama displayed in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1893 was claimed to be the Chicago copy by its presenters. The next year, a copy claimed to be the original Chicago version was on display for a fair in Sioux City, Iowa; it was badly damaged by weather during this display.^[10]

For a time, it was believed that a copy of the cyclorama discovered by North Carolinian Joe King in 1965 and later donated to Wake Forest University was the original Chicago copy. While work was being performed on the Boston version of the cyclorama in the 21st century, it was determined that this version was actually a later copy made under the direction of E. J. Austen. This version was sold in 2007,^[11] and in 2019 was sold to the North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center for a fraction of its appraised value.^[12]

Boston version

The Chicago exhibition was sufficiently successful to prompt businessman Charles L. Willoughby to commission a second version, which opened in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 22, 1884. From its opening until 1892, approximately 200,000 people viewed the painting.^[4] The Boston version was housed in a specially designed building, the Cyclorama Building, on Tremont Street,^[13] and was the site of popular public lectures on the battle.^[1] Two additional copies of the cyclorama were made: the third was first exhibited in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning in February 1886 and a fourth debuted in Brooklyn, New York, in October 1886.^[4]

Many reviewers and visitors agreed with the Boston Daily Advertiser that "it is impossible to tell where reality ends and the painting begins." One veteran, pointing at the painting, said to his friend: "You see that puff of smoke? Just wait a moment till that clears away, and I'll show you just where I stood." In New York, police responding to a report of a nighttime burglary and disoriented by the illusion twice seized dummies representing dead soldiers, convinced that they were live burglars.^[5]^[9]

In 1891, the Boston cyclorama was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania temporarily, while another cylcorama depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus was displayed in Boston. The immediate following history of the cyclorama is unclear,^[14] but it was likely displayed at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.^[15] but by 1896 it had been returned to Boston,^[16] where it was stored in a 50-foot (15 m) crate behind the exhibition hall, where it was subjected to damage from weather, vandals removing boards from the crate, and two fires. It was eventually purchased in its deteriorated state by Albert J. Hahne of Newark, New Jersey, in 1910. Hahne displayed sections of the cyclorama in his department store in Newark beginning in 1911, and sections were also shown in government buildings in New York City, Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. In the Baltimore exhibition, George E. Pickett's widow, "Sallie" Pickett, lectured on her husband's experiences and found herself very moved by the experience.^[4]

Cyclorama building

On September 3, 1912, ground was broken for a new cyclorama building on Baltimore Street in Gettysburg, on Cemetery Hill (on the site of the present day Holiday Inn), near the entrance to the Soldiers' National Cemetery. It opened to the public in 1913, in time for the 50th anniversary of the battle, once again displayed as a full circular painting, rather than in sections. The unheated, leaky brick building took a further toll on the condition of the painting. The Boston cyclorama was purchased by the National Park Service in 1942, and moved to a site on Ziegler's Grove near the new Visitor Center in 1961, after a second round of restoration.^[4]

The exhibition was closed in 2005 for a third restoration.^[17] The $12-million restoration, by Olin Conservation, Inc., of Great Falls, Virginia, started with the 26 sections of the painting and recreated its original shape of 14 panels hung from a circular railing, slightly flared out at the bottom. In the process, some original pieces were found of the 12 circumferential feet that had been cut away. Fourteen vertical feet of sky was also restored.^[13]

A new visitor center at the Gettysburg battlefield was constructed, and the cyclorama painting was moved there after the renovation was completed in 2008.^[1] The prior cyclorama building, which had been designed by Richard Neutra, had been built on ground where fighting occurred during the battle. The National Park Service decided to demolish the old building to restore the area to closer to its wartime state, although the proposed demolition met some criticism from preservationists.^[18] The building was demolished in early 2013.^[19]

Notes and references

Notes

^ an artist's mistake, as Armistead was not on horseback and ran the last yards with his sword over his head holding his hat on its tip.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Heiser, John. "The Gettysburg Cyclorama". Gettysburg National Military Park. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020.
^ Kalina-Metzger, Stephanie (April 24, 2014). "Gettysburg event takes residents back in time with cyclorama". The Sentinel Newspaper. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Thomas, Dean S. (1989). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A Portrayal of the High Tide of the Confederacy. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: Thomas Publications. pp. 17–19. ISBN 0-939631-14-8.
^ ^a ^b Appelbaum, Yoni (8 February 2012). "The Half-Life of Illusion: On the Brief and Glorious Heyday of the Cyclorama". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b Jarvis, Craig (May 2, 2007). "Triangle trio buys massive painting". The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC). The News and Observer Publishing Company. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 14, 16. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b Appelbaum, Yoni (5 February 2012). "The Great Illusion of Gettysburg". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Henderson, John (June 8, 2019). "Painting Valued at $6.5M Donated to Civil War Center". Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Morton, Margaret (July 2007). "Work in Progress". Civil War Times. pp. 28–35.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Bohy, Joel (October 18, 2023). "The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A 19th Century Entertainment Marvel". The Warwick Beacon. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ Owens, Mitchell (December 31, 2012). "Richard Neutra's Gettysburg Cyclorama to be Demolished". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ Worden, Amy (March 12, 2013). "Gettysburg's Cyclorama building is no more". Philadelphia Inquirer.

External links

Photos:

Civil War Paintings, The Gettysburg Cyclorama - Photo Gallery

[2] rtist's mistake, as Armistead was not on horseback and ran the last yards with his sword over his head holding his hat on its tip.

[NPS-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Heiser, John. "The Gettysburg Cyclorama". Gettysburg National Military Park. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020.

[3] Kalina-Metzger, Stephanie (April 24, 2014). "Gettysburg event takes residents back in time with cyclorama". The Sentinel Newspaper. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[BrennemanBoardman2015-4] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[Thomas-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Thomas, Dean S. (1989). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A Portrayal of the High Tide of the Confederacy. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: Thomas Publications. pp. 17–19. ISBN 0-939631-14-8.

[Appelbaum-6] Appelbaum, Yoni (8 February 2012). "The Half-Life of Illusion: On the Brief and Glorious Heyday of the Cyclorama". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 July 2013.

[nando-7] Jarvis, Craig (May 2, 2007). "Triangle trio buys massive painting". The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC). The News and Observer Publishing Company. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.

[BrennemanBoardman1416-8] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 14, 16. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[BrennemanBoardman16-9] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[Appelbaum-Great-10] Appelbaum, Yoni (5 February 2012). "The Great Illusion of Gettysburg". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 July 2013.

[BrennemanBoardman2124-11] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[BrennemanBoardman52-12] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[henderson-13] Henderson, John (June 8, 2019). "Painting Valued at $6.5M Donated to Civil War Center". Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[Morton-14] Morton, Margaret (July 2007). "Work in Progress". Civil War Times. pp. 28–35.

[BrennemanBoardman2930-15] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[BrennemanBoardman24-16] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[BrennemanBoardman31-17] Chris Brenneman; Sue Boardman (19 May 2015). The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas. Savas Beatie. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-61121-264-8. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[warwick-18] Bohy, Joel (October 18, 2023). "The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A 19th Century Entertainment Marvel". The Warwick Beacon. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[19] Owens, Mitchell (December 31, 2012). "Richard Neutra's Gettysburg Cyclorama to be Demolished". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[20] Worden, Amy (March 12, 2013). "Gettysburg's Cyclorama building is no more". Philadelphia Inquirer.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox Painting
 |image_file         = Paul Philippoteaux - Gettysburg Cyclorama.jpg
-|painting_alignment = right
 |image_size         = 400px
 |title              = The Battle of Gettysburg (detail)
+|coordinates = {{Coord|39|48|41|N|77|13|33|W|type:event_region:US_scale:30000|display=inline,title}}
 |other_language_1   =
 |other_title_1      =
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-'''''The Battle of Gettysburg''''', also known as the '''Gettysburg Cyclorama''', is a [[cyclorama]] painting by the French artist [[Paul Philippoteaux]] depicting [[Pickett's Charge]], the climactic [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] attack on the [[Union Army|Union]] forces during the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] on July 3, 1863.<ref name=NPS/>
+'''''The Battle of Gettysburg''''', also known as the '''Gettysburg Cyclorama''', is a [[cyclorama]] painting by the French artist [[Paul Philippoteaux]] depicting [[Pickett's Charge]], the climactic [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] attack on the [[Union Army|Union]] forces during the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] on July 3, 1863. After being commissioned by [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] investors, Philippoteaux studied the battlefield and interviewed participants, completing the cyclorama in 1883. A [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] version of the cyclorama was later made, as well as two other major copies. After being displayed in several other locations in whole and in part, the Boston version was taken to [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], and was displayed there beginning in the 1910s. In 1942, it was purchased by the [[National Park Service]]. The cyclorama has been restored multiple times and is on display at [[Gettysburg National Military Park]].
 == Description ==
-The painting is the work of French artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux. It depicts Pickett's Charge, the failed infantry assault that was the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg. The painting is a ''cyclorama'', a type of 360° cylindrical painting. The intended effect is to immerse the viewer in the scene being depicted, often with the addition of foreground models and life-sized replicas to enhance the illusion. Among the sites documented in the painting are [[Cemetery Ridge]], [[the Angle]], and the "[[High-water mark of the Confederacy]]".<ref name="NPS">{{cite web |last=Heiser |first=John |title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama |work=[[Gettysburg National Military Park]] |publisher=National Park Service | url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/historyculture/gettysburg-cyclorama.htm}}</ref> The completed original painting was {{convert|22|ft|m}} high and {{convert|279|ft|m}} in circumference.<ref name=nando/> The version that hangs in Gettysburg, a recent (2005) restoration of the version created for [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], is {{convert|42|ft|m}} high and {{convert|377|ft|m}} in circumference.<ref name="NPS"/>
+The painting is the work of French artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux. It depicts Pickett's Charge, the failed infantry assault that was the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg. The painting is a ''cyclorama'', a type of 360° cylindrical painting. The intended effect is to immerse the viewer in the scene being depicted, often with the addition of foreground models and life-sized replicas to enhance the illusion. Among the sites documented in the painting are [[Cemetery Ridge]], [[the Angle]], and the "[[High-water mark of the Confederacy]]". The version that hangs in Gettysburg, a recent (2005) restoration of the version created for [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], is {{convert|42|ft|m}} high and {{convert|377|ft|m}} in circumference.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web |last=Heiser |first=John |title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama |work=[[Gettysburg National Military Park]] |publisher=National Park Service | url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/historyculture/gettysburg-cyclorama.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130145841/https://nps.gov/gett/learn/historyculture/gettysburg-cyclorama.htm |archive-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref>
-Details of the painting:
+=== Details of the painting ===
-<gallery>
+<gallery mode=packed>
 File:Gettysburg Cyclorama.jpg|Pickett's Charge up Cemetery Ridge.
-File:'Confederate General Lewis Armistead at The Angle' -- Gettysburg (PA) Cyclorama 2012.jpg|Confederate General Lewis Armistead at The Angle (an artist's mistake, as Armistead was not on horseback and ran the last yards with his sword over his head holding his hat on its tip. He was shot three times, and died, probably of sepsis, two days later in a Union field hospital).
+File:'Confederate General Lewis Armistead at The Angle' -- Gettysburg (PA) Cyclorama 2012.jpg|Confederate General Lewis Armistead at The Angle {{efn|an artist's mistake, as Armistead was not on horseback and ran the last yards with his sword over his head holding his hat on its tip.}} He was shot three times, and died, probably of sepsis, two days later in a Union field hospital).
 File:A Wounded President Lincoln -- Gettysburg Cyclorama 2012.jpg|A wounded President Lincoln, reportedly according to Philippoteaux, representative of a wounded nation<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalina-Metzger |first1=Stephanie |title=Gettysburg event takes residents back in time with cyclorama |url=https://cumberlink.com/entertainment/local-scene/gettysburg-event-takes-residents-back-in-time-with-cyclorama/article_883d88a2-cbe5-11e3-8316-001a4bcf887a.html |access-date=3 July 2021 |work=The Sentinel Newspaper |date=April 24, 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BrennemanBoardman2015">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|page=199}}</ref>
 File:Caisson Exploding -- Gettysburg Cyclorama 2012.jpg|Caisson exploding
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 == Development ==
 [[File:Philippoteaux painting Gettysburg Cyclorama.jpg|thumb|Philippoteaux painting the ''Gettysburg Cyclorama''. The officer depicted on the far right, holding a sword in front of the tree, is an image of the artist, included in the painting as a hidden "signature".<ref name="Thomas"/>]]
-Philippoteaux became interested in cycloramas and, in collaboration with his father, created ''The Defence of the Fort d'Issy'' in 1871. Other successful works included ''Taking of Plevna'' (Turko-Russian War), the ''Passage of the Balkans'', ''The Belgian Revolution of 1830'', ''Attack in the Park'', ''The Battle of Kars'', ''The Battle of Tel-el-Kebir'', and the ''Derniere Sortie''.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Dean S. |title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A Portrayal of the High Tide of the Confederacy |publisher=Thomas Publications |year=1989 |location=Gettysburg, Pennsylvania |pages=17–19 |isbn=0-939631-14-8 }}</ref> He was commissioned by a group of [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] investors in 1879 to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] to sketch and photograph the scene, and extensively researched the battle and its events over several months. He erected a wooden platform along present-day Hancock Avenue and drew a circle around it, eighty feet in diameter, driving stakes into the ground to divide it into ten sections. Local photographer William H. Tipton took three photographs of each section, focusing in turn on the foreground, the land behind it, and the horizon. The photos, pasted together, formed the basis of the composition.<ref name=Appelbaum>{{cite news|last=Appelbaum|first=Yoni|title=The Half-Life of Illusion: On the Brief and Glorious Heyday of the Cyclorama|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/02/the-half-life-of-illusion-on-the-brief-and-glorious-heyday-of-the-cyclorama/252747/|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=8 February 2012}}</ref>  Philippoteaux also interviewed several survivors of the battle, including Union generals [[Winfield S. Hancock]], [[Abner Doubleday]], [[Oliver O. Howard]], and [[Alexander S. Webb]], and based his work partly on their recollections.<ref name="Thomas"/>
+Philippoteaux became interested in cycloramas and, in collaboration with his father, created ''The Defence of the Fort d'Issy'' in 1871. Other successful works included ''Taking of Plevna'' (Turko-Russian War), the ''Passage of the Balkans'', ''The Belgian Revolution of 1830'', ''Attack in the Park'', ''The Battle of Kars'', ''The Battle of Tel-el-Kebir'', and the ''Derniere Sortie''.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Dean S. |title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A Portrayal of the High Tide of the Confederacy |publisher=Thomas Publications |year=1989 |location=Gettysburg, Pennsylvania |pages=17–19 |isbn=0-939631-14-8 }}</ref> He was commissioned by a group of [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] investors to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] to sketch and photograph the scene, and extensively researched the battle and its events over several months. He erected a wooden platform along present-day Hancock Avenue and drew a circle around it, eighty feet in diameter, driving stakes into the ground to divide it into ten sections. Local photographer William H. Tipton took three photographs of each section, focusing in turn on the foreground, the land behind it, and the horizon. The photos, pasted together, formed the basis of the composition.<ref name=Appelbaum>{{cite news|last=Appelbaum|first=Yoni|title=The Half-Life of Illusion: On the Brief and Glorious Heyday of the Cyclorama|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/02/the-half-life-of-illusion-on-the-brief-and-glorious-heyday-of-the-cyclorama/252747/|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=8 February 2012}}</ref>  Philippoteaux also interviewed several survivors of the battle, including Union generals [[Winfield S. Hancock]], [[Abner Doubleday]], [[Oliver O. Howard]], and [[Alexander S. Webb]], and based his work partly on their recollections.<ref name="Thomas"/>
-Philippoteaux enlisted a team of five assistants, including his father until his death, to create the final work.<ref name="Thomas"/> It took over a year and a half to complete.<ref name="NPS"/> The finished painting was nearly 100 yards long and weighed six tons.<ref name="nando">{{cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Craig |title=Triangle trio buys massive painting |work=[[The News & Observer]] (Raleigh, NC) |publisher=The News and Observer Publishing Company |date=May 2, 2007 |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/569912.html |access-date=2007-05-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003227/http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/569912.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> When completed for display, the full work included not just the painting, but numerous artifacts and sculptures, including stone walls, trees, and fences.<ref name="NPS"/> The effect of the painting has been likened to the nineteenth century equivalent of an [[IMAX]] theater.<ref name="nando"/>
+Philippoteaux enlisted a team of five assistants, including his father until his death, to create the final work.<ref name="Thomas"/> It took over a year and a half to complete.<ref name="NPS"/> The finished painting was nearly 100 yards long and weighed six tons.<ref name="nando">{{cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Craig |title=Triangle trio buys massive painting |work=[[The News & Observer]] (Raleigh, NC) |publisher=The News and Observer Publishing Company |date=May 2, 2007 |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/569912.html |access-date=2007-05-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003227/http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/569912.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> When completed for display, the full work included not just the painting, but numerous artifacts and sculptures, including stone walls, trees, and fences.<ref name="NPS"/> The effect of the painting has been likened to the nineteenth century equivalent of an [[IMAX]] theater.<ref name="nando"/> Four major versions were made: the Chicago copy, the Boston copy, and two others. Of the latter copies, one was cut up and converted into tents for use on an [[Indian reservation]], while the fate of the other is not known.<ref name="NPS" />
 == Chicago version ==
+In 1881, Paul Philippoteaux was commissioned by Charles Willoughby to paint a cyclorama depicting Pickett's Charge for $50,000.<ref name="BrennemanBoardman1416">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|pages=14, 16}}</ref> Willoughby, Phillippoteaux, and other investors formed the National Panorama Company to display the artwork once it was completed. A location for a building to house the cyclorama was also selected.<ref name="BrennemanBoardman16">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|page=16}}</ref>
-In 1879, the National Panorama Company, led by Charles Louis Willoughby and supported by Marshall Field, Judge Treat, Jefferson Printing Company and an assortment of other capitalists commissioned the artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux to begin works on a cyclorama of the Battle of Gettysburg.  Preparation began in 1880 and by 1883 the National Panorama Company had taken possession of the monumental cyclorama painting which became known as the Gettysburg Cyclorama, Chicago version (so-named for the city in which it was first exhibited).
-The work opened to the public in Chicago on October 22, 1883, to critical acclaim.<ref name="Thomas" /> General [[John Gibbon]], one of the commanders of the Union forces who repelled Pickett's Charge, was among the veterans of the battle who gave it favorable reviews.<ref name="NPS" /> So realistic was the painting that many veterans of the war were reported to have wept upon seeing it.<ref name="Appelbaum-Great">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/02/the-great-illusion-of-gettysburg/238870/|title=The Great Illusion of Gettysburg|last=Appelbaum|first=Yoni|date=5 February 2012|newspaper=The Atlantic|access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref>
+The work opened to the public in Chicago on October 22, 1883, to critical acclaim.<ref name="Thomas" /> General [[John Gibbon]], one of the commanders of the Union forces who repelled Pickett's Charge, was among the veterans of the battle who gave it favorable reviews.<ref name="NPS" /> So realistic was the painting that many veterans of the war were reported to have wept upon seeing it.<ref name="Appelbaum-Great">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/02/the-great-illusion-of-gettysburg/238870/|title=The Great Illusion of Gettysburg|last=Appelbaum|first=Yoni|date=5 February 2012|newspaper=The Atlantic|access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> The painting was displayed in Chicago for ten years; the exhibitors claimed that it was viewed by over two million people during that time. This version was probably not the copy displayed at the [[1893 Chicago World's Fair]], and a cyclorama displayed in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], in 1893 was claimed to be the Chicago copy by its presenters. The next year, a copy claimed to be the original Chicago version was on display for a fair in [[Sioux City, Iowa]]; it was badly damaged by weather during this display.<ref name="BrennemanBoardman2124">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|pages=21–24}}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+National Panorama Company Exhibitions of the Chicago version
-!Year
-!Location
-|-
-|1883
-|Panorama Building, Hubbard Court, Chicago, Illinois
-|-
-|1893
-|World's Fair, Chicago, Illinois
-|}
+For a time, it was believed that a copy of the cyclorama discovered by North Carolinian Joe King in 1965 and later donated to [[Wake Forest University]] was the original Chicago copy. While work was being performed on the Boston version of the cyclorama in the 21st century, it was determined that this version was actually a later copy made under the direction of E. J. Austen. This version was sold in 2007,<ref name="BrennemanBoardman52">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|page=52}}</ref> and in 2019 was sold to the North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center for a fraction of its appraised value.<ref name="henderson">{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=John |title=Painting Valued at $6.5M Donated to Civil War Center |url=https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2019/06/08/cyclorama-painting-valued-at-65m-donated-to-civil-war-center/4956441007/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Fayetteville Observer |date=June 8, 2019}}</ref>
-'''Wake Forest University/ Joe King Version (hereinafter WFU version)'''
-It was originally believed that Joe King, a Winston-Salem artist tracked down this Chicago version and later donated it to Wake Forest University, where it was then  sold to three NC investors before it was donated in 6/2019 to the Civil War and Reconstruction History Center.
-However, The authors of ''Gettysburg Cyclorama, The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas'', Boardman and Brenneman  present extensive historical research that concludes that the WFU version is not one of the original four done directly under Philippoteaux's direction, but is rather one done under the direction of Austen, using Philippoteaux's drawings, and with many artists from Philippoteaux's studio.  Furthermore, they cite newspaper articles showing that what they believe to be the Chicago version was destroyed in a storm in Omaha in 1894, and they also present evidence that Austen directed the production of the WFU cyclorama in 1905. This WFU version was recently{{when|date=May 2022}} featured on WRAL's Tarheel Traveler program.<ref>{{cite web |title=[Homepage] |url=http://www.heirloomestatesonline.com |website=Heirloom Estates |access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2020}}
 == Boston version ==
+[[File:Gettysburg cyclorama.jpg|thumb|right|Interior view of the Gettysburg Cyclorama in the former, Neutra building location]]
-The Chicago exhibition was sufficiently successful to prompt businessman Charles L. Willoughby to commission a second version, which opened in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], on December 22, 1884. From its opening until 1892, approximately 200,000 people viewed the painting.<ref name="Thomas" /> The Boston version was housed in a specially designed building, the [[Cyclorama Building (Boston)|Cyclorama Building]], on [[Tremont Street]],<ref name="Morton">{{cite news|title=Work in Progress|last=Morton|first=Margaret|date=July 2007|work=Civil War Times|pages=28–35}}</ref> and was the site of popular public lectures on the battle.<ref name="NPS" /> Two additional copies of the cyclorama were made: the third was first exhibited in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning in February 1886 and a fourth debuted in Brooklyn, New York, in October 1886.<ref name="Thomas" />[[File:Tremont Street Exhibition-Gettysburg.PNG|thumb|right|Ticket to the Boston exhibition of the ''Gettysburg Cyclorama'']]
+The Chicago exhibition was sufficiently successful to prompt businessman Charles L. Willoughby to commission a second version, which opened in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], on December 22, 1884. From its opening until 1892, approximately 200,000 people viewed the painting.<ref name="Thomas" /> The Boston version was housed in a specially designed building, the [[Cyclorama Building (Boston)|Cyclorama Building]], on [[Tremont Street]],<ref name="Morton">{{cite news|title=Work in Progress|last=Morton|first=Margaret|date=July 2007|work=Civil War Times|pages=28–35}}</ref> and was the site of popular public lectures on the battle.<ref name="NPS" /> Two additional copies of the cyclorama were made: the third was first exhibited in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning in February 1886 and a fourth debuted in Brooklyn, New York, in October 1886.<ref name="Thomas" />
 Many reviewers and visitors agreed with the ''[[Boston Daily Advertiser]]'' that "it is impossible to tell where reality ends and the painting begins." One veteran, pointing at the painting, said to his friend: "You see that puff of smoke? Just wait a moment till that clears away, and I'll show you just where I stood." In New York, police responding to a report of a nighttime burglary and disoriented by the illusion twice seized dummies representing dead soldiers, convinced that they were live burglars.<ref name="Appelbaum" /><ref name="Appelbaum-Great" />
-In 1891, the Boston cyclorama, housed in the [[Cyclorama Building (Boston)|Cyclorama Building]], was exchanged temporarily with the cyclorama ''Crucifixion of Christ'', also one of Philippoteaux's works<ref>Also one of Philippoteaux's works, ''Crucifixion'' is now on display at [[Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec]]</ref> When it returned in 1892, it was stored in a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} crate behind the exhibition hall, where it was subjected to damage from weather, vandals removing boards from the crate, and two fires. It was eventually purchased in its deteriorated state by Albert J. Hahne of [[Newark, New Jersey]], in 1910. Hahne displayed sections of the cyclorama in his department store in Newark beginning in 1911, and sections were also shown in government buildings in [[New York City]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] In the Baltimore exhibition, [[George E. Pickett]]'s widow, "Sallie" Pickett, lectured on her husband's experiences and found herself very moved by the experience.<ref name="Thomas" />
+In 1891, the Boston cyclorama was sent to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] temporarily, while another cylcorama depicting the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] was displayed in Boston. The immediate following history of the cyclorama is unclear,<ref name="BrennemanBoardman2930">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|pages=29–31}}</ref> but it was likely displayed at the [[1893 Chicago World's Fair]].<ref name="BrennemanBoardman24">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|pages=24}}</ref> but by 1896 it had been returned to Boston,<ref name="BrennemanBoardman31">{{cite book|author1=Chris Brenneman|author2=Sue Boardman|title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: The Turning Point of the Civil War on Canvas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|access-date=3 July 2021|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Savas Beatie|isbn=978-1-61121-264-8|page=31}}</ref> where it was stored in a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} crate behind the exhibition hall, where it was subjected to damage from weather, vandals removing boards from the crate, and two fires. It was eventually purchased in its deteriorated state by Albert J. Hahne of [[Newark, New Jersey]], in 1910. Hahne displayed sections of the cyclorama in his department store in Newark beginning in 1911, and sections were also shown in government buildings in [[New York City]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] In the Baltimore exhibition, [[George E. Pickett]]'s widow, "Sallie" Pickett, lectured on her husband's experiences and found herself very moved by the experience.<ref name="Thomas" />
+==Cyclorama building==
-[[File:Original Gettysburg Cyclorama Building.jpg|thumb|Original Cyclorama building on Baltimore Street]]In 1894, Chase & Everhart displayed their ''Cyclorama of the Battle of Gettysburg'' during a [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War|National Guard encampment at Gettysburg]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oP0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2278,4956623&dq=round-top-branch&hl=en|title=Cyclorama|date=July 31, 1894|newspaper=Gettysburg Compiler|access-date=2011-01-23|page=2 col. 3|format=Google News Archive}}</ref>[[File:Gettysburg Cyclorama Building.jpg|thumb|Former [[Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building|Cyclorama building]] in Ziegler's Grove. The building was demolished in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20130311_Gettysburgs_Cyclorama_building_is_no_more.html|title=Gettysburg's Cyclorama building is no more|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|first=Amy|last=Worden|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stansbury |first=Amy |title=The death of the Gettysburg Cyclorama building |url=http://www.eveningsun.com/news/ci_22755285/death-old-cyclorama-building |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=The Evening Sun |date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101726/http://www.eveningsun.com/news/ci_22755285/death-old-cyclorama-building |archive-date=13 March 2013 }}</ref>]]
-[[File:Gettysburg cyclorama.jpg|thumb|right|Interior view of the Gettysburg Cyclorama in the former, Neutra building location]]
+[[File:Gettysburg Cyclorama Building.jpg|thumb|left|Former [[Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building|Cyclorama building]]]]
+On September 3, 1912, ground was broken for a new cyclorama building on Baltimore Street in Gettysburg, on Cemetery Hill (on the site of the present day [[Holiday Inn]]), near the entrance to the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]]. It opened to the public in 1913, in time for the 50th anniversary of the battle, once again displayed as a full circular painting, rather than in sections. The unheated, leaky brick building took a further toll on the condition of the painting. The Boston cyclorama was purchased by the [[National Park Service]] in 1942, and moved to a site on Ziegler's Grove near the new Visitor Center in 1961, after a second round of restoration.<ref name="Thomas"/>
+The exhibition was closed in 2005 for a third restoration.<ref name="warwick">{{cite news |last1=Bohy |first1=Joel |title=The Gettysburg Cyclorama: A 19th Century Entertainment Marvel |url=https://warwickonline.com/stories/the-gettysburg-cyclorama-a-19th-century-entertainment-marvel,229319 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=The Warwick Beacon |date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> The $12-million restoration, by Olin Conservation, Inc., of Great Falls, Virginia, started with the 26 sections of the painting and recreated its original shape of 14 panels hung from a circular railing, slightly flared out at the bottom. In the process, some original pieces were found of the 12 circumferential feet that had been cut away. Fourteen vertical feet of sky was also restored.<ref name="Morton"/>
-On September 3, 1912, ground was broken for a new cyclorama building on Baltimore Street in Gettysburg, on Cemetery Hill (on the site of the present day [[Holiday Inn]]), near the entrance to the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]]. It opened to the public in 1913, in time for the 50th anniversary of the battle, once again displayed as a full circular painting, rather than in sections. The unheated, leaky brick building took a further toll on the condition of the painting. The Boston cyclorama was purchased by the [[National Park Service]] in 1942, and moved to a site on Ziegler's Grove near the new Visitor's Center in 1961, after a second round of restoration.<ref name="Thomas"/>
+A new visitor center at the Gettysburg battlefield was constructed, and the cyclorama painting was moved there after the renovation was completed in 2008.<ref name="NPS" /> The [[Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building|prior cyclorama building]], which had been designed by [[Richard Neutra]], had been built on ground where fighting occurred during the battle. The National Park Service decided to demolish the old building to restore the area to closer to its wartime state, although the proposed demolition met some criticism from preservationists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Owens |first1=Mitchell |title=Richard Neutra's Gettysburg Cyclorama to be Demolished |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/richard-neutra-cyclorama-gettysburg-national-military-park |publisher=Architectural Digest |access-date=17 July 2024 |date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> The building was demolished in early 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20130311_Gettysburgs_Cyclorama_building_is_no_more.html|title=Gettysburg's Cyclorama building is no more|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|first=Amy|last=Worden|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref>
-The exhibition remained open to the public until 2005, when it was closed for a third restoration.<ref name="NPS"/> The $12-million restoration, by Olin Conservation, Inc., of Great Falls, Virginia, started with the 26 sections of the painting and recreated its original shape of 14 panels hung from a circular railing, slightly flared out at the bottom. In the process, some original pieces were found of the 12 circumferential feet that had been cut away. Fourteen vertical feet of sky was also restored.<ref name="Morton"/>
-The painting restoration was accompanied by the construction of a facility to house the painting, the new Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center on Hunt Avenue, located away from any areas in which fighting occurred in 1863. The restored Cyclorama exhibition was reopened to the public in September 2008. The proposed demolition of the [[Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building|old Cyclorama building]] in Ziegler's Grove was a source of some controversy among history and architecture buffs, with some opposing the destruction of the [[modernism|modernist]] structure designed by architect [[Richard Neutra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Latest: Recent Past Preservation Network Sues National Park Service to Prevent Demolition of Historic Building at Gettysburg |work=CYCLORAMA: Richard Neutra's 1961 Lincoln Memorial at Gettysburg |publisher=Mission66.com |url=http://www.mission66.com/cyclorama/ |access-date=2007-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129072855/http://www.mission66.com/cyclorama/ |archive-date=2013-01-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Nevertheless, it was razed in early 2013, and the site restored to its wartime appearance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gettysburg National Military Park's Old Cyclorama Building Is No More|website=National Parks Traveler|url=http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2013/04/gettysburg-national-military-parks-old-cyclorama-building-no-more23011|date=4 April 2013|author=Burnett, Jim}}</ref>
-== The Benedict "Buck-eye"==
-{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
-A buck-eye cyclorama is a cyclorama painting of the same or roughly the same dimensions as an original, which is a very slavish copy. These were often created cheaply by painters of little skill and almost always with sub-standard materials. Several buck-eye cycloramas were exhibited in the United States during the time when cyclorama paintings were popular attractions, including several copies of the Gettysburg Cyclorama. Once an individual had seen a particular cyclorama, it was unlikely that they would purchase a ticket to revisit it. This meant that the low-quality copies could be exhibited with a very low risk that a ticket holder would request a refund, as they would likely never have seen the original. Tickets could be sold at the same price as the admission to see an original and the exhibitor of a buck-eye could visit the original themselves, obtain copies of all of the pamphlets and promotional materials, and have them cheaply copied for sale alongside the attraction. In fact, copy houses were formed in order to meet the demand for such paintings, one being the Milwaukee Panorama Painters.
-In 1885 the Milwaukee Panorama Painters were commissioned by Mr. Myron Herrick (at that time a banker, who later twice served as the U.S. Ambassador to France) to create a copy of the Gettysburg Cyclorama, which was later purchased by E. W. McConnell (the "Cyclorama King") and exhibited by McConnell at: the [[Cotton States and International Exposition|Cotton States Exposition]], Atlanta, Georgia in 1895; the [[Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition|Tennessee Centennial Exposition]], Nashville, Tennessee in 1897; before moving to Louisville, Kentucky; and finally, to Nashville, Tennessee in 1898 before it was placed in storage in that city.  During the time of McConnell's ownership, McConnell sold a share of the painting to a Mr. Benedict who, in turn, sold a share of his share to a Mr. Graves.
-In 1920, more than 20 years after the buck-eye had been placed into storage, Benedict informed McConnell that a flood had ruined the buck-eye painting, but failed to inform Graves.  Graves was not available to be consulted when questions from his family arose regarding the whereabouts of the buck-eye (in 1957) and the beneficiaries of Graves' Estate later made the assumption that the painting purchased by Mr. Joseph Wallace King (the Chicago Version) in 1964 was this 'missing' buck-eye painting.  The estate then launched a legal action against King, claiming that a share of the painting King had purchased was theirs. This case was settled in arbitration by the comparison of photographs of the buck-eye with the painting King had purchased and the matters were resolved in King's favour, as the buck-eye was obviously of inferior quality to the Chicago Version which King had in his possession.
-In 1957 the Milwaukee County Historical Society contacted the firm of lawyers who had been acting for McConnell and asked if they could purchase the painting and were informed that it had been destroyed.
 == See also ==
-*[[Panorama]]
-*[[Panoramic painting]]
-*[[International Panorama Council]]
 * [[Atlanta Cyclorama]]
-*[[Raclawice Panorama]]
-* [[Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building]]
 == Notes and references ==
+===Notes===
+{{notelist}}
+===References===
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 105: / Line 79: @@
 * [https://battleofgettysburgcyclorama.com/ ''Gettysburg Cyclorama'']
 * [https://www.gettysburgfoundation.org/gettysburg-cyclorama National Park Service Gettysburg Cyclorama]
-{{coord|39.8170|-77.2336|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}
 '''Photos:'''
 * [https://archive.today/20130125022211/http://picasaweb.google.com/sridhar.saraf.pictures/CivilWarPaintingsTheGettysburgCycloramaPennsylvaniaUSA/ Civil War Paintings, The ''Gettysburg Cyclorama'' - Photo Gallery]

v t e Battle of Gettysburg
Background	Civil War Eastern Theater Pennsylvania Adams County Campaign template box Battlefield (timeline) Armies Northern Virginia Potomac Leaders/Orders of battle Confederate Union
Engagements	1st day 2nd day: Assaults Hood Mclaws Anderson Ewell's demonstration 3rd day: Longstreet's Assault Artillery barrage Pickett's Charge East cavalry battle Well's cavalry charge
Combat areas	Angle (Copse of trees), High-water mark Barlow Knoll Biesecker Woods Big Round Top Borough Cavalry fields Cemetery Hill Cemetery Ridge Culp's Hill Devil's Den Evergreen Cemetery gatehouse Little Round Top McMillan Woods McPherson's Ridge Oak Ridge Peach Orchard Pitzer Woods Plum Run Railway cut Seminary Ridge Slaughter Pen Spangler's Spring Spangler Woods Stevens Creek Valley of Death Warfield Ridge Weikert Hill
Aftermath	Retreat Camp Letterman Evergreen Cemetery Gettysburg Address Soldier's Cemetery Everett Oration Gettysburg Address Memorial Association Reunions 1888 25th 1913 50th 1938 75th 1895 National Park (parkitecture) 1975 Historic District 1962 Cyclorama Bldg 2008 Museum and Visitor Center Coins 1936 half 2011 quarter
Media	1883 cyclorama 1898 poem Films 1913 (lost) 1955 documentary 1993 2011 documentary The Gettysburg Address unreleased documentary The Killer Angels Gettysburg: A Novel… "The Death Merchant" (TV episode) "Gettysburg" (The Outer Limits) "The Wheatfield at Gettysburg" (TV) Games: Gettysburg Gettysburg (1863) Cemetery Hill Sid Meier's Gettysburg! Terrible Swift Sword Battleground 2: Gettysburg Devil's Den Enduring Valor: Gettysburg in Miniature
Gettysburg textbooks from Wikibooks Gettysburg news stories from Wikinews Gettysburg images and media from Commons

v t e Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Campaigns and battles	Gettysburg Campaign (template) Fairfield Gettysburg (template) Hanover Hunterstown
Fights and skirmishes	Carlisle Chambersburg Monterey Pass Greencastle skirmishes
Cities and counties	Harrisburg Philadelphia Pittsburgh Franklin County
Units and people	Monongahela department Susquehanna department Units and formations
Posts and hospitals	Camp Letterman Fort Mifflin Camp Curtin Camp Scott Camp Union Camp William Penn Carlisle Barracks Mower General Hospital Satterlee General Hospital York General Hospital
Manufacturers	Frankford Arsenal Phoenix Iron Works
Civil War museums and historic sites	Civil War Museum of Philadelphia National Civil War Museum Gettysburg Battlefield Gettysburg National Cemetery Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center
Monuments and memorials	North Carolina Monument The Pennsylvania State Memorial Smith Memorial Arch 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument
Category Commons