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East Elbia (German: Ostelbien) was an informal denotation for those parts of the German Reich until World War II that lay east of the river Elbe.

The region comprised the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg, the eastern parts of Saxony (Jerichower Land) and the Kingdom of Saxony (Upper Lusatia), Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia, West Prussia and Posen (from 1922 Posen-West Prussia) as well as the free states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein were not included, even if located East and North, respectively of the Elbe.

East Elbia was noted for its historic manorialism and serfdom, as well as for political conservatism, combined with the predominantly Protestant confession of the local population. During the German Empire (1871–1918), the "East Elbian Junker" formed the monarchy's reactionary backbone. Later, in Weimar Republic (1918–1933), it became a politically charged term used especially by the leftist parties to denote the rich civil servants of the conservative, right-wing German National People's Party (DNVP) who fit the stereotype.

History

The former social structure of this region with relatively large latifundia owned by landed gentry is a product of Ostsiedlung in the medieval era when Germanic settlers moved into the area of settlement of the Wends and other Slavic groups changing the ethnic makeup of Germania Slavica through assimilation, expulsion and immigration. Since most of former East Elbia is east of the Oder–Neisse line the vast majority of its ethnic German population was subject to expulsion after World War II. In the German Democratic Republic, which controlled the remainder of East Elbia after 1949 a land reform was initiated to collectivize agriculture and also with the explicit goal of eliminating the junker class.^[1] Attempts at restitution for expropriated property after 1990 have only been partially successful^[2] and have not led to a reestablishment of the erstwhile social structure, but the average size of agricultural estates formed from erstwhile landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften (LPG, 'agricultural production cooperatives') and volkseigene Güter (VEG, 'national goods') is still much higher in the East than in the West of Germany where agriculture is still based mostly on small farms.^[3]^[4] Still, the term "East Elbia" has vanished from common use outside historical contexts and is usually glossed in texts aimed at a general audience.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

References

McNeill Eddie, Scott (2008) Landownership in Eastern Germany before the Great War : a quantitative analysis. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0198201664

^ Niemetz, Daniel (3 September 2020). "'Junkerland in Bauernhand' – Bodenreform in der Sowjetzone" ["Junker-land in peasant's hand": land reform in the Soviet zone]. MDR.DE (in German).
^ "'Junkerland in Bauernhand': Justizia, der Adel und der Staat" ["Junker-land in peasant's hand": justice, nobility and the state]. MDR.DE (in German). 30 July 2019.
^ "Durchschnittliche genutzte landwirtschaftliche Fläche pro Betrieb in Deutschland 2020" [Average used agricultural area per farm in Germany 2020] (in German). Statista.
^ "Landwirtschaft in Ostdeutschland: Amerikanische Verhältnisse" [Agriculture in East Germany: American conditions]. Die Tageszeitung (in German). 10 December 2013.
^ Reichwein, Marc (4 June 2018). "Problem Ostelbien: James Hawes' 'Kürzeste Geschichte Deutschlands'" [The problem of East Elbia: James Hawes' "The Shortest History of Germany"]. Die Welt (in German).
^ Winkler, Heinrich August (18 September 2003). "Aufstand des schlechten Gewissens: Preußischer Adel und Nationalsozialismus – das Ende einer Legende" [Rebellion of bad conscience: Prussian nobility and National Socialism – the end of a legend]. Die Zeit (in German).
^ Julke, Ralf (16 May 2018). "Die fatale Rolle des preußischen Ostelbiens in der deutschen Geschichte der letzten Jahrhunderte". Leipziger Zeitung.
^ North, Michael (1999). "Die Entstehung der Gutswirtschaft im südlichen Ostseeraum" [The emergence of the manorial economy in the southern Baltic region]. Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung (in German). 26 (1): 43–59. JSTOR 43568302.
^ "Geschichte Ostelbiens". ostelbien.de.

This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Niemetz, Daniel (3 September 2020). "'Junkerland in Bauernhand' – Bodenreform in der Sowjetzone" ["Junker-land in peasant's hand": land reform in the Soviet zone]. MDR.DE (in German).

[2] "'Junkerland in Bauernhand': Justizia, der Adel und der Staat" ["Junker-land in peasant's hand": justice, nobility and the state]. MDR.DE (in German). 30 July 2019.

[3] "Durchschnittliche genutzte landwirtschaftliche Fläche pro Betrieb in Deutschland 2020" [Average used agricultural area per farm in Germany 2020] (in German). Statista.

[4] "Landwirtschaft in Ostdeutschland: Amerikanische Verhältnisse" [Agriculture in East Germany: American conditions]. Die Tageszeitung (in German). 10 December 2013.

[5] Reichwein, Marc (4 June 2018). "Problem Ostelbien: James Hawes' 'Kürzeste Geschichte Deutschlands'" [The problem of East Elbia: James Hawes' "The Shortest History of Germany"]. Die Welt (in German).

[6] Winkler, Heinrich August (18 September 2003). "Aufstand des schlechten Gewissens: Preußischer Adel und Nationalsozialismus – das Ende einer Legende" [Rebellion of bad conscience: Prussian nobility and National Socialism – the end of a legend]. Die Zeit (in German).

[7] Julke, Ralf (16 May 2018). "Die fatale Rolle des preußischen Ostelbiens in der deutschen Geschichte der letzten Jahrhunderte". Leipziger Zeitung.

[8] North, Michael (1999). "Die Entstehung der Gutswirtschaft im südlichen Ostseeraum" [The emergence of the manorial economy in the southern Baltic region]. Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung (in German). 26 (1): 43–59. JSTOR 43568302.

[9] "Geschichte Ostelbiens". ostelbien.de.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Historical region of Germany}}
-[[File:Deutsches Reich (1871-1918)-en.png|thumb|German Empire, 1871-1918]]
+[[File:Ostelbien (ko).png|thumb|The [[German Empire]] with East Elbia colored in. (Map in [[Korean language|Korean]]).]]
-'''East Elbia''' ({{lang-de|Ostelbien}}) was an informal denotation for those parts of the [[German Reich]] until World War II that lay east of the river [[Elbe]].
+'''East Elbia''' ({{langx|de|Ostelbien}}) was an informal denotation for those parts of the [[German Reich]] until World War II that lay east of the river [[Elbe]].
-The region comprised the [[Prussia]]n provinces of [[Province of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], the eastern parts of [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]] ([[Jerichower Land]]) and the [[Kingdom of Saxony]] ([[Upper Lusatia]]), [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]], [[Silesia Province|Silesia]], [[Province of East Prussia|East Prussia]], [[West Prussia]] and [[Province of Posen|Posen]] (from 1922 [[Posen-West Prussia]]) as well as the states of [[Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] and [[Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. The urban area of [[Berlin]] was not included.
+The region comprised the [[Prussia]]n provinces of [[Province of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], the eastern parts of [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]] ([[Jerichower Land]]) and the [[Kingdom of Saxony]] ([[Upper Lusatia]]), [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]], [[Silesia Province|Silesia]], [[Province of East Prussia|East Prussia]], [[West Prussia]] and [[Province of Posen|Posen]] (from 1922 [[Posen-West Prussia]]) as well as the free states of [[Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] and [[Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. [[Berlin]] and [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]] were not included, even if located East and North, respectively of the Elbe.
+East Elbia was noted for its historic [[manorialism]] and [[serfdom]], as well as for political [[conservatism in Germany|conservatism]], combined with the predominantly [[Protestantism|Protestant]] confession of the local population. During the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), the "East Elbian [[Junker]]" formed the monarchy's reactionary backbone. Later, in [[Weimar Republic]] (1918–1933), it became a politically charged term used especially by the leftist parties to denote the rich civil servants of the conservative, right-wing [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP) who fit the stereotype.
-East Elbia was noted for its historic [[manorialism]] and [[serfdom]], as well as for political [[conservatism in Germany|conservatism]], combined with the predominantly [[Protestantism|Protestant]] confession of the local population. "East Elbian [[Junker]]" was a politically charged term used by leftist parties especially during the [[Weimar Republic]] (1918-1933), denoting especially the rich functionaries of the conservative, right-wing [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP) that fit the stereotype. Already during the time of the [[German Empire]] (1871-1918), these East Elbian Junkers had formed the monarchy's reactionary backbone.
 == History==
-The former social structure of this region with relatively large [[latifundia]] owned by landed gentry is a product of [[Ostsiedlung]] in the medieval era when Germanic settlers moved into the area of settlement of the [[Wends]] and other Slavic groups changing the ethnic makeup of [[Germania Slavica]] through assimilation, expulsion and immigration. Since most of former East Elbia is east of the [[Oder Neisse line]] the vast majority of its ethnic German population was subject to expulsion after World War II. In the [[German Democratic  Republic]], which controlled the remainder of East Elbia after 1949 a [[land reform]] was initiated to [[collectivize]] agriculture and also with the explicit goal of eliminating the junker class. Attempts at [[restitution]] for expropriated property after 1990 have only been partially successful and have not led to a reestablishment of the erstwhile social structure, but the average size of agricultural estates formed from erstwhile ''[[Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft]]en'' (LPG) and ''[[volkseigenes Gut| volkseigene Güter]]'' (VEG) is still much higher in the East than in the West of Germany where agriculture is still based mostly on [[small farm]]s. Still, the term "East Elbia" has vanished from common use outside historical contexts and is usually glossed in texts aimed at a general audience.
+The former social structure of this region with relatively large [[latifundia]] owned by landed gentry is a product of {{lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}} in the medieval era when Germanic settlers moved into the area of settlement of the [[Wends]] and other Slavic groups changing the ethnic makeup of [[Germania Slavica]] through assimilation, expulsion and immigration. Since most of former East Elbia is east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]] the vast majority of its ethnic German population was subject to expulsion after World War II. In the [[German Democratic Republic]], which controlled the remainder of East Elbia after 1949 a [[land reform]] was initiated to [[collectivize]] agriculture and also with the explicit goal of eliminating the junker class.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/ns-zeit/zweiter-weltkrieg/1945/bodenreform-fuenfundvierzig-sbz-sachsen-anhalt-thueringen100.html|title='Junkerland in Bauernhand' – Bodenreform in der Sowjetzone |language=de |trans-title="Junker-land in peasant's hand": land reform in the Soviet zone |first=Daniel |last=Niemetz |date=3 September 2020 |website=MDR.DE}}</ref> Attempts at [[restitution]] for expropriated property after 1990 have only been partially successful<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/weitere-epochen/weimarer-republik/adel-deutschland-abgeschafft-republik-100.html |title = 'Junkerland in Bauernhand': Justizia, der Adel und der Staat |date=30 July 2019 |language=de |trans-title="Junker-land in peasant's hand": justice, nobility and the state |website=MDR.DE}}</ref> and have not led to a reestablishment of the erstwhile social structure, but the average size of agricultural estates formed from erstwhile {{lang|de|[[landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft]]en}} (LPG, 'agricultural production cooperatives') and {{lang|de|[[volkseigenes Gut|volkseigene Güter]]}} (VEG, 'national goods') is still much higher in the East than in the West of Germany where agriculture is still based mostly on [[small farm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/173089/umfrage/betriebsgroesse-von-agrarbetrieben-2010/|title=Durchschnittliche genutzte landwirtschaftliche Fläche pro Betrieb in Deutschland 2020|language=de|trans-title=Average used agricultural area per farm in Germany 2020|publisher=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://taz.de/Landwirtschaft-in-Ostdeutschland/!129019/|title = Landwirtschaft in Ostdeutschland: Amerikanische Verhältnisse|language=de|trans-title=Agriculture in East Germany: American conditions|newspaper = [[Die Tageszeitung]] |date = 10 December 2013}}</ref> Still, the term "East Elbia" has vanished from common use outside historical contexts and is usually glossed in texts aimed at a general audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article176932226/Problem-Ostelbien-James-Hawes-Kuerzeste-Geschichte-Deutschlands.html|title=Problem Ostelbien: James Hawes' 'Kürzeste Geschichte Deutschlands'|language=de|trans-title=The problem of East Elbia: James Hawes' "The Shortest History of Germany"|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=4 June 2018|last1=Reichwein|first1=Marc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/2003/39/P-Malinowski|work = [[Die Zeit]] |title=Aufstand des schlechten Gewissens: Preußischer Adel und Nationalsozialismus – das Ende einer Legende |language=de |trans-title=Rebellion of bad conscience: Prussian nobility and National Socialism – the end of a legend |first=Heinrich August |last=Winkler |author-link=Heinrich August Winkler |date=18 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.l-iz.de/bildung/buecher/2018/05/Die-fatale-Rolle-des-preussischen-Ostelbiens-in-der-deutschen-Geschichte-der-letzten-Jahrhunderte-217514|title = Die fatale Rolle des preußischen Ostelbiens in der deutschen Geschichte der letzten Jahrhunderte |first=Ralf |last=Julke |work=Leipziger Zeitung |date=16 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43568302|jstor = 43568302|title = Die Entstehung der Gutswirtschaft im südlichen Ostseeraum|language=de|trans-title=The emergence of the manorial economy in the southern Baltic region |last1 = North|first1 = Michael|journal = Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung|year = 1999|volume = 26|issue = 1|pages = 43–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ostelbien.de/geschichte-ostelbiens/|title = Geschichte Ostelbiens |website=ostelbien.de}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Junker]]
+* [[Agrarian conservatism in Germany]]
 ==References==
 *McNeill Eddie, Scott (2008) ''Landownership in Eastern Germany before the Great War : a quantitative analysis''. Oxford Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0198201664}}
+{{reflist}}
 {{coord missing|Germany}}