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| operatorclass = Ps-4
| operatorclass = Ps-4
| numinclass = 46 of 64
| numinclass = 46 of 64
| fleetnumbers = {{ubl|1401}}
| nicknames = {{ubl|"The Harrison Engine"}}
| retiredate = November 1952
| retiredate = November 1952
| preservedunits = February 1953
| preservedunits = February 10, 1953
| restoredate = November 1961 {{small|(cosmetically)}}
| restoredate = November 1961 {{small|(cosmetically)}}
| currentowner = [[Smithsonian Institution]]
| currentowner = [[Smithsonian Institution]]
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| notes = References:<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=26}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Fitt|1973|p=2}}.</ref><ref name="Prince1970pp114-115">{{Harvp|Prince|1970|pp=114-115}}.</ref><ref name="Prince1970p186">{{Harvp|Prince|1970|p=186}}.</ref>
| notes = References:<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=26}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Fitt|1973|p=2}}.</ref><ref name="Prince1970pp114-115">{{Harvp|Prince|1970|pp=114-115}}.</ref><ref name="Prince1970p186">{{Harvp|Prince|1970|p=186}}.</ref>
}}
}}
'''Southern Railway 1401''' is a 4-6-2 [[steam locomotive]] built in July 1926 by the [[American Locomotive Company|American Locomotive Company (ALCO)]] of [[Richmond, Virginia]], for the [[Southern Railway (U.S.)|Southern Railway]] (SOU) as a member of the [[Southern Railway Ps-4 class|Ps-4 class]], which was based on the [[United States Railroad Administration]] (USRA) [[USRA Heavy Pacific|Heavy Pacific]] design with some minor differences. It was assigned to haul SOU's premier [[main line (railway)|mainline]] [[passenger train]]s between [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].
'''Southern Railway 1401''' is a 4-6-2 [[steam locomotive]] built in July 1926 by the [[American Locomotive Company|American Locomotive Company (ALCO)]] of [[Richmond, Virginia]], for the [[Southern Railway (U.S.)|Southern Railway]] (SOU) as a member of the [[Southern Railway Ps-4 class|Ps-4 class]], which was based on the [[United States Railroad Administration]] (USRA) [[USRA Heavy Pacific|Heavy Pacific]] design with some minor differences. It was assigned to haul SOU's premier [[main line (railway)|mainline]] [[passenger train]]s between [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].


Painted in a Virginian green and gold paint scheme, No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were signified as the ''First Ladies of the Pacifics'' around the SOU system. Originally built with Baker valve gear and alligator [[crosshead]]s, the Ps-4s were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gear in the 1930s and multiple-bearing crossheads in the 1940s.
Painted in a Virginian green and gold paint scheme, No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were signified as the ''First Ladies of the Pacifics'' around the SOU system. Originally built with Baker valve gear and alligator [[crosshead]]s, the Ps-4s were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gear in the 1930s and multiple-bearing crossheads in the 1940s.
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==History==
==History==
===Design and appearances===
===Design and appearances===
[[File:Southern RR Locomotive LOC npcc 32807.jpg|thumb|left|Sister locomotive No. 1396 at [[Alexandria, Virginia]], in 1926|alt=A black-and-white image of a large steam locomotive and tender]]During the 1920s, the Southern Railway's (SOU) roster consisted of smaller P-1, Ps-2, Ps-3, and P-5 class 4-6-2 ''Light Pacifics'' that could not handle the longer and heavier mainline passenger trains between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="TillotsonJr.2004piv">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=iv}}.</ref> Therefore, the SOU ordered the more powerful 4-6-2 ''Heavy Pacific'' Ps-4 class with a total of 27 locomotives (Nos. 1366–1392), built between 1923 and 1924 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of [[Schenectady, New York]], and were originally painted black with golden yellow linings and lettering.<ref name="Tillotson Jr.2004p23">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=23}}.</ref>{{efn|The five locomotives (Nos. 6471–6475) were built for the [[Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway]] (CNO&TP), while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6684–6687) were assigned to the [[Alabama Great Southern Railroad]] (AGS).<ref name="BryantJr.1950p23">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=23}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=150}}.</ref>}} The Ps-4s were based on the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) Heavy Pacific design, differing in that they lacked the smaller {{convert|73|in|m|3|abbr=on}} driving wheels, and included a slightly shorter boiler, an additional [[firebox (steam engine)#Combustion chamber|firebox combustion chamber]], and a Worthington 3-B type feedwater heater.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p22">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=22}}.</ref> These arrangements made the Ps-4s produce {{convert|47535|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}} of tractive effort, which allowed them to pull 14 [[passenger railroad car|passenger cars]] at {{convert|80|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} on SOU's [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] [[terrain]].<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/>
[[File:Southern RR Locomotive LOC npcc 32807.jpg|thumb|left|Sister locomotive No. 1396 at [[Alexandria, Virginia]], in 1926|alt=A black-and-white image of a large steam locomotive and tender]]During the 1920s, the Southern Railway's (SOU) roster consisted of smaller Ps-2 class 4-6-2 ''Light Pacifics'' that could not handle the longer and heavier mainline passenger trains between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="Flanary2007pp49-50">{{Harvp|Flanary|2007|pp=49-50}}.</ref><ref name="TillotsonJr.2004piv">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=iv}}.</ref> Therefore, the SOU ordered the more powerful 4-6-2 ''Heavy Pacific'' Ps-4 class with a total of 27 locomotives, Nos. 1366–1392, built between 1923 and 1924 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of [[Schenectady, New York]], and were originally painted black with golden yellow linings and lettering.<ref name="Tillotson Jr.2004p23">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=23}}.</ref>{{efn|The five locomotives (Nos. 6471–6475) were built for the [[Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway]] (CNO&TP), while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6684–6687) were assigned to the [[Alabama Great Southern Railroad]] (AGS).<ref name="BryantJr.1950p23">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=23}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=150}}.</ref>}} The Ps-4s were based on the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) Heavy Pacific design, differing in that they lacked the smaller {{convert|73|in|m|3|abbr=on}} driving wheels, and included a slightly shorter boiler, an additional [[firebox (steam engine)#Combustion chamber|firebox combustion chamber]], and a Worthington 3-B type feedwater heater.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p22">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=22}}.</ref> These arrangements made the Ps-4s produce {{convert|47535|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}} of tractive effort, which allowed them to pull 14 [[passenger railroad car|passenger cars]] at {{convert|80|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} on SOU's [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] [[terrain]].<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/>


During 1925, SOU president [[Fairfax Harrison]] traveled to the [[United Kingdom]] where he admired the country's [[London and North Eastern Railway]]'s (LNER) apple-green [[LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3|Gresley A1-class]] locomotives, which inspired him to repaint the Ps-4s and the SOU's other passenger locomotives in a new Virginian green and gold paint scheme.<ref name="BryantJr.1962p4">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1962|p=4}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=211}}.</ref> This included the second batches of twelve locomotives (Nos. 1393–1404) built in the summer of 1926 by ALCO's Richmond Works in Richmond, Virginia, at a cost of {{US$|56,419}} each ({{Inflation|US-GDP|56419|1926|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Morgan1978p28">{{Harvp|Morgan|1978|p=28}}.</ref> Additionally, they were equipped with an Elesco feedwater heater as opposed to the Worthington type.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/>{{efn|Seven additional locomotives (Nos. 6476–6482) were built for the CNO&TP, while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6688–6691) were assigned to the AGS.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p23"/><ref name="Ranks&Lowe1966pp151-152">{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=151-152}}.</ref>}} Because of the Ps-4s' glamorous Virginian green and gold paint scheme, they were signified as the ''First Ladies of the Pacifics'' around the SOU system.<ref>{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|pp=20-21}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=212}}.</ref>{{efn|The SOU [[train driver|engineers]], [[fireman (steam engine)|firemen]], and [[workshop]] employees decorated the Ps-4s with two [[brass]] flag holders on their [[headlamp|headlight]], a brass [[eagle]] ornament mounted in front of their [[smokebox]] door, and brass stars on their cylinder head caps.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=205-206}}.</ref>}}
During 1925, SOU president [[Fairfax Harrison]] traveled to the [[United Kingdom]] where he admired the country's [[London and North Eastern Railway]]'s (LNER) apple-green [[LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3|Gresley A1-class]] locomotives, which inspired him to repaint the Ps-4s and the SOU's other passenger locomotives in a new Virginian green and gold paint scheme.<ref name="BryantJr.1962p4">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1962|p=4}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=211}}.</ref> This included the second batches of twelve locomotives, Nos. 1393–1404, built in the summer of 1926 by ALCO's Richmond Works in Richmond, Virginia, at a cost of {{US$|56,419}} each ({{Inflation|US-GDP|56419|1926|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Morgan1978p28">{{Harvp|Morgan|1978|p=28}}.</ref> Additionally, they were equipped with an Elesco feedwater heater as opposed to the Worthington type.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/>{{efn|Seven additional locomotives (Nos. 6476–6482) were built for the CNO&TP, while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6688–6691) were assigned to the AGS.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p23"/><ref name="Ranks&Lowe1966pp151-152">{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=151-152}}.</ref>}} Because of the Ps-4s' glamorous Virginian green and gold paint scheme, they were signified as the ''First Ladies of the Pacifics'' around the SOU system.<ref>{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|pp=20-21}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|p=212}}.</ref> Additionally, these locomotives were affectionally nicknamed the ''Harrison Engines''.<ref name="Roberts1994p5">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=5}}.</ref> The SOU [[train driver|engineers]], [[fireman (steam engine)|firemen]], and [[workshop]] employees even decorated the Ps-4s with two [[brass]] flag holders on their [[headlamp|headlight]], a brass [[eagle]] ornament mounted in front of their [[smokebox]] door, and brass stars on their cylinder head caps to make them look more elegant and ornate.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=205-206}}.</ref>


In 1928, the last batch of five Ps-4s (Nos. 1405–1409) were built by the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (BLW) in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], at a cost of $57,000 each ({{Inflation|US-GDP|57000|1927|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Morgan1978p28"/> While the 1923–1926 batches were equipped with Baker valve gear, the 1928 locomotives were built with [[Walschaerts valve gear]]s.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p23"/> No. 1409 was experimentally equipped with a Coffin feedwater heater, which was later removed in the 1940s in favor of the Worthington SA type.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=145-146}}.</ref>
In 1928, the last batch of five Ps-4s, Nos. 1405–1409, were built by the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (BLW) in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], at a cost of $57,000 each ({{Inflation|US-GDP|57000|1927|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Morgan1978p28"/> While the 1923–1926 batches were equipped with Baker valve gear, the 1928 locomotives were built with [[Walschaerts valve gear]]s.<ref name="Prince1970pp114-115"/><ref name="BryantJr.1950p23"/> No. 1409 was experimentally equipped with a Coffin feedwater heater, which was later removed and replaced with the Worthington SA type in the 1940s.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/><ref>{{Harvp|Ranks|Lowe|1966|pp=145-146}}.</ref>


Nos. 1366–1404 were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gears in the mid-late 1930s as the SOU [[mechanism (engineering)|mechanical]] officers were concerned for the Baker type risking to reverse itself at high-speed and could easily damage the tracks, equipments, and personnel.<ref name="Drury2015p294">{{Harvp|Drury|2015|p=294}}.</ref><ref name="Roberts1994p6">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=6}}.</ref> In the 1940s, all of the Ps-4s were re-equipped with multiple-bearing crossheads as opposed to their original alligator crossheads.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/><ref name="Drury2015p294"/> Additionally, Nos. 1366–1409 were all rebuilt with the higher and straighter front [[running board#Rail|running board]] to allow more room around their cylinders and [[running gear (rail transport)|running gear]] for the crew maintaining the mechanical [[lubrication|lubricating]] system.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/> Additionally, they have their tender coal bunkers expanded to hold up more fuel capacity.<ref name="Roberts1994p7">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=7}}.</ref>
Nos. 1366–1404 were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gears in the mid-late 1930s as the SOU [[mechanism (engineering)|mechanical]] officers were concerned for the Baker type risking to reverse itself at high-speed and could easily damage the locomotive's wheels and the rails.<ref name="Drury2015p294">{{Harvp|Drury|2015|p=294}}.</ref><ref name="Roberts1994p6">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=6}}.</ref> In the 1940s, all of the Ps-4s were re-equipped with multiple-bearing crossheads to replace their original alligator crossheads.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/><ref name="Drury2015p294"/> Additionally, Nos. 1366–1409 were all rebuilt with the higher and straighter front [[running board#Rail|running board]] to allow more room around their cylinders and [[running gear (rail transport)|running gear]] for the crew maintaining the mechanical [[lubrication|lubricating]] system.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p26"/> The Ps-4s also have their tender coal bunkers expanded to increase their fuel capacity.<ref name="Roberts1994p7">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=7}}.</ref>


===Revenue service and retirement===
===Revenue service and retirement===
[[File:Steam Locomotive, Southern Railway 1401.JPG|left|thumb|A [[close-up]] of No. 1401's running gear in late 2008|alt=A close-up of a large steam locomotive's running gear]]
[[File:Steam Locomotive, Southern Railway 1401.JPG|left|thumb|A [[close-up]] of No. 1401's running gear in late 2008|alt=A close-up of a large steam locomotive's running gear]]
No. 1401 was the forty-sixth member of the Ps-4 class and was one of the second batches built in 1926.<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004pp60-61">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|pp=60-61}}.</ref> It was intially assigned to SOU's Atlanta division to pull the railroad's premier mainline passenger trains such as the ''[[Crescent (Southern Railway train)|Crescent Limited]]'' and the ''[[Piedmont Limited]]'' between Atlanta and [[Salisbury, North Carolina]].<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004pp60-61"/><ref name="Roberts1994p12">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=12}}.</ref>{{efn|Also joining No. 1401, were sister locomotives Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>}} At that time, No. 1401 was maintained at SOU's South (Pegram) Shops in Atlanta.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/> Around the 1930s, No. 1401 gained a CNO&TP style number plate, making it the only Ps-4 to adorn it on the SOU's main division.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/><ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>
No. 1401 was the forty-sixth member of the Ps-4 class and was one of the second batch built in 1926.<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004pp60-61">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|pp=60-61}}.</ref> It was initially assigned to SOU's Atlanta Division to pull the railroad's premier mainline passenger trains such as the ''[[Crescent (Southern Railway train)|Crescent Limited]]'' and the ''[[Piedmont Limited]]'' between Atlanta and [[Salisbury, North Carolina]].<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004pp60-61"/><ref name="Roberts1994p12">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=12}}.</ref>{{efn|Also joining No. 1401 in Atlanta, were sister locomotives Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>}} At that time, No. 1401 was maintained at SOU's South (Pegram) Shops in Atlanta.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/> Around the 1930s, the locomotive gained a CNO&TP style number plate, making it the only SOU Ps-4 to adorn it.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p22"/><ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>


In 1941, SOU began to modernize their premier passenger trains with their new [[EMD E6]] [[diesel locomotive]]s to pull, while No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were relegated to haul local passenger trains and mail trains on the Washington, D.C. to Atlanta main line.<ref name="Roberts1994p6"/><ref name="Flanary2007p53">{{Harvp|Flanary|2007|p=53}}.</ref><ref name="Murray2007pp72-73">{{Harvp|Murray|2007|pp=72-73}}.</ref> Additionally, the Ps-4s were in motive power [[railroad pool|pool]] service, where they were called in to pull SOU's mainline passenger trains again whenever one of the diesel locomotives was unavailable.<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004p41">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=41}}.</ref><ref name="TillotsonJr.2004p58">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=58}}.</ref>
In 1941, SOU began to modernize their premier passenger trains with their new [[EMD E6]] [[diesel locomotive]]s to pull, while No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were relegated to haul local passenger trains and mail trains on the Washington, D.C. to Atlanta main line.<ref name="Roberts1994p6"/><ref name="Flanary2007p53">{{Harvp|Flanary|2007|p=53}}.</ref><ref name="Murray2007pp72-73">{{Harvp|Murray|2007|pp=72-73}}.</ref> Additionally, the Ps-4s were in motive power [[railroad pool|pool]] service, where they were called in to pull SOU's mainline passenger trains again whenever one of the diesel locomotives was unavailable.<ref name="TillotsonJr.2004p41">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=41}}.</ref><ref name="TillotsonJr.2004p58">{{Harvp|Tillotson Jr.|2004|p=58}}.</ref>
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On the night of April 25, 1942, No. 1401 was [[double heading]] with sister locomotive No. 1403, pulling the ''Atlanta Special'' passenger train from Atlanta to Washington, D.C., but crashed into a stalled [[truck]] at a [[level crossing|railroad crossing]] in [[Norcross, Georgia]], derailing both locomotives with the first four cars and injuring 12 or 13 people.<ref name="DowntownTrainWreck">{{Cite web|title=Downtown Train Wreck|url=https://www.norcrossga.net/2280/Downtown-Train-Wreck|work=Norcross, GA - official website|date=March 2, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103203652/https://www.norcrossga.net/2280/Downtown-Train-Wreck|archive-date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> They were both repaired and put back into service.<ref name="DowntownTrainWreck"/>{{efn|In October 1952, No. 1403 was retired and sold for scrap to the Baltimore Steel Company in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]].<ref name="Prince1970p186"/>}}
On the night of April 25, 1942, No. 1401 was [[double heading]] with sister locomotive No. 1403, pulling the ''Atlanta Special'' passenger train from Atlanta to Washington, D.C., but crashed into a stalled [[truck]] at a [[level crossing|railroad crossing]] in [[Norcross, Georgia]], derailing both locomotives with the first four cars and injuring 12 or 13 people.<ref name="DowntownTrainWreck">{{Cite web|title=Downtown Train Wreck|url=https://www.norcrossga.net/2280/Downtown-Train-Wreck|work=Norcross, GA - official website|date=March 2, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103203652/https://www.norcrossga.net/2280/Downtown-Train-Wreck|archive-date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> They were both repaired and put back into service.<ref name="DowntownTrainWreck"/>{{efn|In October 1952, No. 1403 was retired and sold for scrap to the Baltimore Steel Company in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]].<ref name="Prince1970p186"/>}}


In April 1945, No. 1401 became one of the eight Ps-4 locomotives to haul the funeral train of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt from Atlanta to Washington, D.C.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p24">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=24}}.</ref><ref name="Davis1985p213">{{Harvp|Davis|1985|p=213}}.</ref> It was leading the funeral train along with sister locomotive No. 1385 from [[Greenville, South Carolina]] to [[Spencer, North Carolina]].<ref name="BryantJr.1950p24"/> At the same time, No. 1401 was relocated to the Charlotte division.<ref name="Roberts1994p7"/>{{efn|Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403 followed on in mid-1947.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>}} Its last heavy repairs took place at SOU's [[Southern Railway Spencer Shops|Spencer Shops]] in Spencer, North Carolina, on May 21, 1951.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38">{{Harvp|Withuhn|2009|p=38}}.</ref>
In April 1945, No. 1401 became one of the eight Ps-4 locomotives to haul the funeral train of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt from Atlanta to Washington, D.C.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p24">{{Harvp|Bryant Jr.|1950|p=24}}.</ref><ref name="Davis1985p213">{{Harvp|Davis|1985|p=213}}.</ref> It was leading the funeral train along with sister locomotive No. 1385 from [[Greenville, South Carolina]] to Salisbury.<ref name="BryantJr.1950p24"/> At the same time, No. 1401 was relocated to the Charlotte Division, where it was maintained at SOU's [[Southern Railway Spencer Shops|Spencer Shops]] in [[Spencer, North Carolina]].<ref name="Roberts1994p7"/>{{efn|Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403 followed on in mid-1947.<ref name="Roberts1994p12"/>}} By November 1949, the Ps-4s' retirement began with No. 1399 being cut up for scrap at SOU's Hayne Shops in [[Spartanburg, South Carolina]].<ref name="Roberts1994p8">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=8}}.</ref> No. 1401's last heavy repairs took place on May 21, 1951.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38">{{Harvp|Withuhn|2009|p=38}}.</ref>


In November 1952, the No. 1401 locomotive was retired after it finished its last revenue run on the SOU's [[Danville, Virginia|Danville]] division between Salisbury and [[Monroe, Virginia]].<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/> It had traveled nearly {{convert|2000000|mi|km}} during its revenue service.<ref name="Davis1985p213"/> During that time, [[railfan]] Walter H. Thrall and Washington, D.C., [[lawyer]] [[W. Graham Claytor Jr.]] convinced SOU president [[Harry A. DeButts]] to salvage one of the Ps-4 locomotives and donate it to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/><ref>{{Harvp|Wrinn|2000|p=7}}.</ref> In February 1953, the No. 1401 locomotive was chosen for preservation and was towed to Alexandria, Virginia, to be stored at the Henry Street [[rail yard|Yard]] to await the Smithsonian's decision.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/>{{efn|The SOU mechanical officers originally offered to donate the No. 1393 locomotive, but the Smithsonian turned it down in favor of No. 1401 since the latter was recognized as one of the locomotives involved in the Roosevelt funeral train.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/><ref name="Roberts1994p8">{{Harvp|Roberts|1994|p=8}}.</ref> On July 29, 1953, No. 1393 was sold for scrap at the Baltimore Steel Company.<ref name="Prince1970p186"/>}} In 1955, the Smithsonian announced that they purchased the No. 1401 locomotive and would it put on display inside their new Museum of History and Technology exhibition building.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/>
In November 1952, the No. 1401 locomotive was retired after it finished its last revenue run on SOU's [[Danville, Virginia|Danville]] Division between Salisbury and [[Monroe, Virginia]].<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/> It had traveled nearly {{convert|2000000|mi|km}} during its revenue service.<ref name="Davis1985p213"/> During that time, [[railfan]] Walter H. Thrall and Washington, D.C., [[lawyer]] [[W. Graham Claytor Jr.]] convinced SOU president [[Harry A. DeButts]] to salvage one of the Ps-4 locomotives and donate it to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/><ref>{{Harvp|Wrinn|2000|p=7}}.</ref> On February 10, 1953, the No. 1401 locomotive was chosen for preservation and was towed to Alexandria, Virginia, to be stored at the Henry Street [[rail yard|Yard]] to await the Smithsonian's decision.<ref name="Flanary2007p53"/><ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/>{{efn|Before that, during December 1952, the SOU mechanical officers originally offered to donate the No. 1393 locomotive, but the Smithsonian declined and instead chose No. 1401 since the latter was recognized as one of the locomotives involved in the Roosevelt funeral train and No. 1393 was not one of them.<ref name="Roberts1994p8"/><ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/> In April 1953, No. 1393 was refurbished as a static display at the Spencer Shops for the [[Rowan County, North Carolina|Rowan County]]'s bicentennial anniversary until it was sold for scrap at the Baltimore Steel Company on July 29 of that same year.<ref name="Prince1970p186"/><ref name="Roberts1994p8"/>}} In 1955, the Smithsonian announced that they purchased the No. 1401 locomotive and would it put on display inside their new Museum of History and Technology exhibition building.<ref name="Withuhn2009p38"/>


In November 1961, the No. 1401 locomotive was cosmetically restored and transported via [[flatbed truck]] to the Smithsonian's under construction Museum of History and Technology building, which opened in early 1964 and later renamed to ''National Museum of American History'' in 1980 to reflect its scope of American history.<ref name="Movingthe1401">{{Cite web|title=Moving the 1401 into the Museum|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/america-on-the-move/essays/moving-1401|work=National Museum of American History|date=July 25, 2017 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=July 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515045517/https://americanhistory.si.edu/america-on-the-move/essays/moving-1401|archive-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Museum of American History – Media Fact Sheet|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/factsheets/national-museum-american-history|work=National Museum of American History|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=October 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716161431/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/factsheets/national-museum-american-history|archive-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> In 1965, No. 1401 given a [[visor]] on its [[headlamp|headlight]] and the ''Charlotte'' division logo inscribed underneath its cab per advice of W. Graham Claytor Jr., who was SOU president at the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 1967 |title=Second Section |url=https://archive.org/details/trainsmagazineof27unse_2/page/56/mode/1up |url-access=registration |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |publisher=[[Kalmbach Media|Kalmbach Publishing]] |page=56 |volume=27 |issue=4 |access-date=September 11, 2024 }}</ref> The No. 1401 locomotive currently remains on permanent static display at the Smithsonian as the sole survivor of the Southern Railway Ps-4 class.<ref>{{Harvp|Davis|1985|p=145}}.</ref><ref name="Withuhn2009p39">{{Harvp|Withuhn|2009|p=39}}.</ref>
In November 1961, the No. 1401 locomotive was cosmetically restored and transported via [[flatbed truck]] to the Smithsonian's under construction Museum of History and Technology building, which opened in early 1964 and later renamed to ''National Museum of American History'' in 1980 to reflect its scope of American history.<ref name="Movingthe1401">{{Cite web|title=Moving the 1401 into the Museum|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/america-on-the-move/essays/moving-1401|work=National Museum of American History|date=July 25, 2017 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=July 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515045517/https://americanhistory.si.edu/america-on-the-move/essays/moving-1401|archive-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Museum of American History – Media Fact Sheet|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/factsheets/national-museum-american-history|work=National Museum of American History|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=October 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716161431/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/factsheets/national-museum-american-history|archive-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> In 1965, No. 1401 was given a [[visor]] on its [[headlamp|headlight]] and the "Charlotte" Division logo inscribed underneath its cab per advice of W. Graham Claytor Jr., who was SOU president at the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 1967 |title=Second Section |url=https://archive.org/details/trainsmagazineof27unse_2/page/56/mode/1up |url-access=registration |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |publisher=[[Kalmbach Media|Kalmbach Publishing]] |page=56 |volume=27 |issue=4 |access-date=September 11, 2024 }}</ref> The No. 1401 locomotive currently remains on permanent static display at the Smithsonian as the sole survivor of the Southern Railway Ps-4 class.<ref>{{Harvp|Davis|1985|p=145}}.</ref><ref name="Withuhn2009p39">{{Harvp|Withuhn|2009|p=39}}.</ref>


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* {{Cite book|last=Prince|first=Richard E.|year=1970|title=Steam Locomotives and Boats: Southern Railway System|edition=2nd|publisher=Wheelwright Lithographing Company|isbn=0-9600088-4-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Prince|first=Richard E.|year=1970|title=Steam Locomotives and Boats: Southern Railway System|edition=2nd|publisher=Wheelwright Lithographing Company|isbn=0-9600088-4-5}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ranks|first1=Harold|last2=Lowe|first2=Shelby|year=1966|title=Southern Steam Power|edition=1st|publisher=Barnhart Press}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ranks|first1=Harold|last2=Lowe|first2=Shelby|year=1966|title=Southern Steam Power|edition=1st|publisher=Barnhart Press}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=Roberts|first=Dale|date=March-April 1994|title=Fairfax Harrison's Aristocrats: A Photo Study of the Most Elegant Group of Ps-4 Pacifics|magazine=TIES Magazine|volume=8|issue=2|publisher=Southern Railway Historical Association|pages=4-17}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=Roberts|first=Dale|date=March-April 1994|title=Fairfax Harrison's Aristocrats: A Photo Study of the Most Elegant Group of Ps-4 Pacifics|magazine=TIES Magazine|volume=8|issue=2|publisher=Southern Railway Historical Association|pages=4–17}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tillotson Jr.|first=Curt|year=2004|title=Southern Railway Steam Trains Volume 1 – Passenger|edition=1st|publisher=TLC Publishing|isbn=1-883089-94-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781833089943}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tillotson Jr.|first=Curt|year=2004|title=Southern Railway Steam Trains Volume 1 – Passenger|edition=1st|publisher=TLC Publishing|isbn=1-883089-94-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781833089943}}
* {{Cite magazine|last=Withuhn|first=Bill|date=Winter 2009|title=Our National Locomotive|url=https://www.trains.com/ctr/magazine/archive-access/classic-trains-winter-2009/|magazine=Classic Trains|volume=10|issue=4|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing|pages=37–39|url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite magazine|last=Withuhn|first=Bill|date=Winter 2009|title=Our National Locomotive|url=https://www.trains.com/ctr/magazine/archive-access/classic-trains-winter-2009/|magazine=Classic Trains|volume=10|issue=4|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing|pages=37–39|url-access=limited}}

Latest revision as of 00:01, 18 October 2024

Southern Railway 1401
A green steam locomotive with a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement (four leading wheels, six driving wheels, and two trailing wheels) and its tender with a horse and cart in the foreground
Southern Railway No. 1401 on static display at the National Museum of American History in 2013
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
BuilderALCO's Richmond Works
Serial number66888
Build dateJuly 1926
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-6-2
 • UIC2′C1′ h
Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Leading dia.33 in (838 mm)
Driver dia.73 in (1,854 mm)
Trailing dia.43 in (1,092 mm)
Loco weight304,000 lb (138,000 kg)
Tender weight261,600 lb (118,700 kg)
Total weight565,600 lb (256,600 kg)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity16 tonnes (35,000 lb)
Water cap.14,000 US gallons (53,000 L)
Firebox:​
 • Grate area70+1⁄2 sq ft (6.55 m2)
Boiler pressure200 psi (1.38 MPa)
Feedwater heaterElesco
CylindersTwo
Cylinder size27 in × 28 in (686 mm × 711 mm)
Valve gearWalschaerts, (originally Baker)
Performance figures
Maximum speed60–80 mph (97–129 km/h)
Power output2,624 hp (2,660 PS; 1,957 kW)
Tractive effort47,535 lbf (211.45 kN)
Factor of adh.3.79
Career
OperatorsSouthern Railway
ClassPs-4
Number in class46 of 64
Numbers
  • 1401
Nicknames
  • "The Harrison Engine"
LocaleSoutheastern United States
RetiredNovember 1952
PreservedFebruary 10, 1953
RestoredNovember 1961 (cosmetically)
Current ownerSmithsonian Institution
DispositionOn static display
References:[1][2][3][4]

Southern Railway 1401 is a 4-6-2 steam locomotive built in July 1926 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Richmond, Virginia, for the Southern Railway (SOU) as a member of the Ps-4 class, which was based on the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) Heavy Pacific design with some minor differences. It was assigned to haul SOU's premier mainline passenger trains between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia.

Painted in a Virginian green and gold paint scheme, No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were signified as the First Ladies of the Pacifics around the SOU system. Originally built with Baker valve gear and alligator crossheads, the Ps-4s were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gear in the 1930s and multiple-bearing crossheads in the 1940s.

During 1945, No. 1401 hauled the funeral train of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retired from revenue service by the SOU in 1952, No. 1401 was donated to the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., around 1961, where it remains on permanent display as the sole survivor of the Southern Railway Ps-4 class.

History

[edit]

Design and appearances

[edit]
A black-and-white image of a large steam locomotive and tender
Sister locomotive No. 1396 at Alexandria, Virginia, in 1926

During the 1920s, the Southern Railway's (SOU) roster consisted of smaller Ps-2 class 4-6-2 Light Pacifics that could not handle the longer and heavier mainline passenger trains between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia.[3][5][6] Therefore, the SOU ordered the more powerful 4-6-2 Heavy Pacific Ps-4 class with a total of 27 locomotives, Nos. 1366–1392, built between 1923 and 1924 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Schenectady, New York, and were originally painted black with golden yellow linings and lettering.[7][a] The Ps-4s were based on the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) Heavy Pacific design, differing in that they lacked the smaller 73 in (1.854 m) driving wheels, and included a slightly shorter boiler, an additional firebox combustion chamber, and a Worthington 3-B type feedwater heater.[3][10] These arrangements made the Ps-4s produce 47,535 lbf (211.45 kN) of tractive effort, which allowed them to pull 14 passenger cars at 80 mph (129 km/h) on SOU's Piedmont terrain.[3][10]

During 1925, SOU president Fairfax Harrison traveled to the United Kingdom where he admired the country's London and North Eastern Railway's (LNER) apple-green Gresley A1-class locomotives, which inspired him to repaint the Ps-4s and the SOU's other passenger locomotives in a new Virginian green and gold paint scheme.[11][12] This included the second batches of twelve locomotives, Nos. 1393–1404, built in the summer of 1926 by ALCO's Richmond Works in Richmond, Virginia, at a cost of US$56,419 each (equivalent to $777,717 in 2023).[13] Additionally, they were equipped with an Elesco feedwater heater as opposed to the Worthington type.[3][b] Because of the Ps-4s' glamorous Virginian green and gold paint scheme, they were signified as the First Ladies of the Pacifics around the SOU system.[15][16] Additionally, these locomotives were affectionally nicknamed the Harrison Engines.[17] The SOU engineers, firemen, and workshop employees even decorated the Ps-4s with two brass flag holders on their headlight, a brass eagle ornament mounted in front of their smokebox door, and brass stars on their cylinder head caps to make them look more elegant and ornate.[10][18]

In 1928, the last batch of five Ps-4s, Nos. 1405–1409, were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at a cost of $57,000 each (equivalent to $804,779 in 2023).[13] While the 1923–1926 batches were equipped with Baker valve gear, the 1928 locomotives were built with Walschaerts valve gears.[3][8] No. 1409 was experimentally equipped with a Coffin feedwater heater, which was later removed and replaced with the Worthington SA type in the 1940s.[1][19]

Nos. 1366–1404 were eventually re-equipped with Walschaerts valve gears in the mid-late 1930s as the SOU mechanical officers were concerned for the Baker type risking to reverse itself at high-speed and could easily damage the locomotive's wheels and the rails.[20][21] In the 1940s, all of the Ps-4s were re-equipped with multiple-bearing crossheads to replace their original alligator crossheads.[1][20] Additionally, Nos. 1366–1409 were all rebuilt with the higher and straighter front running board to allow more room around their cylinders and running gear for the crew maintaining the mechanical lubricating system.[1] The Ps-4s also have their tender coal bunkers expanded to increase their fuel capacity.[22]

Revenue service and retirement

[edit]
A close-up of a large steam locomotive's running gear
A close-up of No. 1401's running gear in late 2008

No. 1401 was the forty-sixth member of the Ps-4 class and was one of the second batch built in 1926.[23] It was initially assigned to SOU's Atlanta Division to pull the railroad's premier mainline passenger trains such as the Crescent Limited and the Piedmont Limited between Atlanta and Salisbury, North Carolina.[23][24][c] At that time, No. 1401 was maintained at SOU's South (Pegram) Shops in Atlanta.[24] Around the 1930s, the locomotive gained a CNO&TP style number plate, making it the only SOU Ps-4 to adorn it.[10][24]

In 1941, SOU began to modernize their premier passenger trains with their new EMD E6 diesel locomotives to pull, while No. 1401 and the other Ps-4s were relegated to haul local passenger trains and mail trains on the Washington, D.C. to Atlanta main line.[21][25][26] Additionally, the Ps-4s were in motive power pool service, where they were called in to pull SOU's mainline passenger trains again whenever one of the diesel locomotives was unavailable.[27][28]

On the night of April 25, 1942, No. 1401 was double heading with sister locomotive No. 1403, pulling the Atlanta Special passenger train from Atlanta to Washington, D.C., but crashed into a stalled truck at a railroad crossing in Norcross, Georgia, derailing both locomotives with the first four cars and injuring 12 or 13 people.[29] They were both repaired and put back into service.[29][d]

In April 1945, No. 1401 became one of the eight Ps-4 locomotives to haul the funeral train of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt from Atlanta to Washington, D.C.[30][31] It was leading the funeral train along with sister locomotive No. 1385 from Greenville, South Carolina to Salisbury.[30] At the same time, No. 1401 was relocated to the Charlotte Division, where it was maintained at SOU's Spencer Shops in Spencer, North Carolina.[22][e] By November 1949, the Ps-4s' retirement began with No. 1399 being cut up for scrap at SOU's Hayne Shops in Spartanburg, South Carolina.[32] No. 1401's last heavy repairs took place on May 21, 1951.[33]

In November 1952, the No. 1401 locomotive was retired after it finished its last revenue run on SOU's Danville Division between Salisbury and Monroe, Virginia.[33] It had traveled nearly 2,000,000 miles (3,200,000 km) during its revenue service.[31] During that time, railfan Walter H. Thrall and Washington, D.C., lawyer W. Graham Claytor Jr. convinced SOU president Harry A. DeButts to salvage one of the Ps-4 locomotives and donate it to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.[33][34] On February 10, 1953, the No. 1401 locomotive was chosen for preservation and was towed to Alexandria, Virginia, to be stored at the Henry Street Yard to await the Smithsonian's decision.[25][33][f] In 1955, the Smithsonian announced that they purchased the No. 1401 locomotive and would it put on display inside their new Museum of History and Technology exhibition building.[33]

In November 1961, the No. 1401 locomotive was cosmetically restored and transported via flatbed truck to the Smithsonian's under construction Museum of History and Technology building, which opened in early 1964 and later renamed to National Museum of American History in 1980 to reflect its scope of American history.[35][36] In 1965, No. 1401 was given a visor on its headlight and the "Charlotte" Division logo inscribed underneath its cab per advice of W. Graham Claytor Jr., who was SOU president at the time.[37] The No. 1401 locomotive currently remains on permanent static display at the Smithsonian as the sole survivor of the Southern Railway Ps-4 class.[38][39]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The five locomotives (Nos. 6471–6475) were built for the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (CNO&TP), while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6684–6687) were assigned to the Alabama Great Southern Railroad (AGS).[8][9]
  2. ^ Seven additional locomotives (Nos. 6476–6482) were built for the CNO&TP, while the other four locomotives (Nos. 6688–6691) were assigned to the AGS.[8][14]
  3. ^ Also joining No. 1401 in Atlanta, were sister locomotives Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403.[24]
  4. ^ In October 1952, No. 1403 was retired and sold for scrap to the Baltimore Steel Company in Baltimore, Maryland.[4]
  5. ^ Nos. 1393, 1394, 1402, and 1403 followed on in mid-1947.[24]
  6. ^ Before that, during December 1952, the SOU mechanical officers originally offered to donate the No. 1393 locomotive, but the Smithsonian declined and instead chose No. 1401 since the latter was recognized as one of the locomotives involved in the Roosevelt funeral train and No. 1393 was not one of them.[32][33] In April 1953, No. 1393 was refurbished as a static display at the Spencer Shops for the Rowan County's bicentennial anniversary until it was sold for scrap at the Baltimore Steel Company on July 29 of that same year.[4][32]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Bryant Jr. (1950), p. 26.
  2. ^ Fitt (1973), p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Prince (1970), pp. 114–115.
  4. ^ a b c Prince (1970), p. 186.
  5. ^ Flanary (2007), pp. 49–50.
  6. ^ Tillotson Jr. (2004), p. iv.
  7. ^ Tillotson Jr. (2004), p. 23.
  8. ^ a b c Bryant Jr. (1950), p. 23.
  9. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), p. 150.
  10. ^ a b c d Bryant Jr. (1950), p. 22.
  11. ^ Bryant Jr. (1962), p. 4.
  12. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), p. 211.
  13. ^ a b Morgan (1978), p. 28.
  14. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), pp. 151–152.
  15. ^ Bryant Jr. (1950), pp. 20–21.
  16. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), p. 212.
  17. ^ Roberts (1994), p. 5.
  18. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), pp. 205–206.
  19. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), pp. 145–146.
  20. ^ a b Drury (2015), p. 294.
  21. ^ a b Roberts (1994), p. 6.
  22. ^ a b Roberts (1994), p. 7.
  23. ^ a b Tillotson Jr. (2004), pp. 60–61.
  24. ^ a b c d e Roberts (1994), p. 12.
  25. ^ a b Flanary (2007), p. 53.
  26. ^ Murray (2007), pp. 72–73.
  27. ^ Tillotson Jr. (2004), p. 41.
  28. ^ Tillotson Jr. (2004), p. 58.
  29. ^ a b "Downtown Train Wreck". Norcross, GA - official website. March 2, 2023. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
  30. ^ a b Bryant Jr. (1950), p. 24.
  31. ^ a b Davis (1985), p. 213.
  32. ^ a b c Roberts (1994), p. 8.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Withuhn (2009), p. 38.
  34. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 7.
  35. ^ "Moving the 1401 into the Museum". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  36. ^ "National Museum of American History – Media Fact Sheet". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  37. ^ "Second Section". Trains. Vol. 27, no. 4. Kalmbach Publishing. February 1967. p. 56. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  38. ^ Davis (1985), p. 145.
  39. ^ Withuhn (2009), p. 39.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Railway 1401.
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