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| motive = Protest against [[Jayalalithaa]]'s conviction in the [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]]
| motive = Protest against [[Jayalalithaa]]'s conviction in the [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]]
}}
}}
The '''Dharmapuri bus burning''' occurred on 2 February 2000 in Ilakiyampatti, on the outskirts of [[Dharmapuri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Three students from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Coimbatore]] (TNAU) were burned to death in a bus by [[AIADMK]] cadres after the conviction of [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalaitha]] by a special court for the Kodaikanal [[Pleasant Stay hotel case|Pleasant Stay Hotel case]].<ref name="busburningincident">{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm |title=3 burnt alive |date=3 February 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=8 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025000/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm |archivedate=11 November 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article29963867.ece|title=Premature release of all Melavalavu murder convicts sparks outrage in Tamil Nadu|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
The '''Dharmapuri bus burning''' occurred on 2 February 2000 in Ilakiyampatti, on the outskirts of [[Dharmapuri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Three students from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Coimbatore]] (TNAU) were burned to death in a bus by [[AIADMK]] cadres after the conviction of [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalaitha]] by a special court for the Kodaikanal [[Pleasant Stay hotel case|Pleasant Stay Hotel case]].<ref name="busburningincident">{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm |title=3 burnt alive |date=3 February 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=8 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025000/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm |archivedate=11 November 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article29963867.ece|title=Premature release of all Melavalavu murder convicts sparks outrage in Tamil Nadu|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|website=Frontline|date=13 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>


The three men belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)—Muniappan, Nedunchezhian, and Ravindran—were sentenced to death, and their sentences were initially upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Their sentences were later commuted to life imprisonment, however, by a three-member bench headed by Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]] after a review petition. The Salem District Court had said that the crime was committed "only for the political career".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Death-for-3-AIADMK-men-in-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-case/article14721821.ece | title=Death for 3 AIADMK men in Dharmapuri bus burning case | work=The Hindu| date=17 February 2007 | accessdate=20 October 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{clarify|date=October 2019|reason=Whose political career? Article is behind a paywall.}} Although defense lawyer [[L. Nageswara Rao]] admitted that the three culprits took petrol from a workshop, set fire to the bus and killed the students, they were "in a state of mob frenzy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-tn-governor-explains-why-he-agreed-to-set-free-life-convicts/article25548499.ece|title=Dharmapuri bus burning case T.N governor explains why he agreed to set free life convicts|last=S.|first=Vijay Kumar|date=20 November 2018|website=The Hindu}}</ref> and his defense was based on [[diminished responsibility]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/suchitra-vijayan/dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-_b_9556544.html | title=Wait, Murderous Bus-Burning AIADMK Members Were 'Victims' Of Mob-Think? The Apex Court Thinks So | work=Huffington Post|author=Suchitra Vijayan | date=15 July 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dharmapuri-bus-burning-sc-commutes-death-sentence-to-life-imprisonment-116031100989_1.html | title=Dharmapuri bus burning: SC commutes death sentence to life imprisonment | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=11 March 2016 | accessdate=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/sc-ruling-on-dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-misinterpretation/ | title=SC ruling on Dharmapuri bus burning a misinterpretation | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=K M Vijayan | date=23 March 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="diminished">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/SC-commutes-death-penalty-of-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-convicts-to-life/article14149682.ece | title=SC commutes death penalty of Dharmapuri bus burning convicts to life | work=The Hindu| date=11 March 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>
The three men belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)—Muniappan, Nedunchezhian, and Ravindran—were sentenced to death, and their sentences were initially upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Their sentences were later commuted to life imprisonment, however, by a three-member bench headed by Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]] after a review petition. The Salem District Court had said that the crime was committed "only for the political career".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Death-for-3-AIADMK-men-in-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-case/article14721821.ece | title=Death for 3 AIADMK men in Dharmapuri bus burning case | work=The Hindu| date=17 February 2007 | accessdate=20 October 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Although defense lawyer [[L. Nageswara Rao]] admitted that the three culprits took petrol from a workshop, set fire to the bus and killed the students, they were "in a state of mob frenzy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-tn-governor-explains-why-he-agreed-to-set-free-life-convicts/article25548499.ece|title=Dharmapuri bus burning case T.N governor explains why he agreed to set free life convicts|last=S.|first=Vijay Kumar|date=20 November 2018|website=The Hindu}}</ref> and his defense was based on [[diminished responsibility]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/suchitra-vijayan/dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-_b_9556544.html | title=Wait, Murderous Bus-Burning AIADMK Members Were 'Victims' Of Mob-Think? The Apex Court Thinks So | work=Huffington Post|author=Suchitra Vijayan | date=15 July 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dharmapuri-bus-burning-sc-commutes-death-sentence-to-life-imprisonment-116031100989_1.html | title=Dharmapuri bus burning: SC commutes death sentence to life imprisonment | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=11 March 2016 | accessdate=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/sc-ruling-on-dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-misinterpretation/ | title=SC ruling on Dharmapuri bus burning a misinterpretation | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=K M Vijayan | date=23 March 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="diminished">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/SC-commutes-death-penalty-of-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-convicts-to-life/article14149682.ece | title=SC commutes death penalty of Dharmapuri bus burning convicts to life | work=The Hindu| date=11 March 2016 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>


The [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] government advocated their release; the governor [[Banwarilal Purohit]] returned their files to the state government for reconsideration of their premature release and the three men all members of the ruling AIADMK were released from the [[Vellore Central Prison]] in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-three-life-convicts-released-from-vellore-jail/articleshow/66691136.cms | title=Dharmapuri bus burning case: Three life convicts released from Vellore Jail | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Shanmughasundaram J | date=19 November 2018 | accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
The [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] government advocated their release; the governor [[Banwarilal Purohit]] returned their files to the state government for reconsideration of their premature release and but it again sent to him and the three men all members of the ruling AIADMK were released from the [[Vellore Central Prison]] in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-three-life-convicts-released-from-vellore-jail/articleshow/66691136.cms | title=Dharmapuri bus burning case: Three life convicts released from Vellore Jail | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Shanmughasundaram J | date=19 November 2018 | accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" />


== Background ==
== Background ==
Soon after coming to power in Tamil Nadu in 1996, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party filed a series of corruption cases against former [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] and AIADMK general secretary [[Jayalalithaa]] and other ministers and bureaucrats in her government. In the [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]], a [[Special court#India|special-court]] ruling by Justice V. Radhakrishnan convicted Jayalalithaa and sentenced her to one year of "rigorous imprisonment".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030004.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125120438/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030004.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Jayalalitha convicted in hotel case|date=3 February 2000|work=The Hindu|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> The ruling led to statewide protests and violence, including damage to public property by AIADMK members.<ref name="statevoilence">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm |title=Hotel Case Verdict: AIADMK volunteers go berserk |date=3 February 2000 |accessdate=8 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083052/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm |archivedate=5 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Protests in Elakiyampatti, [[Dharmapuri]] were led by AIADMK Dharmapuri Union Secretary D. K. Rajendran and other AIADMK party workers, including former Dharmapuri secretary Nedu (Nedunchezhiyan), MGR Forum functionary Madhu (Ravindran), and former panchayat president P. Muniappan.<ref name="amma">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=ETM/2010/08/31&ID=Ar00300 | title=SC upholds death for Amma’s boys 3 AIADMK Workers Who Burnt Alive College Girls During Protest Against Jaya’s Conviction Join Death Row | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sanjay K Singh | date=7 September 2010 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>
Soon after coming to power in Tamil Nadu in 1996, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party filed a series of corruption cases against former [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] and AIADMK general secretary [[Jayalalithaa]] and other ministers and bureaucrats in her government. In the [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]], a [[Special court#India|special-court]] ruling by Justice V. Radhakrishnan convicted Jayalalithaa and sentenced her to one year of "rigorous imprisonment".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030004.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125120438/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030004.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Jayalalitha convicted in hotel case|date=3 February 2000|work=The Hindu|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> The ruling led to statewide protests and violence, including damage to public property by AIADMK members.<ref name="statevoilence">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm |title=Hotel Case Verdict: AIADMK volunteers go berserk |date=3 February 2000 |accessdate=8 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083052/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm |archivedate=5 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Protests in Elakiyampatti, [[Dharmapuri]] were led by AIADMK Dharmapuri Union Secretary D. K. Rajendran and other AIADMK party workers, including former Dharmapuri secretary Nedu (Nedunchezhiyan), MGR Forum functionary Madhu (Ravindran), and former panchayat president P. Muniappan.<ref name="amma">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=ETM/2010/08/31&ID=Ar00300 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=ETM/2010/08/31&ID=Ar00300 | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 July 2018 | title=SC upholds death for Amma's boys 3 AIADMK Workers Who Burnt Alive College Girls During Protest Against Jaya's Conviction Join Death Row | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sanjay K Singh | date=7 September 2010 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>


== {{anchor|Incident}}Burning ==
== {{anchor|Incident}}Burning ==
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By 6 November 2001, all eleven witnesses had become [[Hostile witness|hostile]] during cross-examination in Krishnagiri.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/07/stories/04072234.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020307150557/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/07/stories/04072234.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2002|title=10 more witnesses turn hostile in bus burning case|last=D.|first=Sivarajan|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2001}}</ref> The witnesses included three [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] drivers and people working in, or owning, establishments near the incident location. Drivers Saleem Basha of the Coimbatore-Hosur bus and Kamaraj recanted initial statements made to the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]] that they could identify the persons involved; they drove buses which were damaged that day in Erapatti and near the Patchaiamman temple, respectively.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
By 6 November 2001, all eleven witnesses had become [[Hostile witness|hostile]] during cross-examination in Krishnagiri.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/07/stories/04072234.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020307150557/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/07/stories/04072234.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2002|title=10 more witnesses turn hostile in bus burning case|last=D.|first=Sivarajan|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2001}}</ref> The witnesses included three [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] drivers and people working in, or owning, establishments near the incident location. Drivers Saleem Basha of the Coimbatore-Hosur bus and Kamaraj recanted initial statements made to the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]] that they could identify the persons involved; they drove buses which were damaged that day in Erapatti and near the Patchaiamman temple, respectively.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>


The burning angered the student community. Schools and colleges were asked to close for a week, and students statewide held silent protest marches condemning the act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm |title=Schools and colleges ordered shut in Tamil Nadu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415184135/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm |archivedate=15 April 2009 |url-status=live |accessdate=24 August 2009 }}</ref> Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] ordered a [[Crime Branch CID|CB-CID]] investigation, and Jayalalithaa demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe to ensure a fair trial.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/04/stories/04042231.htm|title=Bus burning incident: Jayalalithaa demands CBI inquiry|date=4 February 2000|work=The Hindu|accessdate=13 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130022900/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/04/stories/04042231.htm|archive-date=30 November 2004|url-status=usurped}}</ref> During the initial trial at [[Krishnagiri]] Court, 20 witnesses became hostile. N. P. Veerasamy, Kokilavani's father, appealed to the [[Madras High Court]] for a change of venue; AIADMK had returned to power in Tamil Nadu, the case prosecutor was appointed by the party, and the accused were AIADMK functionaries and party activists. The high court halted the trial; Judge V. Kanagaraj called it a "colossal failure and eyewash", and ordered a retrial at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] Court.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/20/stories/2003092006520100.htm | title=HC scraps 'eyewash' of bus burning trial | date=20 September 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=9 July 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMC8wOC8zMSNBcjAwNzAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom | title=How the bus burning case victims got justice HC Shifted Trial From Dharmapuri to a Salem Court | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=A Subramani | date=31 August 2010 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> After a series of delays in appointing a special public prosecutor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/07/stories/2004120707640400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227023419/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/07/stories/2004120707640400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2004|title= Bus burning case: court directive to investigating agency |date=7 December 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> and problems with missing case bundles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/18/stories/2005021809910100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125084709/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/18/stories/2005021809910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Bus burning case bundles missing?|date=18 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> the trial progressed. Seven years after the burning, on 15 February 2007, the Salem court sentenced three AIADMK members to death and 25 others to seven years' imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/death-for-three-aiadmk-members/33712-3.html |title=Death for three AIADMK members |date=16 February 2007 |publisher=[[CNN IBN]] |accessdate=24 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jXX98mnm?url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/death-for-three-aiadmk-members/33712-3.html |archivedate=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two others were acquitted, and one died during the investigation. The judgment (including the three capital sentences) was upheld by Madras High Court on 6 December 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madras-hc-upholds-death-penalty-to-aiadmk-men/53690-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004013803/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madras-hc-upholds-death-penalty-to-aiadmk-men/53690-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2012|title=Madras HC upholds death penalty to AIADMK men|date=6 December 2007|publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> and the Supreme Court on 30 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28285555_1_dharmapuri-bus-aiadmk-workers-death-sentence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103062141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28285555_1_dharmapuri-bus-aiadmk-workers-death-sentence|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Dharmapuri bus burning case: SC upholds death for three AIADMK workers|date=30 August 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-bus-burning-sc-stays-execution-of-3_683561.html|title=Dharmapuri bus burning: SC stays execution of 3|date=28 January 2011|publisher=Zee news|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref> However, the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment after defence lawyers L. Nageswara Rao and Sushil Kumar said that the AIADMK mob only aimed to damage buses, not kill; they had acted impulsively. The [[Supreme Court of India]] then accepted their argument of [[diminished responsibility]].<ref name="lava" /><ref name="diminished" />
The burning angered the student community. Schools and colleges were asked to close for a week, and students statewide held silent protest marches condemning the act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm |title=Schools and colleges ordered shut in Tamil Nadu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415184135/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm |archivedate=15 April 2009 |url-status=live |accessdate=24 August 2009 }}</ref> Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] ordered a [[Crime Branch CID|CB-CID]] investigation, and Jayalalithaa demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe to ensure a fair trial.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/04/stories/04042231.htm|title=Bus burning incident: Jayalalithaa demands CBI inquiry|date=4 February 2000|work=The Hindu|accessdate=13 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130022900/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/04/stories/04042231.htm|archive-date=30 November 2004|url-status=usurped}}</ref> During the initial trial at [[Krishnagiri]] Court, 20 witnesses became hostile. N. P. Veerasamy, Kokilavani's father, appealed to the [[Madras High Court]] for a change of venue; AIADMK had returned to power in Tamil Nadu, the case prosecutor was appointed by the party, and the accused were AIADMK functionaries and party activists. The high court halted the trial; Judge V. Kanagaraj called it a "colossal failure and eyewash", and ordered a retrial at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] Court.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/20/stories/2003092006520100.htm | title=HC scraps 'eyewash' of bus burning trial | date=20 September 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=9 July 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMC8wOC8zMSNBcjAwNzAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010958/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMC8wOC8zMSNBcjAwNzAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 July 2018 | title=How the bus burning case victims got justice HC Shifted Trial From Dharmapuri to a Salem Court | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=A Subramani | date=31 August 2010 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> After a series of delays in appointing a special public prosecutor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/07/stories/2004120707640400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227023419/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/07/stories/2004120707640400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2004|title= Bus burning case: court directive to investigating agency |date=7 December 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> and problems with missing case bundles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/18/stories/2005021809910100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125084709/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/18/stories/2005021809910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Bus burning case bundles missing?|date=18 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> the trial progressed. Seven years after the burning, on 15 February 2007, the Salem court sentenced three AIADMK members to death and 25 others to seven years' imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/death-for-three-aiadmk-members/33712-3.html |title=Death for three AIADMK members |date=16 February 2007 |publisher=[[CNN IBN]] |accessdate=24 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120715222055/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/death-for-three-aiadmk-members/33712-3.html |archivedate=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two others were acquitted, and one died during the investigation. The judgment (including the three capital sentences) was upheld by Madras High Court on 6 December 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madras-hc-upholds-death-penalty-to-aiadmk-men/53690-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004013803/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madras-hc-upholds-death-penalty-to-aiadmk-men/53690-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2012|title=Madras HC upholds death penalty to AIADMK men|date=6 December 2007|publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> and the Supreme Court on 30 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28285555_1_dharmapuri-bus-aiadmk-workers-death-sentence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103062141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28285555_1_dharmapuri-bus-aiadmk-workers-death-sentence|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Dharmapuri bus burning case: SC upholds death for three AIADMK workers|date=30 August 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-bus-burning-sc-stays-execution-of-3_683561.html|title=Dharmapuri bus burning: SC stays execution of 3|date=28 January 2011|publisher=Zee news|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref> However, the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment after defence lawyers L. Nageswara Rao and Sushil Kumar said that the AIADMK mob only aimed to damage buses, not kill; they had acted impulsively. The [[Supreme Court of India]] then accepted their argument of [[diminished responsibility]].<ref name="lava" /><ref name="diminished" />
It was learned that Dharmapuri AIADMK leader D. K. Rajendran, the first suspect in the case which organized the road protest (with a seven-year conviction which was reduced to two years), held four positions in a cooperative milk society become known. Rajendran later resigned after the Madras High Court expressed "deep anguish and displeasure" that a convict could hold positions despite being disqualified.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/First-accused-in-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-quits-posts/articleshow/25220172.cms | title=First accused in Dharmapuri bus burning case quits posts | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=A Subramani | date=4 November 2013 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="SCcase1" /><ref name="Firstaccused" /> A granite memorial with the names of the three victims was built at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University hostel; all were 20 years old at the time of their deaths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/TNAU-students-pay-homage-to-bus-burning-victims/article14721873.ece | title=TNAU students pay homage to bus burning victims | work=The Hindu| date=17 February 2007 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>
It was learned that Dharmapuri AIADMK leader D. K. Rajendran, the first suspect in the case which organized the road protest (with a seven-year conviction which was reduced to two years), held four positions in a cooperative milk society become known. Rajendran later resigned after the Madras High Court expressed "deep anguish and displeasure" that a convict could hold positions despite being disqualified.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/First-accused-in-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-case-quits-posts/articleshow/25220172.cms | title=First accused in Dharmapuri bus burning case quits posts | work=[[The Times of India]] |author=A Subramani | date=4 November 2013 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="SCcase1" /><ref name="Firstaccused" /> A granite memorial with the names of the three victims was built at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University hostel; all were 20 years old at the time of their deaths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/TNAU-students-pay-homage-to-bus-burning-victims/article14721873.ece | title=TNAU students pay homage to bus burning victims | work=The Hindu| date=17 February 2007 | accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>


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[[Category:Violence in India]]
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[[Category:20th-century political riots]]
[[Category:2000s political events]]
[[Category:February 2000 crimes]]
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[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2000]]

Latest revision as of 13:55, 17 October 2024

2000 Dharmapuri bus burning
The bus, fully engulfed in flames
The Hindu photo
LocationIlakiyampatti, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India
Date2 February 2000 (2000-02-02)
TargetTamil Nadu Agricultural University bus passengers
Attack type
Arson, mass murder
WeaponsPetrol bomb
Deaths3
Injured16
PerpetratorMuniappan, Nedunchezhian, Ravindran D.K. Rajendran and 24 other AIADMK members[1][2]
MotiveProtest against Jayalalithaa's conviction in the Pleasant Stay hotel case

The Dharmapuri bus burning occurred on 2 February 2000 in Ilakiyampatti, on the outskirts of Dharmapuri in Tamil Nadu, India. Three students from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (TNAU) were burned to death in a bus by AIADMK cadres after the conviction of Jayalaitha by a special court for the Kodaikanal Pleasant Stay Hotel case.[3][4]

The three men belonging to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)—Muniappan, Nedunchezhian, and Ravindran—were sentenced to death, and their sentences were initially upheld by the Supreme Court of India. Their sentences were later commuted to life imprisonment, however, by a three-member bench headed by Justice Ranjan Gogoi after a review petition. The Salem District Court had said that the crime was committed "only for the political career".[5] Although defense lawyer L. Nageswara Rao admitted that the three culprits took petrol from a workshop, set fire to the bus and killed the students, they were "in a state of mob frenzy"[6] and his defense was based on diminished responsibility.[7][8][9][10]

The Edappadi K. Palaniswami government advocated their release; the governor Banwarilal Purohit returned their files to the state government for reconsideration of their premature release and but it again sent to him and the three men all members of the ruling AIADMK were released from the Vellore Central Prison in November 2018.[11][4]

Background

[edit]

Soon after coming to power in Tamil Nadu in 1996, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party filed a series of corruption cases against former chief minister and AIADMK general secretary Jayalalithaa and other ministers and bureaucrats in her government. In the Pleasant Stay hotel case, a special-court ruling by Justice V. Radhakrishnan convicted Jayalalithaa and sentenced her to one year of "rigorous imprisonment".[12] The ruling led to statewide protests and violence, including damage to public property by AIADMK members.[13] Protests in Elakiyampatti, Dharmapuri were led by AIADMK Dharmapuri Union Secretary D. K. Rajendran and other AIADMK party workers, including former Dharmapuri secretary Nedu (Nedunchezhiyan), MGR Forum functionary Madhu (Ravindran), and former panchayat president P. Muniappan.[14]

Burning

[edit]

Seventy students from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, returning from a study tour, were separated by gender on two buses. During their trip, they learned about Jayalalithaa's conviction in the Pleasant Stay hotel case. Latha (a lecturer accompanying the students) called TNAU's vice-chancellor, who recommended that they go to a safe place and return to Coimbatore when it was safer. They tried to drive to the district collector's office, but were unable to reach it due to traffic obstruction by renegade AIADMK members led by Dharmapuri union secretary D. K. Rajendran.[14][15] The party workers threw petrol bombs into the bus containing 44 female students and two lecturers.[16] The front of the bus caught fire, and the flames spread backward. Since the bus's back door was locked and the keys were unavailable, lecturers Latha, Akila, and several students left the other bus and broke through the back door to pull out the students. Three female students (Hemalatha from Chennai, V. Gayathri from Virudhachalam and Kokilavani from Namakkal) were burned to death, and 16 others were injured.[17][18][19][3] The bus burning was broadcast the following day on Sun TV.[20]

Aftermath

[edit]

By 6 November 2001, all eleven witnesses had become hostile during cross-examination in Krishnagiri.[21] The witnesses included three Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation drivers and people working in, or owning, establishments near the incident location. Drivers Saleem Basha of the Coimbatore-Hosur bus and Kamaraj recanted initial statements made to the CB-CID that they could identify the persons involved; they drove buses which were damaged that day in Erapatti and near the Patchaiamman temple, respectively.[21]

The burning angered the student community. Schools and colleges were asked to close for a week, and students statewide held silent protest marches condemning the act.[22] Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi ordered a CB-CID investigation, and Jayalalithaa demanded a CBI probe to ensure a fair trial.[23] During the initial trial at Krishnagiri Court, 20 witnesses became hostile. N. P. Veerasamy, Kokilavani's father, appealed to the Madras High Court for a change of venue; AIADMK had returned to power in Tamil Nadu, the case prosecutor was appointed by the party, and the accused were AIADMK functionaries and party activists. The high court halted the trial; Judge V. Kanagaraj called it a "colossal failure and eyewash", and ordered a retrial at Salem Court.[24][25] After a series of delays in appointing a special public prosecutor[26] and problems with missing case bundles,[27] the trial progressed. Seven years after the burning, on 15 February 2007, the Salem court sentenced three AIADMK members to death and 25 others to seven years' imprisonment.[28] Two others were acquitted, and one died during the investigation. The judgment (including the three capital sentences) was upheld by Madras High Court on 6 December 2007,[29] and the Supreme Court on 30 August 2010.[30][31] However, the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment after defence lawyers L. Nageswara Rao and Sushil Kumar said that the AIADMK mob only aimed to damage buses, not kill; they had acted impulsively. The Supreme Court of India then accepted their argument of diminished responsibility.[16][10] It was learned that Dharmapuri AIADMK leader D. K. Rajendran, the first suspect in the case which organized the road protest (with a seven-year conviction which was reduced to two years), held four positions in a cooperative milk society become known. Rajendran later resigned after the Madras High Court expressed "deep anguish and displeasure" that a convict could hold positions despite being disqualified.[32][17][15] A granite memorial with the names of the three victims was built at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University hostel; all were 20 years old at the time of their deaths.[33]

The AIADMK-ruled Tamil Nadu government attempted to release the three suspects in the bus burning. According to prison sources, at least 1,500 prisoners would benefit from the government's general amnesty, which included the three convicts and was seen as a tactical move by the party. On 19 November 2018, the AIADMK members convicted in the bus burning were released.[34] Veerasamy the father of Kokilavani one of the girls burnt alive criticized the release of the convicts and called it a "Murder of Justice".[35]

Case timeline

[edit]
2000
On 2 February, AIADMK chief Jayalalithaa was sentenced by a special court to a one-year imprisonment for her role in the Kodaikanal Pleasant Stay hotel case. AIADMK protesters set fire to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University bus. Three students were burned to death, and 16 others were injured.[17][18][19][3] Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi ordered a CB-CID investigation, and Jayalalithaa insisted on a CBI probe.[23] On 3 February, three AIADMK members and 25 others were convicted.
2001
Up to 20 witnesses turned hostile before the trial in Krishnagiri, and the Madras High Court transferred the case to Salem District Court. Missing case files and the appointment of a special prosecutor delayed the trial.
2007
The Salem court sentenced the three AIADMK men to death on 16 February, a verdict upheld by the Madras High Court on 6 December.
2010
On 30 August, the Supreme Court upheld the Madras High Court ruling.
2016
On 4 March, the three convicts filed a review petition in the Supreme Court seeking to commute their death sentences. Seven days later, the court commuted their sentences to life imprisonment.
2018
The Tamil Nadu government issued an orders to release over 1,600 long-time prisoners, including the Dharmapuri bus-burning convicts, on 1 February to mark the birth centenary of former Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran (MGR). In October, the governor rejected the recommendation to release the three convicts. The following month, however, the Tamil Nadu government reiterated its recommendation to release the trio; the governor approved the recommendation this time, and they were released from Vellore Central Prison on 19 November.
[edit]

The Tamil language film Kalloori was released in December 2007, days before the Madras High Court upheld the Salem court judgment. The film's climax was the bus-burning incident and, after public and media demands, its ending was changed.[36]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "TN bus burning case: SC commutes death sentence of 3 to life". The Times of India. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  2. ^ "28 AIADMK men convicted in bus burning case". DNA. 15 February 1007. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "3 burnt alive". The Hindu. 3 February 2000. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ a b Rajasekaran, Ilangovan (13 November 2019). "Premature release of all Melavalavu murder convicts sparks outrage in Tamil Nadu". Frontline. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Death for 3 AIADMK men in Dharmapuri bus burning case". The Hindu. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  6. ^ S., Vijay Kumar (20 November 2018). "Dharmapuri bus burning case T.N governor explains why he agreed to set free life convicts". The Hindu.
  7. ^ Suchitra Vijayan (15 July 2016). "Wait, Murderous Bus-Burning AIADMK Members Were 'Victims' Of Mob-Think? The Apex Court Thinks So". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  8. ^ "Dharmapuri bus burning: SC commutes death sentence to life imprisonment". Business Standard. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  9. ^ K M Vijayan (23 March 2016). "SC ruling on Dharmapuri bus burning a misinterpretation". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  10. ^ a b "SC commutes death penalty of Dharmapuri bus burning convicts to life". The Hindu. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  11. ^ Shanmughasundaram J (19 November 2018). "Dharmapuri bus burning case: Three life convicts released from Vellore Jail". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Jayalalitha convicted in hotel case". The Hindu. 3 February 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ "Hotel Case Verdict: AIADMK volunteers go berserk". The Hindu. 3 February 2000. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  14. ^ a b Sanjay K Singh (7 September 2010). "SC upholds death for Amma's boys 3 AIADMK Workers Who Burnt Alive College Girls During Protest Against Jaya's Conviction Join Death Row". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  15. ^ a b "AIADMK members among 31 chargesheeted". The Hindu. 29 April 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2018.[dead link‍]
  16. ^ a b J Venkatesan (4 March 2016). "Was upset with Jaya conviction, plead 3 AIADMK men on death row for burning bus". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  17. ^ a b c "In the Supreme Court of India – Criminal Appellate Jurisdictional Criminal Appeal Nos. 127–130 of 2008" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  18. ^ a b A G Nadar. "They burnt to death in front of our eyes'". Rediff News. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Witnesses recall Dharmapuri bus burning incident". The Hindu. 22 May 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2018.[dead link‍]
  20. ^ "Sun TV news editor deposes in bus-burning trial". The Hindu. 22 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  21. ^ a b D., Sivarajan (6 November 2001). "10 more witnesses turn hostile in bus burning case". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 March 2002.
  22. ^ "Schools and colleges ordered shut in Tamil Nadu". Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  23. ^ a b "Bus burning incident: Jayalalithaa demands CBI inquiry". The Hindu. 4 February 2000. Archived from the original on 30 November 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "HC scraps 'eyewash' of bus burning trial". The Hindu. 20 September 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2018.[dead link‍]
  25. ^ A Subramani (31 August 2010). "How the bus burning case victims got justice HC Shifted Trial From Dharmapuri to a Salem Court". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  26. ^ "Bus burning case: court directive to investigating agency". The Hindu. 7 December 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  27. ^ "Bus burning case bundles missing?". The Hindu. 18 February 2005. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  28. ^ "Death for three AIADMK members". CNN IBN. 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  29. ^ "Madras HC upholds death penalty to AIADMK men". CNN IBN. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  30. ^ "Dharmapuri bus burning case: SC upholds death for three AIADMK workers". The Times of India. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  31. ^ "Dharmapuri bus burning: SC stays execution of 3". Zee news. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  32. ^ A Subramani (4 November 2013). "First accused in Dharmapuri bus burning case quits posts". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  33. ^ "TNAU students pay homage to bus burning victims". The Hindu. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  34. ^ "AIADMK men convicted in Dharmapuri college bus burning case set free". The Hindu India. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  35. ^ "A murder of justice, says father of victim". Senthil Kumaran & Shanmughasundaram J. The Times of India. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  36. ^ "Kalloori, with a different climax!". Yahoo Movies India. 19 December 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
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