Pierre Marc Johnson: Difference between revisions

Pierre Marc Johnson
GOQ
Pierre Marc Johnson GOQ
24th Premier of Quebec
	In office; October 3, 1985 – December 12, 1985
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Lieutenant Governor	Gilles Lamontagne
Deputy	Marc-André Bédard
Preceded by	René Lévesque
Succeeded by	Robert Bourassa
Leader of the Opposition
	In office; December 12, 1985 – November 10, 1987
Preceded by	Robert Bourassa
Succeeded by	Guy Chevrette
MNA for Anjou
	In office; November 15, 1976 – November 10, 1987
Preceded by	Yves Tardif
Succeeded by	René Serge Larouche
Personal details
Born	July 5, 1946 (age 78); Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political party	Parti Québécois
Spouse	Louise Parent (m. 1973)
Parent	Daniel Johnson Sr.
Relatives	Daniel Johnson Jr. (brother)
Profession	Lawyer; physician;

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Pierre Marc Johnson GOQ (born July 5, 1946) is a Canadian lawyer, physician and politician. He was the 24th premier of Quebec from October 3 to December 12, 1985,^[2] making him the province's shortest-serving premier, and the first Baby Boomer to hold the office.

Early background

Born in Montreal, Quebec, on July 5, 1946, Johnson is of French-Canadian and Irish descent and is a Roman Catholic. He received a degree in law from the Université de Montréal in 1970 and a medical degree from the Université de Sherbrooke in 1976.

He is the son of Reine Gagné and Daniel Johnson Sr., who served as Premier of Quebec from 1966 to 1968. His brother, Daniel Johnson Jr., served as Premier for nine months in 1994.

Each of the Johnsons led different political parties:

Daniel Sr. was leader of the conservative Union Nationale party, and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec;
Pierre Marc joined the sovereigntist PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 October Crisis;
Daniel Jr. backed the federalist Liberals by 1977.

Member of the Cabinet

In 1976, Pierre Marc Johnson successfully ran as the Parti Québécois candidate for the district of Anjou. Premier René Lévesque appointed him to the cabinet in 1977 and he was re-elected in 1981.

Johnson served as Minister of Labour from 1977 to 1980, Minister to Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to 1981, Minister of Social Affairs from 1981 to 1984 and Attorney General from 1984 to 1985.

Premier of Quebec

In the leadership election of 1985, Johnson was chosen to succeed PQ founder René Lévesque as leader of the party and consequently as Premier of Quebec.

Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the sovereignty of Quebec issue. He put independence on the back burner, as Lévesque had begun to do under the "beau risque" approach and eventually made that approach the official constitutional policy of his party, calling it "National Affirmation".

Johnson was described as somewhat on the right of the party.^[3]

Leader of the Official Opposition

He was re-elected to the legislature in 1985, but his party was defeated by the Liberals, led by Robert Bourassa.

His leadership was contested by more radical PQ supporters, such as Gérald Godin. On November 10, 1987, he resigned as head of the party, Leader of the Opposition and member of the National Assembly. He was succeeded as head of the PQ by interim leader Guy Chevrette and later Jacques Parizeau, who again made independence a primary goal.

Elections as party leader

Johnson lost in the December 1985 election after becoming leader in October. Johnson became as opposition leader and stepped down as party leader in 1987 (with next election in 1989).

Life after leaving politics

Both a lawyer and a physician, he is a former Professor of Law at McGill University in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of Heenan Blaikie LLP in Montreal, Quebec until 2014. He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery, also in Montreal.[1] In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier Bernard Landry.

In October 2006, he was chosen by the Charest government to preside over a public inquiry into the collapse of a viaduct over Autoroute 19 in Laval, Quebec, leaving five dead and six injured. The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition André Boisclair (PQ) and Mario Dumont (Action démocratique du Québec) because of the possibility of conflict of interest. As president, he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the Quebec Government, a former Premier of Quebec, and, until shortly after this nomination, member of the board of directors of Ciment Saint-Laurent, a cement company.^[4]

Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the United Nations' Bali Conference on climate change. [2]

Johnson was Quebec's negotiator for CETA (Canada-European-union Trade Agreement).

Attitude about sovereignty

Johnson refused to take a stance regarding the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence.

In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close, longtime friend Raymond Bachand in a provincial by-election in the Outremont riding.^[5]

Select publications

Johnson, Pierre Marc & Karel Mayrand. "Beyond Trade: Broadening the Globalization Governance Agenda." Guiding Global Order: G8 Governance in the Twenty First Century. (Ashgate: Aldershot, 2000). Link to item
Johnson, Pierre Marc & Andre Beaulieu. "The Environment and NAFTA: Understanding and Implementing the New Continental Law." (Island Press, 1996)

Footnotes

^ "Registration of marriage" (in French). Ministry of Health and Social Services. June 30, 1973. Retrieved March 27, 2020 – via Institut généalogique Drouin.
^ "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
^ Macpherson, Don (May 16, 2015). "The failure of the Parti Québécois leadership campaign". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ "Une bisbille éclate entre la commission Johnson et Transports Québec". La Presse. July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ "Pierre Marc Johnson tourne le dos au PQ". Radio-Canada. November 25, 2005. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

External links

"Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.

National Assembly of Quebec
Preceded by Yves Tardif (Liberal)	MNA, District of Anjou 1976–1987	Succeeded by René Serge Larouche (Liberal)
Party political offices
Preceded by René Lévesque	Leader of the Parti Québécois 1985–1987	Succeeded by Guy Chevrette Interim
Political offices
Preceded by René Lévesque (Parti Québécois)	Premier of Quebec 1985	Succeeded by Robert Bourassa (Liberal)
Preceded by Robert Bourassa (Liberal)	Leader of the Opposition in Quebec 1985–1987	Succeeded by Guy Chevrette (Parti Québécois)

[1] "Registration of marriage" (in French). Ministry of Health and Social Services. June 30, 1973. Retrieved March 27, 2020 – via Institut généalogique Drouin.

[2] "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.

[3] Macpherson, Don (May 16, 2015). "The failure of the Parti Québécois leadership campaign". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[4] "Une bisbille éclate entre la commission Johnson et Transports Québec". La Presse. July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[5] "Pierre Marc Johnson tourne le dos au PQ". Radio-Canada. November 25, 2005. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

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[2]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Premier of Quebec in 1985}}
-{{Infobox Prime Minister
+{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
-| name                = Pierre-Marc Johnson
+{{Infobox officeholder
-| honorific-suffix    = [[National Order of Quebec|GOQ]] [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
-| image               =
+| name                = Pierre Marc Johnson
+| honorific-suffix    = [[National Order of Quebec|GOQ]]
-| imagesize           = 150px
+| image               = Pierre Marc Johnson.jpg
 | caption             =
 | birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1946|07|05}}
-| birth_place         = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
+| birth_place         = [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada
 | residence           =
 | death_date          =
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 | order1               = 24th
 | office1              = Premier of Quebec
+| deputy1             = [[Marc-André Bédard (politician)|Marc-André Bédard]]
 | term_start1         = October 3, 1985
 | term_end1           = December 12, 1985
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 | term_end3 = November 10, 1987
 | predecessor3 = Yves Tardif
-| successor3 = René-Serge Larouche
+| successor3 = [[René Serge Larouche]]
 | party               = [[Parti Québécois]]
+| parents = [[Daniel Johnson Sr.]]
+| relatives = [[Daniel Johnson Jr.]] (brother)
 | religion            =
+| spouse              = {{marriage|Louise Parent<ref>{{cite web |title=Registration of marriage |url=https://www.genealogiequebec.com/membership/fr/voir?id=H%3A%2FMariages%2F1973%2F06-0805%2F73-112745.jpg |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)|Ministry of Health and Social Services]] |date=June 30, 1973 |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=fr |via=Institut généalogique Drouin |url-access=subscription}}</ref>|June 30, 1973}}
-| spouse              =
-| profession          = [[lawyer]], [[physician]]
+| profession          = {{hlist | [[Lawyer]] | [[physician]]}}
 }}
-'''Pierre-Marc Johnson''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}}, (born July 5, 1946 in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]) is a [[Quebec]] [[lawyer]], [[physician]] and politician. He was the [[List of premiers of Quebec|24th]] [[Premier of Quebec]] from October 3 to December 12, 1985,<ref>{{QuebecMNAbio|johnson-pierre-marc-3721}}</ref> making him the province's shortest-serving premier.
+'''Pierre Marc Johnson''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}} (born July 5, 1946) is a Canadian [[lawyer]], [[physician]] and politician. He was the 24th [[premier of Quebec]] from October 3 to December 12, 1985,<ref>{{QuebecMNAbio|johnson-pierre-marc-3721}}</ref> making him the province's shortest-serving premier, and the first Baby Boomer to hold the office.
 == Early background ==
+Born in [[Montreal]], Quebec, on July 5, 1946, Johnson is of [[French-Canadian]] and [[Irish Canadian|Irish descent]] and is a [[Roman Catholic]]. He received a degree in law from the [[Université de Montréal]] in 1970 and a medical degree from the [[Université de Sherbrooke]] in 1976.
+He is the son of Reine Gagné and [[Daniel Johnson Sr.]], who served as [[Premier of Quebec]] from [[1966 Quebec general election|1966]] to 1968. His brother, [[Daniel Johnson Jr.]], served as Premier for nine months in 1994.
-Born in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], on July 5, 1946, Johnson is of [[French-Canadian]] and [[Irish Canadian|Irish descent]] and is a [[Roman Catholic]]. He received a degree in law from the [[Université de Montréal]] in 1970 and a medical degree from the [[Université de Sherbrooke]] in 1976.
-His father, [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], served as [[Premier of Quebec]] from [[Quebec general election, 1966|1966]] to 1968. His brother, [[Daniel Johnson, Jr.]], served as Premier for nine months in 1994.
 Each of the Johnsons led different political parties:
-* Daniel, Sr., was leader of the conservative [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] party, and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec;
+* Daniel Sr. was leader of the conservative [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] party, and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec;
-* Pierre-Marc joined the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 [[October Crisis]];
+* Pierre Marc joined the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 [[October Crisis]];
-* Daniel, Jr. backed the [[Quebec federalist ideology|federalist]] [[Liberal Party of Quebec|Liberals]] by 1977.
+* Daniel Jr. backed the [[Quebec federalist ideology|federalist]] [[Liberal Party of Quebec|Liberals]] by 1977.
 ==Member of the Cabinet==
-In [[Quebec general election, 1976|1976]], Pierre-Marc Johnson successfully ran as the [[Parti Québécois]] candidate for the district of [[Anjou (provincial electoral district)|Anjou]].  [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[René Lévesque]] appointed him to the [[Executive Council of Quebec|cabinet]] in 1977 and he was re-elected in [[Quebec general election, 1981|1981]].
+In [[1976 Quebec general election|1976]], Pierre Marc Johnson successfully ran as the [[Parti Québécois]] candidate for the district of [[Anjou (provincial electoral district)|Anjou]].  [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[René Lévesque]] appointed him to the [[Executive Council of Quebec|cabinet]] in 1977 and he was re-elected in [[1981 Quebec general election|1981]].
-Johnson served as Minister of [[Workforce|Labour]] from 1977 to 1980, Minister to Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to [[Quebec general election, 1981|1981]], Minister of Social Affairs from [[Quebec general election, 1981|1981]] to 1984 and [[Attorney General]] from 1984 to 1985.
+Johnson served as Minister of [[Workforce|Labour]] from 1977 to 1980, Minister to Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to [[1981 Quebec general election|1981]], Minister of Social Affairs from [[1981 Quebec general election|1981]] to 1984 and [[Attorney General]] from 1984 to 1985.
 == Premier of Quebec ==
-In the [[Parti Québécois leadership election, 1985|leadership election of 1985]], Johnson was chosen, following PQ founder [[René Lévesque]] as leader of the party and, consequently, as Quebec Premier.
+In the [[1985 Parti Québécois leadership election|leadership election of 1985]], Johnson was chosen to succeed PQ founder [[René Lévesque]] as leader of the party and consequently as Premier of Quebec.
-Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty of Quebec]] issue. He put independence on the back burner, as Lévesque had begun to do under the so-called "[[Beau risque]]" approach and eventually made this approach the official [[constitution]]al policy of his party, calling it "National Affirmation".
+Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty of Quebec]] issue. He put independence on the back burner, as Lévesque had begun to do under the "[[beau risque]]" approach and eventually made that approach the official [[constitutional]] policy of his party, calling it "National Affirmation".
-Johnson was described as somewhat to the right of the PQ as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|first=Don|last=Macpherson|url=http://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/don-macpherson-the-failure-of-the-parti-quebecois-leadership-campaign|title=The failure of the Parti Québécois leadership campaign|work=Montreal Gazette|date=May 16, 2015|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref>
+Johnson was described as somewhat on the right of the party.<ref>{{cite web|first=Don|last=Macpherson|url=https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/don-macpherson-the-failure-of-the-parti-quebecois-leadership-campaign|title=The failure of the Parti Québécois leadership campaign|work=Montreal Gazette|date=May 16, 2015|access-date=2015-08-20}}</ref>
 == Leader of the Official Opposition ==
-He was re-elected to the legislature in [[Quebec general election, 1985|1985]], but his party was defeated by the Liberals, led by [[Robert Bourassa]].
+He was re-elected to the legislature in [[1985 Quebec general election|1985]], but his party was defeated by the Liberals, led by [[Robert Bourassa]].
 His leadership was contested by more [[Pur et dur|radical]] PQ supporters, such as [[Gérald Godin]]. On November 10, 1987, he resigned as head of the party, [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Quebec)|Leader of the Opposition]] and member of the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]]. He was succeeded as head of the PQ by interim leader [[Guy Chevrette]] and later [[Jacques Parizeau]], who again made independence a primary goal.
@@ Line 68: / Line 71: @@
 == Life after leaving politics ==
-Both a lawyer and a physician, he is a former [[Professor]] of Law at [[McGill University]] in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of [[Heenan Blaikie|Heenan Blaikie LLP]] in Montreal, Quebec until 2014. He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery, also in Montreal.[http://www.lavery.ca/communiques/faits-salliants/ancien-premier-ministre-quebec-pierre-marc-johnson-lavery/] In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier [[Bernard Landry]].
+Both a lawyer and a physician, he is a former [[Professor]] of Law at [[McGill University]] in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of [[Heenan Blaikie|Heenan Blaikie LLP]] in Montreal, Quebec until 2014. He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery, also in Montreal.[https://archive.today/20140227183656/http://www.lavery.ca/communiques/faits-salliants/ancien-premier-ministre-quebec-pierre-marc-johnson-lavery/] In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier [[Bernard Landry]].
-In October 2006, he was chosen by the [[Jean Charest|Charest government]] to preside over a [[public inquiry]] into the collapse of a [[viaduct]] over [[Quebec Autoroute 19|Autoroute 19]] in [[Laval, Quebec]], leaving five dead and six injured. The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition [[André Boisclair]] (PQ) and [[Mario Dumont]] ([[Action démocratique du Québec]]) because of the possibility of [[conflict of interest]]. As president, he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the [[Quebec Government]], a former Premier of Quebec, and, until shortly after this nomination, member of the [[board of directors]] of Ciment Saint-Laurent, a [[cement]] company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.editionsgenex.com/articles/20070717175516/une_bisbille_eclate_entre_commission_johnson_transports_quebec.html|title=Une bisbille éclate entre la commission Johnson et Transports Québec|work=La Presse|date=July 17, 2007|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref>
+In October 2006, he was chosen by the [[Jean Charest|Charest government]] to preside over a [[public inquiry]] into the collapse of a [[viaduct]] over [[Quebec Autoroute 19|Autoroute 19]] in [[Laval, Quebec]], leaving five dead and six injured. The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition [[André Boisclair]] (PQ) and [[Mario Dumont]] ([[Action démocratique du Québec]]) because of the possibility of [[conflict of interest]]. As president, he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the [[Quebec Government]], a former Premier of Quebec, and, until shortly after this nomination, member of the [[board of directors]] of Ciment Saint-Laurent, a [[cement]] company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.editionsgenex.com/articles/20070717175516/une_bisbille_eclate_entre_commission_johnson_transports_quebec.html|title=Une bisbille éclate entre la commission Johnson et Transports Québec|work=La Presse|date=July 17, 2007|access-date=2015-08-20}}</ref>
-Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the [[United Nations]]' [[Bali Conference]] on climate change. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071204.webali04/BNStory/International]
+Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the [[United Nations]]' [[Bali Conference]] on climate change. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071204.webali04/BNStory/International]
 Johnson was Quebec's negotiator for CETA (Canada-European-union Trade Agreement).
@@ Line 79: / Line 82: @@
 Johnson refused to take a stance regarding the [[1995 Quebec referendum]] on independence.
-In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close, longtime friend [[Raymond Bachand]] in a provincial [[by-election]] in the [[Outremont (provincial electoral district)|Outremont]] riding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Politique/2005/11/25/001-PIERRE-MARC-JOHNSON.shtml|title=Pierre Marc Johnson tourne le dos au PQ|publisher=Radio-Canada|date=November 25, 2005|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref>
+In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close, longtime friend [[Raymond Bachand]] in a provincial [[by-election]] in the [[Outremont (provincial electoral district)|Outremont]] riding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Politique/2005/11/25/001-PIERRE-MARC-JOHNSON.shtml|title=Pierre Marc Johnson tourne le dos au PQ|publisher=Radio-Canada|date=November 25, 2005|access-date=2015-08-20}}</ref>
 == Select publications ==
 *Johnson, Pierre Marc & Karel Mayrand. "Beyond Trade: Broadening the Globalization Governance Agenda." Guiding Global Order: G8 Governance in the Twenty First Century. (Ashgate: Aldershot, 2000). [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/4816 Link to item]
+*Johnson, Pierre Marc & Andre Beaulieu. "The Environment and NAFTA: Understanding and Implementing the New Continental Law." (Island Press, 1996)
-==Footnotes==
-{{reflist}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 *[[List of Quebec general elections]]
 *[[Timeline of Quebec history]]
+==Footnotes==
+{{reflist}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 97: / Line 101: @@
 {{s-start}}
 {{s-par|ca-qc}}
-{{succession box | title=[[National Assembly of Quebec|MNA]], District of [[Anjou (provincial electoral district)|Anjou]]| before=[[Yves Tardif|Yves Tardif (Liberal)]]| after=[[René Serge Larouche|René Serge Larouche (Liberal)]] | years=[[Quebec general election, 1976|1976]]&ndash;1987}}
+{{succession box | title=[[National Assembly of Quebec|MNA]], District of [[Anjou (provincial electoral district)|Anjou]]| before=[[Yves Tardif|Yves Tardif (Liberal)]]| after=[[René Serge Larouche|René Serge Larouche (Liberal)]] | years=[[1976 Quebec general election|1976]]&ndash;1987}}
 {{s-ppo}}
 {{succession box|title=Leader of the [[Parti Québécois]]|
                  before=[[René Lévesque]]|
-                 after=[[Guy Chevrette]] <br><small>Interim</small>|
+                 after=[[Guy Chevrette]] <br /><small>Interim</small>|
                  years=1985–1987}}
 {{s-off}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 119: @@
 {{QCPremiers}}
+{{Johnson Ministry}}
+{{Lévesque Ministry}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Pierre-Marc}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Pierre Marc}}
 [[Category:1946 births]]
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:Quebec people of Irish descent]]
 [[Category:Canadian legal scholars]]
-[[Category:Canadian physicians]]
+[[Category:Physicians from Montreal]]
 [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
-[[Category:French Quebecers]]
 [[Category:Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec]]
-[[Category:Justice ministers of Quebec]]
+[[Category:Ministers of justice of Quebec]]
+[[Category:Members of the Executive Council of Quebec]]
 [[Category:Parti Québécois MNAs]]
 [[Category:Politicians from Montreal]]
 [[Category:Premiers of Quebec]]
-[[Category:Academics in Quebec]]
+[[Category:Academics from Montreal]]
-[[Category:Lawyers in Quebec]]
+[[Category:Lawyers from Montreal]]
 [[Category:Université de Montréal alumni]]
 [[Category:Université de Sherbrooke alumni]]
 [[Category:Leaders of the Parti Québécois]]
 [[Category:Université de Montréal Faculty of Law alumni]]
+[[Category:20th-century members of the National Assembly of Quebec]]

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