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{{Short description|Diaspora organization}}
{{Short description|Diaspora organization}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = Macedonian Patriotic Organization
| name = Macedonian Patriotic Organization
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'''Macedonian Patriotic Organization''' ('''MPO''') is a diaspora organization in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Keith Brown |title=The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation |date=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691099958 |page=254}}</ref> It was founded in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], United States, in 1922, by [[Macedonian Bulgarian]] immigrants originating mainly from [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]]. It was originally called the '''Macedonian Political Organization''' but changed its name to the current one in 1952.
'''Macedonian Patriotic Organization''' ('''MPO''') is a diaspora organization in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Keith Brown |title=The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation |date=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691099958 |page=254}}</ref> It was founded in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], United States, in 1922, by [[Macedonian Bulgarian]] immigrants originating mainly from [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]]. It was originally called the '''Macedonian Political Organization''' but changed its name to the current one in 1952.


The initial objective of the MPO was to advocate for a solution to the [[Macedonian Question]] in the form of an [[Independent Macedonia (IMRO)|independent Macedonian state]], in which all ethnic groups would enjoy equal human rights and freedoms.<ref>"Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990</ref>{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}} Over the decades, the MPO has evolved significantly, and today it is a [[not-for-profit]] corporation that promotes and preserves the customs, history, and traditions of Macedonian-Americans and Macedonian-Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.macedonian.org/About/history.asp |title=MPO History |access-date=August 13, 2008 |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192924/http://www.macedonian.org/About/history.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}} In the past, the organization has generally promoted the view that Macedonian Slavs are Bulgarians,<ref name="autogenerated1999">PAGE ONE: Major Events of the 20th Century. Central Committee of the Macedonian Patriotic Organization. Fort Wayne, Indiana. 1999.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&dq=MPO++Bulgarian+Macedonian&pg=PA87 The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Page 87 by Loring M. Danforth.]</ref> but today it claims to unite both [[Macedonian Bulgarians]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|ethnic Macedonians]].<ref name="macedonian1">{{Cite web |url=http://macedonian.org/joomla/images/stories/conv2012/todorov_conv2012%20speech.pdf |title="MPO – 90 Years of Struggle for a Macedonian State". Dr. Lubomir Todorov. 91th Annual MPO Convention in Fort Wayne, Indiana. September 2, 2012. |access-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231535/http://macedonian.org/joomla/images/stories/conv2012/todorov_conv2012%20speech.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">"New Energy, Old Values". Jordan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune, January 8, 2015. Page 2</ref> The MPO supports the independent [[Republic of North Macedonia]] and is involved in pro-Macedonian advocacy within the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macedonian.org/Media/advocacy.asp |title=Macedonian Patriotic Organization - Media Center - MPO Advocacy |publisher=Macedonian.org |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921145552/http://www.macedonian.org/Media/advocacy.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The MPO has advocated for a solution to the [[Macedonian Question]] in the form of an [[Independent Macedonia (IMRO)|independent Macedonian state]], in which all ethnic groups would enjoy equal human rights and freedoms. In the past, the organization has generally promoted the view that Macedonian Slavs are Bulgarians.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&dq=MPO++Bulgarian+Macedonian&pg=PA87 The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Page 87 by Loring M. Danforth.]</ref> The MPO has supported the independent [[Republic of North Macedonia]] and has been involved in pro-Macedonian advocacy within the US and Canada. Since 1927, MPO has published ''Macedonian Tribune'', described as the world's oldest active Macedonian newspaper. It has been published in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name="js">{{cite book |author=John Shea |title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786437672 |page=182}}</ref>

Since 1927, MPO has published ''Macedonian Tribune'', the oldest continuously published Macedonian newspaper in the world. Originally published in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pelisterski |first1=Hristo |title=Our Oath |journal=Macedonian Tribune |date=February 17, 1927 |volume=1 |issue=9 |page=1}}</ref> the paper gradually began including articles written in English,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panov |first1=Lou |title=Macedonians May Now Speak Out |journal=Macedonian Tribune |date=November 1, 1991 |volume=64 |issue=3081 |page=1}}</ref> before finally transitioning into its current, English-only format, in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=North Macedonia - the controversy continues (an editorial) |first1=Nick |title=Stefanoff |journal=Macedonian Tribune |date=August 2, 2018 |volume=92 |issue=3488 |page=1}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Foundation and ideology===
===Foundation and ideology===
The organization was formed in 1922.<ref name="harvard">Thernstrom, Stephan ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1980, {{ISBN|9780674375123}}, p. 692.</ref> [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] and [[Steelton, PA]] were large centers of Macedonian immigration at the time, followed by Indianapolis, [[Gary, Indiana]], [[Lansing]], Detroit, [[Dayton]], [[Springfield, Ohio]], Cincinnati and New York City. Fort Wayne was chosen as the site for the first formative convention, which took place on October 2, 1922, with a handful of delegates, most of whom were [[Ilinden Uprising|Ilinden]] veterans.{{fact|date=September 2023}} The first convention charted a framework within which to build the structure of the new organization. It was founded as an overseas branch of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO), to lobby for the solution of the [[Macedonian Question]] in the [[League of Nations]] and with the [[Government of the United States|US government]].<ref name="kostov">Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Peter Lang, 2010, {{ISBN|9783034301961}}, pp. 141–144.</ref><ref name="bechev">Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, {{ISBN|9781538119624}}, pp. 189–190.</ref> The name selected for the organization was the "Macedonian Political Organization" which remained its name until 1952. Its adopted slogan was '[[Macedonia for the Macedonians]]'.<ref name="kostov" />
The organization was formed in 1922.<ref name="harvard">Thernstrom, Stephan ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1980, {{ISBN|9780674375123}}, p. 692.</ref> The organization managed to bring together Macedonian immigrants, primarily from Greek Macedonia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |date=2008 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=9780817948818 |page=151}}</ref> [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] in [[Indiana]] was chosen as the site for the first formative convention, which took place on October 2, 1922, with a handful of delegates, most of whom were [[Ilinden Uprising|Ilinden]] veterans.<ref name="js" /> The first convention charted a framework within which to build the structure of the new organization. It was founded as an overseas branch of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO), to lobby for the solution of the [[Macedonian Question]] in the [[League of Nations]] and with the [[Government of the United States|US government]].<ref name="kostov">Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Peter Lang, 2010, {{ISBN|9783034301961}}, pp. 141–144.</ref><ref name="bechev">Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, {{ISBN|9781538119624}}, pp. 189–190.</ref> The name selected for the organization was the "Macedonian Political Organization" which remained its name until 1952. Its adopted slogan was '[[Macedonia for the Macedonians]]'.<ref name="kostov" />


MPO's Articles of Incorporation from 1925 defined its purpose as follows: "For the mutual assistance and protection of people of Macedonian race - and for the liberation of Macedonia from political entities - and to foster the ancient right of Macedonia as a state and nation - all as more fully set out in its bylaws[.]"<ref>In Re Incorporation: The Macedonian Political Organization of the United States of America and Canada, Indiana Secretary of State, July 6, 1925; Articles of Incorporation, ''The Indianapolis News'' (Indianapolis, Indiana), Jul 7, 1925, Page 28</ref> Throughout the next several annual conventions, the delegates finalized the organization's by-laws.<ref name="kostov" /> The membership to the MPO per its by-laws was open to all people from the Macedonian region "regardless of nationality, religion, sex or convictions".<ref name="kostov" />
MPO's Articles of Incorporation from 1925 defined its purpose as follows: "For the mutual assistance and protection of people of Macedonian race - and for the liberation of Macedonia from political entities - and to foster the ancient right of Macedonia as a state and nation - all as more fully set out in its bylaws[.]"<ref>In Re Incorporation: The Macedonian Political Organization of the United States of America and Canada, Indiana Secretary of State, July 6, 1925; Articles of Incorporation, ''The Indianapolis News'' (Indianapolis, Indiana), Jul 7, 1925, Page 28</ref> Throughout the next several annual conventions, the delegates finalized the organization's by-laws.<ref name="kostov" /> The membership to the MPO per its by-laws was open to all people from the Macedonian region "regardless of nationality, religion, sex or convictions".<ref name="kostov" /> The MPO had sought Macedonian autonomy, as well as the social and political awakening of Macedonian Bulgarian immigrants.<ref name="pm">Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History, p. 292, University of Toronto Press, 1999] {{ISBN|0-8020-2938-8}}.</ref>


===Early activism===
===Early activism===
[[File:Telegram by the Macedonian Brotherhood Kastoria in Fort Wayne, Indiana - 1922.jpg|thumb|Telegram from the Macedonian Brotherhood "Kastoria" (later named MPO "Kostur") to the [[League of Nations]] advocating for an autonomous Macedonia, 1922]]
[[File:Telegram by the Macedonian Brotherhood Kastoria in Fort Wayne, Indiana - 1922.jpg|thumb|Telegram from the Macedonian Brotherhood "Kastoria" (later named MPO "Kostur") to the [[League of Nations]] advocating for an autonomous Macedonia, 1922]]
[[File:MPO Parade Float.jpg|thumb|MPO [[Float (parade)|parade float]] in the 1937 [[Labor Day]] Parade in Indianapolis, Indiana]]
[[File:MPO Parade Float.jpg|thumb|MPO [[Float (parade)|parade float]] in the 1937 [[Labor Day]] Parade in Indianapolis, Indiana]]
To fulfill the stipulations of the MPO by-laws, the delegates to the 4th annual MPO Convention in 1925 in Indianapolis, decided to establish a newspaper that was to become an official organ of the organization. The newspaper was founded under the name ''Macedonian Tribune'', and its publication began under the guidance and leadership of the MPO Central Committee's Secretary [[Jordan Tchkatroff]] on February 10, 1927. There is an [[List of Indiana state historical markers in Marion County|Indiana state historical marker]] at the newspaper's original location from 1927 to 1949 in Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=566 |title=Macedonian Tribune |publisher=The Historical Marker Database }}</ref> Tchkatroff's activities raised the attention of Yugoslav diplomatic and consular services in the US, which already had a watchful eye over the MPO.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mićić|first=Srđan|date=2015|title=Mission of Konstantin Todorov in North America 1927-1928: Yugoslav Foreign Service vs. Macedonian-Bulgarian organisations in North America|url=https://www.academia.edu/14644847|journal=Токови историје|volume=1|pages=91–101}}</ref> When [[Bulgaria]] annexed parts of [[Vardar Macedonia]] and [[Greek Macedonia]] in April 1941, the MPO initially congratulated Bulgaria's actions and supported the policy of re-introducing the Bulgarian language and clergy. However, MPO changed its stance on this matter when Bulgaria declared war on the United States in December 1941, and henceforth fully supported the US war effort.
To fulfill the stipulations of the MPO by-laws, the delegates to the 4th annual MPO Convention in 1925 in Indianapolis, decided to establish a newspaper that was to become an official organ of the organization. The newspaper was founded under the name ''Macedonian Tribune'', and its publication began under the guidance and leadership of the MPO Central Committee's Secretary [[Jordan Tchkatroff]] on February 10, 1927. Since 1927, branches of the organization have organized remembrance days for the [[Ilinden uprising]].<ref name="pm" /> There is an [[List of Indiana state historical markers in Marion County|Indiana state historical marker]] at the newspaper's original location from 1927 to 1949 in Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=566 |title=Macedonian Tribune |publisher=The Historical Marker Database }}</ref> Tchkatroff's activities raised the attention of Yugoslav diplomatic and consular services in the US, which already had a watchful eye over the MPO.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mićić|first=Srđan|date=2015|title=Mission of Konstantin Todorov in North America 1927-1928: Yugoslav Foreign Service vs. Macedonian-Bulgarian organisations in North America|url=https://www.academia.edu/14644847|journal=Токови историје|volume=1|pages=91–101}}</ref> When [[Bulgaria]] annexed parts of [[Vardar Macedonia]] and [[Greek Macedonia]] in April 1941, the MPO initially congratulated Bulgaria's actions and supported the policy of re-introducing the Bulgarian language and clergy. However, MPO changed its stance on this matter when Bulgaria declared war on the United States in December 1941, and henceforth fully supported the US war effort.


===Cold War period===
===Cold War period===
After World War II, the MPO had 30 to 40 active members in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/heraldrepublican/article_f4bf985b-ca09-53ae-94b4-26d0fb013c0e.html |date=29 November 2022 |title=Orthodoxy in Northeastern Indiana |author=Oksana Kotkina }}</ref> While living in exile in Italy, the last leader of the IMRO, [[Ivan Mihailov]], managed to re-organize the MPO into a legal successor organization of the IMRO in the United States and Canada.<ref>Cattaruzza, Marina; Dyroff, Stefan; Langewiesche, Dieter eds. Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War: Goals, Expectations, Practices, Berghahn Books, 2012, {{ISBN|9781782389200}}, p. 169.</ref> This was acknowledged by a [[CIA]] analyst report from 1953, which dubbed the MPO as "the US branch of the IMRO", and asserted that through its then secretary Luben Dimitroff, it acted as a money-raising organ to support Mihailov's activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-00423r000300710001-9 |title=Background Whereabouts and Activities of Ivan Mihailov, 16 April 1953 |access-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425135100/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-00423r000300710001-9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It continued to work for the [[Independent Macedonia (IMRO)|old IMRO goal]] - an independent and united Macedonia, dominated by a Bulgarian population.<ref>James Pettifer (eds.) The New Macedonian Question, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, {{ISBN|9780333920664}}, p. 173.</ref> Through its newspaper ''Macedonian Tribune'', the MPO criticized [[SFR Yugoslavia]] and [[PR Bulgaria]], as well as Greece's anti-Slav Macedonian policies.<ref name="harvard" /> In the case of Socialist Yugoslavia, the MPO initially sent a letter to President [[Josip Broz Tito]] congratulating him on the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia within the federation,<ref>"The Uncomfortable Truth about the Macedonian Political Organization". Victor Sinadinoski. Independently published, 2018 [Page 31]</ref>{{bcn|date=September 2023|reason=Does not appear to be an academic source and appears to be self-published.}} however, the organization soon raised its voice against the [[Historical negationism|historiographic revisionism]] that was taking place in Yugoslavia,{{cn|date=September 2023}} which aimed at diminishing the Bulgarian cultural and historic heritage in Macedonia. In the 1970s, the ''Macedonian Tribune'' regularly printed articles and appeals by Mihailov. His memoirs (written in Bulgarian) were advertised by the paper and were avidly read.<ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/gp2/gp_21.htm South Slavic Immigration in America. George J. Prpic, John Carroll University. Twayne Publishers. A division of G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, p. 249.]</ref> His influence in the MPO was eventually diminished, when a younger generation of leaders, led by Ivan Lebamoff and Christo Nizamoff, confronted Mihailov's [[authoritarianism]], and removed his supporters from leadership positions.<ref>"Иван Михайлов – отвъд легендите, Том I". Гаджев, Иван. УИ „Св. Климент Охридски”, София, 2007. [Page 22]</ref>
After World War II, the MPO had 30 to 40 active members in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/heraldrepublican/article_f4bf985b-ca09-53ae-94b4-26d0fb013c0e.html |date=29 November 2022 |title=Orthodoxy in Northeastern Indiana |author=Oksana Kotkina }}</ref> While living in exile in Italy, the last leader of the IMRO, [[Ivan Mihailov]], managed to re-organize the MPO into a legal successor organization of the IMRO in the United States and Canada.<ref>Cattaruzza, Marina; Dyroff, Stefan; Langewiesche, Dieter eds. Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War: Goals, Expectations, Practices, Berghahn Books, 2012, {{ISBN|9781782389200}}, p. 169.</ref> This was acknowledged by a [[CIA]] analyst report from 1953, which dubbed the MPO as "the US branch of the IMRO", and asserted that through its then secretary Luben Dimitroff, it acted as a money-raising organ to support Mihailov's activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-00423r000300710001-9 |title=Background Whereabouts and Activities of Ivan Mihailov, 16 April 1953 |access-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425135100/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-00423r000300710001-9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It continued to work for the [[Independent Macedonia (IMRO)|old IMRO goal]] - an independent and united Macedonia, dominated by a Bulgarian population.<ref>James Pettifer (eds.) The New Macedonian Question, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, {{ISBN|9780333920664}}, p. 173.</ref> Through its newspaper ''Macedonian Tribune'', the MPO criticized [[SFR Yugoslavia]] and [[PR Bulgaria]], as well as Greece's anti-Slav Macedonian policies.<ref name="harvard" /> In the case of Socialist Yugoslavia, the MPO initially sent a letter to President [[Josip Broz Tito]] congratulating him on the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia within the federation,<ref>"The Uncomfortable Truth about the Macedonian Political Organization". Victor Sinadinoski. Independently published, 2018 [Page 31]</ref>{{bcn|date=September 2023|reason=Does not appear to be an academic source and appears to be self-published.}} however, the organization soon raised its voice against the [[Historical negationism|historiographic revisionism]] that was taking place in Yugoslavia,{{cn|date=September 2023}} which aimed at diminishing the Bulgarian cultural and historic heritage in Macedonia. In the 1970s, the ''Macedonian Tribune'' regularly printed articles and appeals by Mihailov. His memoirs (written in Bulgarian) were advertised by the paper and were avidly read.<ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/gp2/gp_21.htm South Slavic Immigration in America. George J. Prpic, John Carroll University. Twayne Publishers. A division of G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, p. 249.]</ref> His influence in the MPO was eventually diminished, when a younger generation of leaders, led by Ivan Lebamoff and Christo Nizamoff, confronted Mihailov's [[authoritarianism]], and removed his supporters from leadership positions.<ref>"Иван Михайлов – отвъд легендите, Том I". Гаджев, Иван. УИ „Св. Климент Охридски”, София, 2007. [Page 22]</ref>
[[File:MPO-petition-UN.jpg|thumb|The official response from the [[United Nations]] to a petition sent by the 32nd Annual MPO convention.]]
[[File:MPO-petition-UN.jpg|thumb|The official response from the [[United Nations]] to a petition sent by the 32nd Annual MPO convention.]]
Throughout the period of the [[Cold War]], the MPO continuously advocated with the United States and Canadian governments, the [[United Nations]], and other relevant international factors for a solution to the Macedonian Question that would involve self-government for Macedonians under a United Nations [[protectorate]]. The organization also worked on raising international awareness regarding violations of [[human rights]] in all three parts of Macedonia.<ref name="autogenerated1999"/>{{primary source inline|date=September 2023}}
Throughout the period of the [[Cold War]], the MPO continuously advocated with the United States and Canadian governments, the [[United Nations]], and other relevant international factors for a solution to the Macedonian Question that would involve self-government for Macedonians under a United Nations [[protectorate]]. The organization also worked on raising international awareness regarding violations of [[human rights]] in all three parts of Macedonia.{{cn|date=September 2024}}


Over the years, a number of the [[United States|Americans]] born of [[Macedonians (Bulgarians)|Macedonian Bulgarian]] descent began having less and less knowledge of Bulgaria and started identifying themselves often simply as [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]].<ref name="harvard" /> In 1956, the MPO defined the terms "Macedonian" and "Macedonian immigrants" in its by-laws as applying equally to all nationalities in Macedonia - [[Bulgarians]], [[Aromanians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Albanians]] and others.<ref name="kostov" /> In the 1990s, MPO began openly accepting and embracing the [[ethnic Macedonian]] identity, alongside the [[Macedonian Bulgarian|Macedono-Bulgarian]] identity of the organization's founders. Prior to Macedonian independence, the MPO advocated for a "Free and Independent Macedonia – a Switzerland of the Balkans," comprising Vardar, Aegean and Pirin Macedonia, where all ethnic groups would co-exist in peace.<ref name="klemencic">Matjaž Klemenčič, The Reactions of Immigrants from the South Slavic Lands and their Descendants in the USA to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia (1989–1993), Dve domovini (Two Homelands), 2011, pp. 44–47.</ref> On February 22, 1990, the ''Macedonian Tribune'' published an article by then President Ivan Lebamoff, where he stated that MPO is responding to change in Macedonia, throughout the world, and in the organization itself by recognizing the reality of ethnic Macedonians, and by inviting them to join the ranks of the MPO as equals.<ref>"Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990 [Page 3]</ref>
Over the years, a number of the [[United States|Americans]] born of [[Macedonians (Bulgarians)|Macedonian Bulgarian]] descent began having less and less knowledge of Bulgaria and started identifying themselves often simply as [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]].<ref name="harvard" /> In 1956, the MPO defined the terms "Macedonian" and "Macedonian immigrants" in its by-laws as applying equally to all nationalities in Macedonia - [[Bulgarians]], [[Aromanians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Albanians]] and others.<ref name="kostov" /> In the 1990s, MPO began openly accepting and embracing the [[ethnic Macedonian]] identity, alongside the [[Macedonian Bulgarian|Macedono-Bulgarian]] identity of the organization's founders. Prior to Macedonian independence, the MPO advocated for a "Free and Independent Macedonia – a Switzerland of the Balkans," comprising Vardar, Aegean and Pirin Macedonia, where all ethnic groups would co-exist in peace.<ref name="klemencic">Matjaž Klemenčič, The Reactions of Immigrants from the South Slavic Lands and their Descendants in the USA to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia (1989–1993), Dve domovini (Two Homelands), 2011, pp. 44–47.</ref> On February 22, 1990, the ''Macedonian Tribune'' published an article by then President Ivan Lebamoff, where he stated that MPO is responding to change in Macedonia, throughout the world, and in the organization itself by recognizing the reality of ethnic Macedonians, and by inviting them to join the ranks of the MPO as equals.<ref>"Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990 [Page 3]</ref>
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[[File:Order of the IMRO Banner.png|thumb|"Order of the [[IMRO]] Banner", the most prestigious award presented by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.]]
[[File:Order of the IMRO Banner.png|thumb|"Order of the [[IMRO]] Banner", the most prestigious award presented by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.]]
Throughout 1992, the [[Greek diaspora]] in the United States and Canada demonstrated against the recognition of the independence of Republic of Macedonia, above all against the name of the new state containing the word "Macedonia." They claimed that Macedonia was an [[ancient Greek]] name and that the newly declared independent state was stealing this name from them.<ref>"The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World", by Loring Danforth. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1995. [Page 30-32]</ref> The [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] also demanded that the Republic of Macedonia's independence not be recognized by the United States. In reaction to this, Lebamoff sent protest letters against this position to the patriarchs and bishops of [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es worldwide as well as to numerous newspapers.<ref name="klemencic" /> He also demanded from [[Macedonian Americans]] to enhance their propaganda activities towards getting Republic of Macedonia internationally recognized as soon as possible. Macedonian Americans responded to his call with a mass campaign of writing numerous articles in American newspapers and making phone calls to [[U.S. senators]].<ref>"Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 599–600]</ref> As a result of MPO's activism, in addition to political activities by officials from Republic of Macedonia, the country was admitted to the UN.<ref name="klemencic" />
Throughout 1992, the [[Greek diaspora]] in the United States and Canada demonstrated against the recognition of the independence of Republic of Macedonia, above all against the name of the new state containing the word "Macedonia." They claimed that Macedonia was an [[ancient Greek]] name and that the newly declared independent state was stealing this name from them.<ref>"The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World", by Loring Danforth. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1995. [Page 30-32]</ref> The [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] also demanded that the Republic of Macedonia's independence not be recognized by the United States. In reaction to this, Lebamoff sent protest letters against this position to the patriarchs and bishops of [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es worldwide as well as to numerous newspapers.<ref name="klemencic" /> He also demanded from [[Macedonian Americans]] to enhance their propaganda activities towards getting Republic of Macedonia internationally recognized as soon as possible. Macedonian Americans responded to his call with a mass campaign of writing numerous articles in American newspapers and making phone calls to [[U.S. senators]].<ref>"Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 599–600]</ref> As a result of MPO's activism, in addition to political activities by officials from the Republic of Macedonia, the country was admitted to the UN.<ref name="klemencic" />


MPO also used its influence in the US Senate to assist Macedonia's stabilization efforts. Lebamoff asked [[Indiana]] Senator Lugar to propose that the United States send US troops to the Republic of Macedonia. Lebamoff also informed Macedonian President [[Kiro Gligorov]] about his proposal. MPO proposal was also supported by the chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Rep. Fascell. In November 1992, the MPO asked Macedonian Americans to call the [[White House]] Hotline directly to ask [[George H. W. Bush|President Bush]] to immediately recognize the Republic of Macedonia.<ref>"Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 603]</ref> In 1994, members of the MPO Central Committee visited Washington, D.C., several times in order to promote Macedonian American interests.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfMszP0Hv0gC&dq=macedonian+patriotic+organization+1994+washington&pg=PA87 |title=A Stability-seeking Power |page=87-88 |author=Jonathan Paquin |publisher=McGill-Queens's University Press |isbn=9780773537361}}</ref>
MPO also used its influence in the US Senate to assist Macedonia's stabilization efforts. Lebamoff asked [[Indiana]] Senator Lugar to propose that the United States send US troops to the Republic of Macedonia. Lebamoff also informed Macedonian President [[Kiro Gligorov]] about his proposal. MPO proposal was also supported by the chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Rep. Fascell. In November 1992, the MPO asked Macedonian Americans to call the [[White House]] Hotline directly to ask [[George H. W. Bush|President Bush]] to immediately recognize the Republic of Macedonia.<ref>"Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 603]</ref> In 1994, members of the MPO Central Committee visited Washington, D.C., several times to promote Macedonian American interests.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfMszP0Hv0gC&dq=macedonian+patriotic+organization+1994+washington&pg=PA87 |title=A Stability-seeking Power |page=87-88 |author=Jonathan Paquin |publisher=McGill-Queens's University Press |isbn=9780773537361}}</ref>


In an unofficial interview for a Macedonian newspaper in 2005, former MPO President George Lebamoff sharply criticized the lack of democracy in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the official misinterpretations of Macedonian history, with an emphasis on the [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] historic heritage in country.<ref>[https://tribuna.mk/ekskluzivno-georgi-dzhordzh-lebamov-mpo-za-kapital-vaka-nemate-idnina/ Ексклузивно: Георги (Џорџ) Лебамов (МПО) за Капитал: Вака немате иднина!, Tribuna, 1 September 2022.]</ref> At the 2009 MPO Convention, past Central Committee President Andrea Alusheff was said to have illegally expelled the Toronto MPO chapter "Switzerland of the Balkans", because of the latter's alleged pro-Bulgarian bias.<ref>Labro Korolov [http://www.media-bg.net/facebook.php?id_rel=1400 Media BG, October 30, 2009]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Once Alusheff's mandate expired, the new Central Committee reinstated the MPO "Switzerland of the Balkans" into the organization. On the other hand, a former chapter of MPO from [[Toronto]] called MPO "Luben Dimitroff",<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&dq=MPO+%22Luben+Dimitrov&pg=PA292 Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History, p. 292, University of Toronto Press, 1999] {{ISBN|0-8020-2938-8}}.</ref> splintered from the Canadian MPO and started publishing a parallel ''Macedonian Tribune''<ref>{{cite web |author=Vladimir Pankov |url=http://www.makedonskatribuna.com/ |title=Начало - Macedonian Tribune |publisher=Makedonskatribuna.com |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518003244/http://makedonskatribuna.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the pre-World War II Bulgarian orthography, espousing pro-Bulgarian views. This publication has been dismissed as unauthorized by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macedonian.org/Media/maktrib.asp |title=Macedonian Patriotic Organization - Media Center - Unauthorized "Makedonska Tribuna" |publisher=Macedonian.org |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215121352/http://www.macedonian.org/Media/maktrib.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In an unofficial interview for a Macedonian newspaper in 2005, former MPO President George Lebamoff sharply criticized the lack of democracy in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the official misinterpretations of Macedonian history, with an emphasis on the [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] historic heritage in the country.<ref>[https://tribuna.mk/ekskluzivno-georgi-dzhordzh-lebamov-mpo-za-kapital-vaka-nemate-idnina/ Ексклузивно: Георги (Џорџ) Лебамов (МПО) за Капитал: Вака немате иднина!, Tribuna, 1 September 2022.]</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Latest revision as of 17:11, 12 October 2024

Macedonian Patriotic Organization
Founded1922
FounderAnastas Stephanoff (first president)
TypeCultural and political
FocusContinue to work for human, civil and economic rights for all Macedonians of the world
Location
Area served
United States
Canada
MembersN/A
Key people
Steve Petroff (President)
Lupka Baloski (Vice President)
Websitemacedonian.org

Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO) is a diaspora organization in the United States and Canada.[1] It was founded in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States, in 1922, by Macedonian Bulgarian immigrants originating mainly from Greek Macedonia. It was originally called the Macedonian Political Organization but changed its name to the current one in 1952.

The MPO has advocated for a solution to the Macedonian Question in the form of an independent Macedonian state, in which all ethnic groups would enjoy equal human rights and freedoms. In the past, the organization has generally promoted the view that Macedonian Slavs are Bulgarians.[2] The MPO has supported the independent Republic of North Macedonia and has been involved in pro-Macedonian advocacy within the US and Canada. Since 1927, MPO has published Macedonian Tribune, described as the world's oldest active Macedonian newspaper. It has been published in Bulgarian and English.[3]

History

[edit]
The flag of the 6th Ohrid Battalion of the Macedono-Adrianopolita Volunteer Corps in Bulgarian army during the Balkan wars. It depicts the Bulgarian flag and was brought from Gary, Indiana by immigrant volunteers. The abbreviation MOBNO is readable on it (Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Bulgarian People's Organization).

Background

[edit]
See also: Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia and Macedonians (obsolete terminology)

The first Macedonian Bulgarian emigrant associations in the United States date back to 1899, with the foundation of the "Macedonian-Bulgarian Society Vasil Levski".[4] Other associations include "Bulgarian-Macedonian American Committee" founded in 1904, "Nadezhda" founded in 1908, etc. In September 1913, delegates from Macedonian organizations in the United States and Canada gathered in Chicago, Illinois to form a Macedonian-Bulgarian National Union. The union published the newspaper "Svoboda", and had as its objective the autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople. Some members of these organizations participated in the Balkan Wars as volunteers in the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps.[5] When World War I was over, a "Bulgarian National Congress" was held in Chicago in December 1918, where the delegates voted for a resolution which was sent to the Paris Peace Conference and to the governments of the Great Powers. In this document, the Macedonian Bulgarians insisted that the Macedonian issue would be resolved by turning the area into an independent state. However, the peace treaty in 1919, divided the Macedonian area mostly by Serbia and Greece where the domestic policies of state-sponsored Serbianizaton and Hellenization of the Slavic-speaking Macedonians began.[6][non-primary source needed] Thousands of emigres left their homes and moved to the States and Canada. For the next five years, these countries took the first places, after Bulgaria, in their numbers of Macedonian emigrants.[7]

Foundation and ideology

[edit]

The organization was formed in 1922.[8] The organization managed to bring together Macedonian immigrants, primarily from Greek Macedonia.[9] Fort Wayne in Indiana was chosen as the site for the first formative convention, which took place on October 2, 1922, with a handful of delegates, most of whom were Ilinden veterans.[3] The first convention charted a framework within which to build the structure of the new organization. It was founded as an overseas branch of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), to lobby for the solution of the Macedonian Question in the League of Nations and with the US government.[10][11] The name selected for the organization was the "Macedonian Political Organization" which remained its name until 1952. Its adopted slogan was 'Macedonia for the Macedonians'.[10]

MPO's Articles of Incorporation from 1925 defined its purpose as follows: "For the mutual assistance and protection of people of Macedonian race - and for the liberation of Macedonia from political entities - and to foster the ancient right of Macedonia as a state and nation - all as more fully set out in its bylaws[.]"[12] Throughout the next several annual conventions, the delegates finalized the organization's by-laws.[10] The membership to the MPO per its by-laws was open to all people from the Macedonian region "regardless of nationality, religion, sex or convictions".[10] The MPO had sought Macedonian autonomy, as well as the social and political awakening of Macedonian Bulgarian immigrants.[13]

Early activism

[edit]
Telegram from the Macedonian Brotherhood "Kastoria" (later named MPO "Kostur") to the League of Nations advocating for an autonomous Macedonia, 1922
MPO parade float in the 1937 Labor Day Parade in Indianapolis, Indiana

To fulfill the stipulations of the MPO by-laws, the delegates to the 4th annual MPO Convention in 1925 in Indianapolis, decided to establish a newspaper that was to become an official organ of the organization. The newspaper was founded under the name Macedonian Tribune, and its publication began under the guidance and leadership of the MPO Central Committee's Secretary Jordan Tchkatroff on February 10, 1927. Since 1927, branches of the organization have organized remembrance days for the Ilinden uprising.[13] There is an Indiana state historical marker at the newspaper's original location from 1927 to 1949 in Indianapolis.[14] Tchkatroff's activities raised the attention of Yugoslav diplomatic and consular services in the US, which already had a watchful eye over the MPO.[15] When Bulgaria annexed parts of Vardar Macedonia and Greek Macedonia in April 1941, the MPO initially congratulated Bulgaria's actions and supported the policy of re-introducing the Bulgarian language and clergy. However, MPO changed its stance on this matter when Bulgaria declared war on the United States in December 1941, and henceforth fully supported the US war effort.

Cold War period

[edit]

After World War II, the MPO had 30 to 40 active members in Fort Wayne.[16] While living in exile in Italy, the last leader of the IMRO, Ivan Mihailov, managed to re-organize the MPO into a legal successor organization of the IMRO in the United States and Canada.[17] This was acknowledged by a CIA analyst report from 1953, which dubbed the MPO as "the US branch of the IMRO", and asserted that through its then secretary Luben Dimitroff, it acted as a money-raising organ to support Mihailov's activities.[18] It continued to work for the old IMRO goal - an independent and united Macedonia, dominated by a Bulgarian population.[19] Through its newspaper Macedonian Tribune, the MPO criticized SFR Yugoslavia and PR Bulgaria, as well as Greece's anti-Slav Macedonian policies.[8] In the case of Socialist Yugoslavia, the MPO initially sent a letter to President Josip Broz Tito congratulating him on the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia within the federation,[20][better source needed] however, the organization soon raised its voice against the historiographic revisionism that was taking place in Yugoslavia,[citation needed] which aimed at diminishing the Bulgarian cultural and historic heritage in Macedonia. In the 1970s, the Macedonian Tribune regularly printed articles and appeals by Mihailov. His memoirs (written in Bulgarian) were advertised by the paper and were avidly read.[21] His influence in the MPO was eventually diminished, when a younger generation of leaders, led by Ivan Lebamoff and Christo Nizamoff, confronted Mihailov's authoritarianism, and removed his supporters from leadership positions.[22]

The official response from the United Nations to a petition sent by the 32nd Annual MPO convention.

Throughout the period of the Cold War, the MPO continuously advocated with the United States and Canadian governments, the United Nations, and other relevant international factors for a solution to the Macedonian Question that would involve self-government for Macedonians under a United Nations protectorate. The organization also worked on raising international awareness regarding violations of human rights in all three parts of Macedonia.[citation needed]

Over the years, a number of the Americans born of Macedonian Bulgarian descent began having less and less knowledge of Bulgaria and started identifying themselves often simply as Macedonians.[8] In 1956, the MPO defined the terms "Macedonian" and "Macedonian immigrants" in its by-laws as applying equally to all nationalities in Macedonia - Bulgarians, Aromanians, Turks, Albanians and others.[10] In the 1990s, MPO began openly accepting and embracing the ethnic Macedonian identity, alongside the Macedono-Bulgarian identity of the organization's founders. Prior to Macedonian independence, the MPO advocated for a "Free and Independent Macedonia – a Switzerland of the Balkans," comprising Vardar, Aegean and Pirin Macedonia, where all ethnic groups would co-exist in peace.[23] On February 22, 1990, the Macedonian Tribune published an article by then President Ivan Lebamoff, where he stated that MPO is responding to change in Macedonia, throughout the world, and in the organization itself by recognizing the reality of ethnic Macedonians, and by inviting them to join the ranks of the MPO as equals.[24]

Post-Cold War period

[edit]
President Bill Clinton's official greeting letter to the 76th annual MPO Convention.

Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia on September 8, 1991, amending its constitutional name from Socialist Republic of Macedonia to Republic of Macedonia. Only days after the parliament of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) declared its independence, a delegation of the MPO visited Washington, D.C., in an attempt to lobby with the US government to recognize the former as an independent state.[23] The delegation was received by U.S. senators from Indiana - Dan Coats and Richard Lugar, as well as by members of the House of Representatives from Indiana. Throughout the 1990s, the MPO was lobbying for the recognition of Macedonia's independence.[11]

To exert pressure for Macedonia's international recognition, MPO President Ivan Lebamoff sent a resolution prepared at the Detroit MPO Convention to many heads of state around the world.[25] In September 1992, the MPO organized the "Forum on Macedonian Unity", which brought together the leaders of the MPO, the United Macedonians of Toronto and the representatives from the VMRO-DPMNE. The delegates agreed on a common goal – a free and independent Macedonia, and the result of the forum was a resolution in which they demanded the international recognition of the country.[26]

"Order of the IMRO Banner", the most prestigious award presented by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.

Throughout 1992, the Greek diaspora in the United States and Canada demonstrated against the recognition of the independence of Republic of Macedonia, above all against the name of the new state containing the word "Macedonia." They claimed that Macedonia was an ancient Greek name and that the newly declared independent state was stealing this name from them.[27] The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America also demanded that the Republic of Macedonia's independence not be recognized by the United States. In reaction to this, Lebamoff sent protest letters against this position to the patriarchs and bishops of Eastern Orthodox Churches worldwide as well as to numerous newspapers.[23] He also demanded from Macedonian Americans to enhance their propaganda activities towards getting Republic of Macedonia internationally recognized as soon as possible. Macedonian Americans responded to his call with a mass campaign of writing numerous articles in American newspapers and making phone calls to U.S. senators.[28] As a result of MPO's activism, in addition to political activities by officials from the Republic of Macedonia, the country was admitted to the UN.[23]

MPO also used its influence in the US Senate to assist Macedonia's stabilization efforts. Lebamoff asked Indiana Senator Lugar to propose that the United States send US troops to the Republic of Macedonia. Lebamoff also informed Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov about his proposal. MPO proposal was also supported by the chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Rep. Fascell. In November 1992, the MPO asked Macedonian Americans to call the White House Hotline directly to ask President Bush to immediately recognize the Republic of Macedonia.[29] In 1994, members of the MPO Central Committee visited Washington, D.C., several times to promote Macedonian American interests.[30]

In an unofficial interview for a Macedonian newspaper in 2005, former MPO President George Lebamoff sharply criticized the lack of democracy in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the official misinterpretations of Macedonian history, with an emphasis on the Bulgarian historic heritage in the country.[31]

[edit]
  • National Hall of MPO "Prilep" in Steelton, Pennsylvania
    National Hall of MPO "Prilep" in Steelton, Pennsylvania
  • National Hall of MPO "Pelister" in Akron, Ohio
    National Hall of MPO "Pelister" in Akron, Ohio
  • Members of the MPO chapter "Alexander the Great" from Lorain, Ohio, in 1924
    Members of the MPO chapter "Alexander the Great" from Lorain, Ohio, in 1924
  • The 5th annual convention of the MPO in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1926
    The 5th annual convention of the MPO in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1926
  • Members of the MPO chapter "Vlado G. Chernozemsky" in Windsor, Ontario, 1936
    Members of the MPO chapter "Vlado G. Chernozemsky" in Windsor, Ontario, 1936
  • MPO commemorative kerchief from 1939 with slogans such as "Be proud you are from Macedonia!", "Macedonia gave literacy to all Slavs", "Without an independent Macedonia there is no peace in the Balkans", and "Macedonia is the cradle of the Bulgarian Revival".
    MPO commemorative kerchief from 1939 with slogans such as "Be proud you are from Macedonia!", "Macedonia gave literacy to all Slavs", "Without an independent Macedonia there is no peace in the Balkans", and "Macedonia is the cradle of the Bulgarian Revival".
  • An immigrant family from the village of Banitsa (today's Vevi, Florina region) wearing MPO hats, c. 1930
    An immigrant family from the village of Banitsa (today's Vevi, Florina region) wearing MPO hats, c. 1930

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Keith Brown (2003). The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton University Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780691099958.
  2. ^ The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Page 87 by Loring M. Danforth.
  3. ^ a b John Shea (2008). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. p. 182. ISBN 9780786437672.
  4. ^ Ivan Ilchev, (2007) To the Land That Was Never Promised. Bulgarian Emigration to the United States in the Late 19th - Early 20th Century. in Immigration and Emigration in Historical Perspective; ISBN 9788884924988, PLUS-Pisa University Press with Ann Katherine Isaacs as editor, pp. 119-140.
  5. ^ Веселин Николов Трайков, Трендафил Митев, Документи за Македония на българската емиграция в САЩ, Канада и Австралия: т. 1, Макед. науч. инст., 1995, ISBN 954818723X, стр. 41.
  6. ^ ""MPO History – Founding Fathers Organize MPO in 1922 During Turbulent Years Following First World War" by Christo N. Nizamoff". Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  7. ^ Trendafil Mitev, MPO in the United States, Canada and Australia, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 2002, online, Initial period.
  8. ^ a b c Thernstrom, Stephan ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1980, ISBN 9780674375123, p. 692.
  9. ^ Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780817948818.
  10. ^ a b c d e Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 9783034301961, pp. 141–144.
  11. ^ a b Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, ISBN 9781538119624, pp. 189–190.
  12. ^ In Re Incorporation: The Macedonian Political Organization of the United States of America and Canada, Indiana Secretary of State, July 6, 1925; Articles of Incorporation, The Indianapolis News (Indianapolis, Indiana), Jul 7, 1925, Page 28
  13. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History, p. 292, University of Toronto Press, 1999] ISBN 0-8020-2938-8.
  14. ^ "Macedonian Tribune". The Historical Marker Database.
  15. ^ Mićić, Srđan (2015). "Mission of Konstantin Todorov in North America 1927-1928: Yugoslav Foreign Service vs. Macedonian-Bulgarian organisations in North America". Токови историје. 1: 91–101.
  16. ^ Oksana Kotkina (November 29, 2022). "Orthodoxy in Northeastern Indiana".
  17. ^ Cattaruzza, Marina; Dyroff, Stefan; Langewiesche, Dieter eds. Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War: Goals, Expectations, Practices, Berghahn Books, 2012, ISBN 9781782389200, p. 169.
  18. ^ "Background Whereabouts and Activities of Ivan Mihailov, 16 April 1953". Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  19. ^ James Pettifer (eds.) The New Macedonian Question, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, ISBN 9780333920664, p. 173.
  20. ^ "The Uncomfortable Truth about the Macedonian Political Organization". Victor Sinadinoski. Independently published, 2018 [Page 31]
  21. ^ South Slavic Immigration in America. George J. Prpic, John Carroll University. Twayne Publishers. A division of G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, p. 249.
  22. ^ "Иван Михайлов – отвъд легендите, Том I". Гаджев, Иван. УИ „Св. Климент Охридски”, София, 2007. [Page 22]
  23. ^ a b c d Matjaž Klemenčič, The Reactions of Immigrants from the South Slavic Lands and their Descendants in the USA to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia (1989–1993), Dve domovini (Two Homelands), 2011, pp. 44–47.
  24. ^ "Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990 [Page 3]
  25. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 592–593]
  26. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 597]
  27. ^ "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World", by Loring Danforth. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1995. [Page 30-32]
  28. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 599–600]
  29. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 603]
  30. ^ Jonathan Paquin. A Stability-seeking Power. McGill-Queens's University Press. p. 87-88. ISBN 9780773537361.
  31. ^ Ексклузивно: Георги (Џорџ) Лебамов (МПО) за Капитал: Вака немате иднина!, Tribuna, 1 September 2022.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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