Telephone line: Difference between revisions
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{{For|the Electric Light Orchestra song|Telephone Line (song)}} |
{{For|the Electric Light Orchestra song|Telephone Line (song)}} |
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[[Image:Phone pole3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Utility pole]] with electric lines (top) and telephone cables.]] |
[[Image:Phone pole3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Utility pole]] with electric lines (top) and telephone cables.]] |
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[[File:Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997-2007 ITU.png|thumb|Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007.]] |
[[File:Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997-2007 ITU.png|thumb|Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants, 1997–2007.]] |
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[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14754023254).jpg|thumb|upright|Cross section of telephone cable of 1,800 twisted pairs |
[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14754023254).jpg|thumb|upright|Cross section of telephone cable of 1,800 twisted pairs, 1922.]] |
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A '''telephone line''' or '''telephone circuit''' (or just '''line''' or '''circuit''' industrywide) is a single-user [[telecommunication circuit|circuit]] on a telephone [[telecommunication|communication]] system. It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable. |
A '''telephone line''' or '''telephone circuit''' (or just '''line''' or '''circuit''' industrywide) is a single-user [[telecommunication circuit|circuit]] on a telephone [[telecommunication|communication]] system.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wi4wAAAAYAAJ&dq=A+%22telephone+line%22+or+telephone+circuit+(or+just+line+or+circuit+industry+wide)+is+a+single-user+circuit+on+a+telephone+communication+system.&pg=PP79 |title=Telephones |date=1910 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telephone Circuits |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/telephone-circuits |access-date=2022-12-12 |publisher=[[ScienceDirect]]}}</ref> It is the physical [[wire]] or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the [[telecommunications]] network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for [[invoice|billing]] purposes reserved for that user. |
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Telephone lines are used to deliver [[landline]] telephone service and digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pizzi |first1=Skip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ1xAwAAQBAJ&dq=Telephone+lines+are+used+to+deliver+landline+telephone+service+and+digital+subscriber+line+(DSL)+phone+cable+service+to+the+premises.&pg=PA18 |title=A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers |last2=Jones |first2=Graham |date=2014-04-24 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-317-90683-4 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Staff |first=Cia Training Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cup9bFZfK7EC&dq=Telephone+overhead+lines+are+connected+to+the+public+switched+telephone+network.&pg=PA35 |title=Ecdl/Icdl Syllabus 4 Module 1 Basic Concepts of IT: European Computer Driving Licence |date=2003-04-01 |publisher=CIA Training Ltd. |isbn=978-1-86005-123-4 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-28 |title=Get phone number from Facebook |url=https://lucidgen.com/tim-so-dien-thoai-tu-facebook/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=lucidgen.com |language=vi}}</ref> The [[voltage]] at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at –48 V. |
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== In the United States == |
== In the United States == |
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In 1878, the [[Bell System|Bell Telephone Company]] began to use two-wire circuits, called the [[local loop]], from each user's telephone to [[Telephone exchange|end office]]s which performed any necessary electrical switching to allow voice signals to be transmitted to more distant telephones. |
In 1878, the [[Bell System|Bell Telephone Company]] began to use two-wire circuits, called the [[local loop]], from each user's telephone to [[Telephone exchange|end office]]s which performed any necessary electrical switching to allow voice signals to be transmitted to more distant telephones. |
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These wires were typically [[copper]], although [[aluminium]] has also been used, and were carried in [[balanced pair]]s of open wire, separated by about 25 cm ( |
These wires were typically [[copper]], although [[aluminium]] has also been used, and were carried in [[balanced pair]]s of open wire, separated by about 25 cm (10″) on [[utility pole|poles]] above the ground, and later as [[twisted pair]] cables. Modern lines may run underground, and may carry analog or digital signals to the exchange, or may have [[Subscriber Loop Carrier|a device that converts]] the [[analog signal]] to digital for [[transmission (telecom)|transmission]] on a [[carrier system]]. Often the customer end of that wire pair is connected to a [[data access arrangement]]; |
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Often the customer end of that wire pair is connected to a [[data access arrangement]]; |
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the telephone company end of that wire pair is connected to a [[telephone hybrid]]. |
the telephone company end of that wire pair is connected to a [[telephone hybrid]]. |
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The vast majority of houses in the U.S. are wired with 6-position [[modular connector|modular jacks]] with four [[electrical conductor|conductors]] ([[6P4C]]) wired to the house's junction box with copper wires. Those copper wires may be connected back to two telephone overhead lines at the local [[telephone exchange]], thus making those jacks [[RJ11, RJ14, RJ25|RJ14]] jacks. More often, only two of the wires are connected to the exchange as one telephone line, and the others are unconnected. In that case, the jacks in the house are [[RJ11, RJ14, RJ25|RJ11]]. |
The vast majority of houses in the U.S. are wired with 6-position [[modular connector|modular jacks]] with four [[electrical conductor|conductors]] ([[6P4C]]) wired to the house's junction box with copper wires. Those copper wires may be connected back to two telephone overhead lines at the local [[telephone exchange]], thus making those jacks [[RJ11, RJ14, RJ25|RJ14]] jacks. More often, only two of the wires are connected to the exchange as one telephone line, and the others are unconnected. In that case, the jacks in the house are [[RJ11, RJ14, RJ25|RJ11]]. |
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Older houses often have 4-conductor telephone station cable in the walls color coded with Bell System colors: red, green, yellow, black as 2-pairs of 22 |
Older houses often have 4-conductor telephone station cable in the walls color coded with Bell System colors: red, green, yellow, black as 2-pairs of 22 AWG (0.33 mm<sup>2</sup>) solid copper; "line 1" uses the red/green pair and "line 2" uses the yellow/black pair. |
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Inside the walls of the house—between the house's outside junction box and the interior [[wall jack]]s—the most common telephone cable in new houses is [[Category 5 cable]]—4 pairs of 24 |
Inside the walls of the house—between the house's outside junction box and the interior [[wall jack]]s—the most common telephone cable in new houses is [[Category 5 cable]]—4 pairs of 24 AWG (0.205 mm<sup>2</sup>) solid copper.<ref>Public Service Commission of Wisconsin.[http://www.wwt.net/pdf/telephone-wiring.pdf "Testing, Repairing & Installing Home Telephone Wiring"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328173511/http://wwt.net/pdf/telephone-wiring.pdf|date=2018-03-28}}.</ref> |
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Public Service Commission of Wisconsin. |
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[http://www.wwt.net/pdf/telephone-wiring.pdf "Testing, Repairing & Installing Home Telephone Wiring"]. |
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</ref> |
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Inside large buildings, and in the outdoor cables that run to the telephone company [[point of presence|POP]], many telephone lines are bundled together in a single cable using the [[25-pair color code]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigelow |first=Stephen J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26632919 |title=Telephone repair illustrated |date=1993 |publisher=TAB Books |isbn=0-8306-4034-7 |edition= |
Inside large buildings, and in the outdoor cables that run to the telephone company [[point of presence|POP]], many telephone lines are bundled together in a single cable using the [[25-pair color code]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigelow |first=Stephen J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26632919 |title=Telephone repair illustrated |date=1993 |publisher=TAB Books |isbn=0-8306-4034-7 |edition=1st |location=Blue Ridge Summit, PA |oclc=26632919}}</ref> Outside plant cables can have up to 3,600 or 3,800 pairs, used at the entrances of telephone exchanges.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilkens |first=W.D. |date=March 1990 |title=Telephone cable: overview and dielectric challenges |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/50802 |journal=IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.1109/57.50802 |s2cid=39098621 |issn=0883-7554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoult |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or08gGGX_toC&dq=3800+pair+telephone+cable&pg=PA469 |title=Doing Business with Saudi Arabia |date=2006 |publisher=GMB Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-905050-67-3 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 20:20, 9 October 2024
_(14754023254).jpg)
A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit industrywide) is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system.[1] It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable.[2] It is the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user.
Telephone lines are used to deliver landline telephone service and digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises.[3] Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network.[4][5] The voltage at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at –48 V.
In the United States
[edit]In 1878, the Bell Telephone Company began to use two-wire circuits, called the local loop, from each user's telephone to end offices which performed any necessary electrical switching to allow voice signals to be transmitted to more distant telephones.
These wires were typically copper, although aluminium has also been used, and were carried in balanced pairs of open wire, separated by about 25 cm (10″) on poles above the ground, and later as twisted pair cables. Modern lines may run underground, and may carry analog or digital signals to the exchange, or may have a device that converts the analog signal to digital for transmission on a carrier system. Often the customer end of that wire pair is connected to a data access arrangement; the telephone company end of that wire pair is connected to a telephone hybrid.
In most cases, two copper wires (tip and ring) for each telephone line run from a home or other small building to a local telephone exchange. There is a central junction box for the building where the wires that go to telephone jacks throughout the building and wires that go to the exchange meet and can be connected in different configurations depending upon the subscribed telephone service. The wires between the junction box and the exchange are known as the local loop, and the network of wires going to an exchange is known as the access network.
The vast majority of houses in the U.S. are wired with 6-position modular jacks with four conductors (6P4C) wired to the house's junction box with copper wires. Those copper wires may be connected back to two telephone overhead lines at the local telephone exchange, thus making those jacks RJ14 jacks. More often, only two of the wires are connected to the exchange as one telephone line, and the others are unconnected. In that case, the jacks in the house are RJ11.
Older houses often have 4-conductor telephone station cable in the walls color coded with Bell System colors: red, green, yellow, black as 2-pairs of 22 AWG (0.33 mm2) solid copper; "line 1" uses the red/green pair and "line 2" uses the yellow/black pair. Inside the walls of the house—between the house's outside junction box and the interior wall jacks—the most common telephone cable in new houses is Category 5 cable—4 pairs of 24 AWG (0.205 mm2) solid copper.[6]
Inside large buildings, and in the outdoor cables that run to the telephone company POP, many telephone lines are bundled together in a single cable using the 25-pair color code.[7] Outside plant cables can have up to 3,600 or 3,800 pairs, used at the entrances of telephone exchanges.[8][9]
References
[edit]- ^ Telephones. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1910.
- ^ "Telephone Circuits". ScienceDirect. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ^ Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014-04-24). A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. CRC Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-317-90683-4.
- ^ Staff, Cia Training Ltd (2003-04-01). Ecdl/Icdl Syllabus 4 Module 1 Basic Concepts of IT: European Computer Driving Licence. CIA Training Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-86005-123-4.
- ^ "Get phone number from Facebook". lucidgen.com (in Vietnamese). 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
- ^ Public Service Commission of Wisconsin."Testing, Repairing & Installing Home Telephone Wiring" Archived 2018-03-28 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Bigelow, Stephen J. (1993). Telephone repair illustrated (1st ed.). Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books. ISBN 0-8306-4034-7. OCLC 26632919.
- ^ Wilkens, W.D. (March 1990). "Telephone cable: overview and dielectric challenges". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 6 (2): 23–28. doi:10.1109/57.50802. ISSN 0883-7554. S2CID 39098621.
- ^ Shoult, Anthony (2006). Doing Business with Saudi Arabia. GMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905050-67-3.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Telephone lines at Wikimedia Commons
