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Georgism, also called in modern times Geoism,^[3]^[4] and known historically as the single tax movement, is an economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.^[5]^[6]^[7] Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer Henry George, the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems, based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice.^[8]^[9]

Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, natural monopolies, pollution rights, and control of the commons, including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource that is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value, arguing that revenues from a land value tax (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on income, trade, or purchases) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen's dividend.

Henry George popularized the concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges with his first book, Progress and Poverty (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on thinkers such as John Locke,^[10] Baruch Spinoza,^[11] and Thomas Paine.^[12] Economists from Adam Smith and David Ricardo to Milton Friedman and Joseph Stiglitz have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency, unlike other taxes.^[13]^[14] A land value tax also has progressive tax effects.^[15]^[16] Advocates of land value taxes argue that they reduce economic inequality, increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land, and reduce property speculation.^[17]

Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[18] Political parties, institutions, and communities were founded on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of George's economic philosophy were often termed Single Taxers for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. seigniorage) as legitimate.^[19] The term Georgism was invented later, and some prefer the term geoism as more generic.^[20]^[21]

Main tenets

Henry George is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a tax on land rent rather than taxes on labor. George believed that although scientific experiments could not be performed in political economy, theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by thought experiments about the effects of various factors.^[22] Applying this method, he concluded that many of the problems that beset society, such as poverty, inequality, and economic booms and busts, could be attributed to the private ownership of the necessary resource: land rent. In his most celebrated book, Progress and Poverty, George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress, and causes economies to exhibit a tendency toward boom-and-bust cycles. According to George, people justly own what they create, but natural opportunities and land belong equally to all.^[6]

The tax upon land values is, therefore, the most just and equal of all taxes. It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive. It is the taking by the community, for the use of the community, of that value which is the creation of the community. It is the application of the common property to common uses. When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community, then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained. No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry, skill, and intelligence; and each will obtain what he fairly earns. Then, but not till then, will labor get its full reward, and capital its natural return.
— Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book VIII, Chapter 3

George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property.^[23] Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. George's reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.

Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system (e.g., through income and sales tax), while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages. The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue; socially created wealth would become available for use by the community, while the fruits of labor would remain private.^[24] According to Georgists, a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax, since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage, the privilege to exclude others from locations. Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered as wealth since they have exchange value, similar to taxi medallions.^[25]^{[failed verification]} A land value tax, charging fees for exclusive use of land, as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality,^[15]^[16] since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land, which is correlated with income,^[26] and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers. Landlords are unable to pass the tax on to tenants because the supply and demand of rented land is unchanged. Because the supply of land is perfectly inelastic, land rents depend on what tenants are prepared to pay, rather than on the expenses of landlords, and so the tax cannot be passed on to tenants.^[27]

Economic properties

Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.^[17] Milton Friedman described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "deadweight loss"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.^[28] As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-rent-seeking activities, it could even have a negative dead-weight loss that boosts productivity.^[29] Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.^[30]

It was Adam Smith who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book The Wealth of Nations.^[13]

Ground-rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses. A tax upon ground-rents would not raise the rents of houses. It would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground. More or less can be got for it according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense. In every country the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground-rents are always to be found. As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground-rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground. Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant, or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance. The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground; so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent. Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them. ... Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the state should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.
— Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter 2

Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill made similar distributional and efficiency arguments for taxing land rents. They noted that the costs of taxes and the benefits of public spending always eventually apply to and enrich the owners of land. Therefore, they believed it would be best to defray public costs and recapture value of public spending by applying public charges directly to owners of land titles, rather than harming public welfare with taxes assessed against beneficial activities such as trade and labor.^[31]^[32]

Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people "to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce ... but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]". He went on to explain that "by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community", it would, "make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user".

A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities (like urban real estate) unused or only partially used. Henry George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor-saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.^[33] In this way, the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced.^[17]

Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions

Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal privileges, and natural monopolies should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "land" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.^[34]^[35] While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.^[36]^[37]

Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax, which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.^[38] George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.^[39] George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.^[40]

Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis-economies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.^[41]^[42]^[43]

Extractable resources (minerals and hydrocarbons)^[44]^[45]
Severables (forests and stocks of fish)^[37]^[46]^[47]
Extraterrestrial domains (geosynchronous orbits and airway corridor use)^[42]^[43]
Legal privileges that apply to specific location (taxi medallions, billboard and development permits, or the monopoly of electromagnetic frequencies)^[42]^[43]
Restrictions/taxes of pollution or severance (tradable emission permits and fishing quotas)^[36]^[42]^[43]
Right-of-way (transportation) used by railroads, utilities, and internet service providers^[48]^[49]^[50]
Issuance of legal tender (see seigniorage)^[36]^[51]
Privileges that are less location dependent but that still exclude others from natural opportunities (patents)^[52]^[53]

Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, "[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned." Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.^[33]

Georgism and environmental economics

The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George, and his influence extended for decades afterward.^[54] Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons. Because pollution is a negative contribution, a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others, its value is economic rent, even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income. Therefore, to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful, most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use, restoration, or a citizen's dividend.^[36]^[58]^[59]

Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics, since both propose market-based restrictions for pollution.^[55]^[60] The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy, but they emphasize different aspects. Conservation is the central issue of ecology, whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism. Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment, whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights.^[37]^[61] Geolibertarianism, a market-oriented branch of Geoism, tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation.^[62]

Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation, they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity/pollution rents, whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege. To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values, they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution, but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution. Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but, emphasizing conservation first, might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents. To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice, they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free.^[55] This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation, cap and share, a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits, with rents going to the public, instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits.^[63]^[64]

Revenue uses

The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes, greater public investment/spending, or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income/citizen's dividend.^[37]^[65]^[66]

In practice, the elimination of all other taxes implies a high land value tax, greater than any currently existing land tax. Introducing or increasing a land value tax would cause the purchase price of land to decrease. George did not believe landowners should be compensated and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners. Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation; some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms. Some geoists advocate compensation only for a net loss due to a shift of taxation to land value; most taxpayers would gain from the replacement of other taxes with a tax on land value. Historically, those who advocated for taxes on rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of single tax limited.

Synonyms and variants

Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a land value tax (LVT).

Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name Georgist. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term geoism,^[21]^[67] with geo (from Greek γῆ gē "earth, land") being the first compound of the name George < (Gr.) Geōrgios < geōrgos "farmer" or geōrgia "agriculture, farming" < gē + ergon "work"^[68]^[69] deliberately ambiguous. The terms Earth Sharing,^[70] geonomics^[71] and geolibertarianism^[72] are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent (citizen's dividend or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.

Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, community land trusts^[73] and purchasing land value covenants.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78] Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.^[79]^[80] For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.^[81]

Some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture, but that not all land rent should be captured. Today, this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism, which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents. During Henry George's time, this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as "single tax limited", as opposed to "single tax unlimited." George disagreed with the limited interpretation, but he accepted its adherents (e.g., Thomas Shearman) as legitimate "single-taxers."^[82]

Influence

Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century. Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the Commonwealth Land Party in the United States, the Henry George Justice Party in Victoria, the Single Tax League in South Australia, and the Justice Party in Denmark.

In the United Kingdom, George's writings were praised by emerging socialist groups in 1890s such as the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society, which would each go on to help form the modern-day Labour Party.^[83] The Liberal government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the 1909 People's Budget intended to redistribute wealth (including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax). This caused a political crisis that resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords. The budget was passed eventually—but without the land tax. In 1931, the minority Labour government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act. However, this was repealed in 1934 by the National Government before it could be implemented.

In Denmark, the Georgist Justice Party has previously been represented in Folketinget. It formed part of a centre-left government 1957–60 and was also represented in the European Parliament 1978–1979. The influence of Henry George has waned over time, but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics. For the United States 2004 presidential election, third-party presidential candidate Ralph Nader mentioned George in his policy statements.^[84]

Economists still generally favor a land value tax.^[85] Monetarist economist Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the "least bad tax".^[14] Economist Joseph Stiglitz stated that: "Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non-distortionary, but in an equilibrium society … tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the (optimally chosen) level of government expenditure."^[86] He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem.^[87]

Communities

Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are Arden, Delaware, which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and William Lightfoot Price, and Fairhope, Alabama, which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation.^[88] Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in Houston, Texas, Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza, promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This was calculated using the Somers System.^[89] This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915.^[90] This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Galveston, San Antonio, and Waco.^[91]

The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay, China, fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.^[92] The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when seized by Japanese and British troops in World War I. In 1922, the territory was returned to the Republic of China.

Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.^[93] Many municipal governments of the United States depend on real-property tax as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the Financial Times noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".^[94]^[95]

In 2023, Detroit mayor Mike Duggan and Michigan State Representative Stephanie Young proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.^[96] Following the 2008 Recession and city's 2013 bankruptcy, speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the Michigan Legislature and Detroit City Council before being added as a ballot measure for Detroit residents.^[2]^[97]

Institutes and organizations

Various organizations still exist that continue to promote the ideas of Henry George. According to The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, the periodical Land&Liberty, established in 1894, is "the longest-lived Georgist project in history".^[98] Founded during the Great Depression in 1932, the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses, sponsors seminars, and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm.^[99] Also in the US, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George. It "seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development, the built environment, and tax policy in the United States and abroad".^[100]

The Henry George Foundation continues to promote the ideas of Henry George in the United Kingdom.^[101] The IU is an international umbrella organisation that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land-value tax reform.^[102]

Reception

The economist Alfred Marshall believed that George's views in Progress and Poverty were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on Progress and Poverty, Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.^[103]^[104]

Karl Marx considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to communism and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".^[105] Marx argued that, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with socialism, to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."^[106] Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."^[106]

Richard T. Ely agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way Henry George wanted, without compensation, was unjust to existing landowners. In explaining his position, Ely wrote, "If we have all made a mistake, should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder?"^[107]

John R. Commons supported Georgist economics but opposed what he perceived as an environmentally and politically reckless tendency for advocates to rely on a one-size-fits-all approach to tax reform, specifically, the "single tax" framing. Commons concluded The Distribution of Wealth, with an estimate that "perhaps 95% of the total values represented by these millionaire [sic] fortunes is due to those investments classed as land values and natural monopolies and to competitive industries aided by such monopolies", and that "tax reform should seek to remove all burdens from capital and labour and impose them on monopolies." However, he criticized Georgists for failing to see that Henry George's anti-monopoly ideas must be implemented with a variety of policy tools. Commons wrote, "Trees do not grow into the sky—they would perish in a high wind; and a single truth, like a single tax, ends in its own destruction." Commons uses the natural soil fertility and value of forests as an example of this destruction, arguing that a tax on the in-situ value of those depletable natural resources can result in overuse or over-extraction. Instead, Commons recommends an income tax-based approach to forests similar to a modern Georgist severance tax.^[108]^[109]

Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital and used this as a basis to attack Georgism. Mark Blaug, a specialist in the history of economic thought, credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent" claiming that "this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him".^[110]

Robert Solow endorsed the theory of Georgism, while being wary of the perceived injustice of expropriation. Solow stated that taxing away expected land rents "would have no semblance of fairness"; however, Georgism would be good to introduce where location values were not already privatized or if the transition could be phased in slowly.^[111]

George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his "all-devouring rent thesis" in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society.^[112] George argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed. Modern economists, including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George's assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George's time than now.^[40]

An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government, but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending. Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that, "It is not economically unsound, except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax." Economists who study land conclude that Schumpeter's criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose.^[113] Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government.^[114] Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government.^[115]^[116]^[117]^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121]

Anarcho-capitalist political philosopher and economist Murray Rothbard criticized Georgism in Man, Economy, and State as being philosophically incongruent with subjective value theory, and further stating that land is irrelevant in the factors of production, trade, and price systems,^[122] but this critique is seen by some, including other opponents of Georgism, as relying on false assumptions and flawed reasoning.^[123]

Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek credited early enthusiasm for Henry George with developing his interest in economics. Later, Hayek said that the theory of Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes, but he believed that they would.^[124]

Economists Bryan Caplan and Zachary Gochenour have argued that a 100% Georgist tax would destroy the incentive to search for natural resources and discover optimal locations for businesses, as the additional profits that would result from such discoveries would lead to a corresponding increase in the unimproved value of the land, and so be taxed away.^[125]

Lists of Georgists

Heads of government

References

^ "Seeing the Cat". Henry George Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ ^a ^b Dougherty, Conor (November 12, 2023). "The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land". The New York Times.
^ Foldvary, Fred. "Geoism Explained". The Progress Report. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ "Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO)". HuffPost. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023. We talked about Geoism/Georgism
^ "An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity". Council of Georgist Organizations. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
^ ^a ^b Heavey, Jerome F. (July 2003). "Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded"". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62 (3): 593–599. doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00230. JSTOR 3487813. human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor
^ McNab, Jane. "How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax" (PDF). Business School, The University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ Gaffney, Mason; Harrison, Fred (1994). The Corruption of Economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 978-0-85683-244-4.
^ Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). A Philosophy for a Fair Society Archived 2018-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. ISBN 978-0-85683-159-1.
^ Locke, John (1691). "Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money". Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.
^ Gaffney, Mason. "Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics" (PDF). Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12
^ ^a ^b Smith, Adam (1776). "Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses". The Wealth of Nations, Book V.
^ ^a ^b Tideman, Nicolaus; Gaffney, Mason (1994). Land and Taxation. Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation. ISBN 978-0-85683-162-1.
^ ^a ^b Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P; Bourguignon, Camille; Brink, Rogier van den (2009). Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P.; Bourguignon, Camille; Van Den Brink, Rogier (eds.). Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus. World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0. ISBN 978-0-8213-7627-0. A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords
^ ^a ^b Plummer, Elizabeth (March 2010). "Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households" (PDF). National Tax Journal. 63: 63–92. doi:10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03. S2CID 53585974. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
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^ Barker, Charles A. "The Followers of Henry George". Henry George News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. This is not to say that George was less than enthusiastic about Shearman's idea and the organized movement which presently occurred. He did speak for it, about as the common supposition takes for granted. He took the formula to Britain on his later, less important, visits, and introduced it in competition with other reforms. But there were limits to his enthusiasm. More than once he said that the name "single tax" lacked the dimensions of the underlying idea. And when inevitably the "single tax limited" came to open debate with the "single tax unlimited," the real issue was no less than whether or not Progress and Poverty's central proposition, that the land belongs to all the people and that economic rent should return to the community, the book's whole claim in the name of justice, would stand or fall.
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^ See https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 for more information on this Realty evaluation.
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^ ^a ^b Marx, Karl. "Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1881". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ George, Henry. "A Response to Richard Ely On the Question of Compensation to Owners of Land". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
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^ Andelson, Robert V. (23 April 2004). Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice, Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-1829-3.
^ ^a ^b Foldvery, Fred E. (2005). "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists" (PDF). Econ Watch. 2 (1): 106–132. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
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^ Hudson, Michael (1994). A Philosophy for a Fair Society. Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 9780856831591. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ https://psmag.com/news/this-land-is-your-land-3392 "urban economics models actually do suggest that Georgist taxation would be the right approach at least to finance city growth."/
^ Gaffney, Mason (13 March 2009). "The hidden taxable capacity of land: enough and to spare". International Journal of Social Economics. 36 (4): 328–411. doi:10.1108/03068290910947930.
^ Foldvery, Fred. "The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Steven, Cord. "How Much Revenue would a Full Land Value Tax Yield? Analysis of Census and Federal Reserve Data". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 44 (3): 279–293.
^ Cord, Steven (July–August 1991). "Land Rent is 20% of U.S. National Income for 1986". Incentive Taxation. pp. 1–2.
^ Miles, Mike (1990). "What Is the Value of all U.S. Real Estate?". Real Estate Review. 20 (2): 69–75.
^ Tideman, Nicolaus; Plassman, Florenz (1988). "Taxed Out of Work and Wealth: The Costs of Taxing Labor and Capital". The Losses of Nations: Deadweight Politics versus Public Rent Dividends. London: Othila Press. pp. 146–174.
^ Fitzgerald, Karl. "Total Resource Rents of Australia". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
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^ Heinrich, David J. (24 February 2004). "Murray Rothbard and Henry George". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
^ Andelson, Robert V. (January 2000). "On Separating the Landowner's Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 59 (1): 109–117. doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00016. Hayek wrote, "It was a lay enthusiasm for Henry George which led me to economics."
^ Gochenour, Zac (4 February 2012). "A Search-Theoretic Critique of Georgism".
^ Brown, H. G. (1936). "A Defense of the Single Tax Principle". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 183 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1177/000271623618300109. S2CID 144711642. The truth is that I recognize the fundamental justice and common sense of the single-tax idea. But that any other tax than a tax on land values is always and everywhere wrong, regardless of public needs or the nature of this other tax, I do not maintain.
^ Harter, Lafayette G.; Commons, John R. (1962). His Assault on Laissez-faire. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. pp. 21, 32, 36, 38.
^ Lindholm, Richard; Lynn, Jr., Arthur, eds. (1982). "Two Centuries of Economic Thought on Taxation of Land Rents". Land Value Taxation in Thought and Practice. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 151–196.
^ Brue, Stanley; Randy, Grant (2012). The Evolution of Economic Thought. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-40175-1. After reading Henry George's Progress and Poverty," Commons "became a single-taxer. Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons: Chapter 19 of the online edition.
^ Crotty, Raymond D. (1988). A Radical's Response. Poolbeg. ISBN 9780905169989. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ Sheppard, Barry (24 August 2014). "'Progress and Poverty' – Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland". The Irish Story. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ Daly, Herman (23 October 2015). "Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth". Henry George School of Social Science. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2015. . . . I am really sort of a Georgist.
^ Gaffney, Mason. "Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney". Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ Douglas, Paul (1972). In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151443765.
^ Edenhofer, Ottmar (2013). Hypergeorgism: When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal? (Report). SSRN 2232659. Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism, we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism." "From a historical perspective, our result may be closer to Henry George's original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems.
^ Edenhofer, Ottmar (25 June 2013). "Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem". CESifo Working Paper Series. SSRN 2284745.
^ Edenhofer, Ottmar. "The Triple Dividend Climate Change Mitigation, Justice and Investing in Capabilities" (PDF). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^ "Foldvary policy reforms". www.foldvary.net. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Collected Works of Milton Friedman, Hoover Institution. "Is Tax Reform Possible? (February 06, 1978)". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 30 November 2019. Excerpt: Prof. Friedman:... In my opinion, and this may come as a shock to some of you, the least bad tax is the property tax on the unimproved value of land, the Henry George argument of many, many years ago. "
^ "Mason Gaffney's Website". masongaffney.org. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
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^ Airlie Worrall, The New Crusade: the Origins, Activities and Influence of the Australian Single Tax Leagues, 1889–1895 (M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1978).
^ Turgeon, Lynn. Bastard Keynesianism : the evolution of economic thinking and policymaking since World War II. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997
^ Gaffney, Mason. "Warm Memories of Bill Vickrey". Land & Liberty. http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gaffney, Mason, and Fred Harrison. The corruption of economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation, 2006
^ Hotelling, Harold (1938). "The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates". Econometrica. 6 (3): 242–269. doi:10.2307/1907054. JSTOR 1907054.
^ Andelson, Robert V. (2000). Land-Value Taxation Around the World: Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice Malden. MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. p. 359.
^ Knack, Ruth Eckdish. "Pay As You Park: UCLA professor Donald Shoup inspires a passion for parking". No. May 2005. Planning Magazine. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
^ Shoup, Donald C. "The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue." Regional Science and Urban Economics 34.6 (2004): 753-84.
^ Washington, Emily (7 August 2012). "The High Cost of Free Parking Chapters 19–22". marketurbanism.com. Market Urbanism. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
^ Quotes from Nobel Prize Winners Herbert Simon stated in 1978: "Assuming that a tax increase is necessary, it is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax—the two alternatives open to the City (of Pittsburgh). It is the use and occupancy of property that creates the need for the municipal services that appear as the largest item in the budget—fire and police protection, waste removal, and public works. The average increase in tax bills of city residents will be about twice as great with wage tax increase than with a land tax increase."
^ Stiglitz, Joseph (2 December 2010). "Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction" (PDF). Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute. The Roosevelt Institute. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017. One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax.
^ Tideman, Nicolaus. "Global Economic Justice". Schalkenbach Foundation. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ "Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!"". www.wealthandwant.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Netzer, Dick (November 1996). "Remembering William Vickrey". Land Lines. 8 (6). Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."
^ Cirillo, Renato (Jan 1984). "Léon Walras and Social Justice". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 43 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02222.x. JSTOR 3486394.
^ Barker, Charles A., 1955. Henry George. New York: Oxford University Press
^ Hudson, Michael (1994). A philosophy for a fair society (Georgist Paradigm Series) (paperback ed.). Shepheard-Walwyn.
^ "Has Georgism been hijacked by special interests?" (PDF).
^ Boast, Richard (2008). Buying the land, selling the land : governments and Maori land in the North Island 1865–1921. Wellington, N.Z: Victoria University Press, Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 9780864735614.
^ Daunton, M. J. State and market in Victorian Britain : war, welfare and capitalism. Woodbridge, UK Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2008. Quote: "In the election of 1890 he campaigned for radical land reform, arguing for a tax on the 'unearned increment', and advocated the programme of Henry George as a means of 'bursting up the great estates'."
^ "Winston S. Churchill / The Mother of all Monopolies -- 1909".
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^ Stevens, Elizabeth Lesly. "A Tax Policy With San Francisco Roots". July 30, 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bcstevens.html Quote: "But Mr. Brown was certainly in good company as a Georgist. Devotees over the years have included Leo Tolstoy, Winston Churchill, Sun Yat-Sen, and the inventor of the board game that would become Monopoly."
^ Murdoch, Walter. Alfred Deakin: a sketch. Melbourne, Vic: Bookman, 1999. [1923]
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^ [George, Henry, Jr. The Life of Henry George. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900.]
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^ Trescott, Paul B. (2007). Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950. Chinese University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 9789629962425. The foregoing help to demonstrate why Sun Yat-sen would have regarded Henry George as a very credible guide, and why in 1912 Sun could tell an interviewer, 'The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.'
^ Post, Louis Freeland (April 12, 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016. land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system
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^ Finegold, Kenneth (1995). Experts and politicians: reform challenges to machine politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691037349.
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^ "Single Tax Loses, But Mayor Favoring This Reform Is Chosen By a Small Vote Margin". The Milwaukee Journal. Mar 6, 1912. Retrieved 23 August 2014.^{[permanent dead link]}
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^ Howe, Frederic C. The Confessions of a Reformer. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1988.
^ Arcas Cubero, Fernando: El movimiento georgista y los orígenes del Andalucismo : análisis del periódico "El impuesto único" (1911–1923). Málaga : Editorial Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, 1980. ISBN 84-500-3784-0
^ "Single Taxers Dine Johnson". New York Times May 31, 1910.
^ "Henry George". Ohio History Central: An Online History of Ohio History.
^ "Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government". YouTube. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ Gaffney, Mason. "What's the matter with Michigan? Rise and collapse of an economic wonder" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ Cleveland, Polly. "The Way Forward for Detroit? Land Taxes". Washington Spectator. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ Gaffney, Mason. "New Life in Old Cities" (PDF). UC Riverside. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ Bryson, Phillip (2011). The economics of Henry George : history's rehabilitation of America's greatest early economist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 9780230115859.
^ Moore, Robert (1974). Pit-men, preachers & politics the effects of Methodism in a Durham mining community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780521203562.
^ Barton, Stephen E. (2016). "Berkeley Mayor J. Stitt Wilson: Christian Socialist, Georgist, Feminist". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 75 (1): 193–216. doi:10.1111/ajes.12132. hdl:10.1111/ajes.12132. ISSN 0002-9246.
^ "Some Suggestions for Reform of Taxation", Proceedings, 14th Annual Convention, League of California Municipalities, Santa Barbara, California, October 25, 1911, pp. 152–171. J. Stitt Wilson, "Report from California", The Single Tax Review, V.17, No.1, January–February 1917, pp. 50–52
^ ^a ^b Stewart, John (2001). Standing for justice: a biography of Andrew MacLaren, MP. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0856831948. OCLC 49362105.
^ Baron, Ian (September 1986). "Nkomo Debt to George in Banned Talk" (PDF). Land & liberty. London: HGFUK. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ Martín Rodríguez, Manuel (2000). "La Liga Española para el Impuesto Único y la Hacienda Municipal de Sevilla en 1914" [The Spanish League for the Single Tax and the Seville Municipal Treasury in 1914] (PDF). Revista de Estudios Regionales (in Spanish) (56): 245. ISSN 0213-7585.
^ https://x.com/RoKhanna/status/1163060125130792966 ^{[bare URL]}
^ "Polis lobbies property-tax commission to consider land value tax". 9 January 2024.
^ Jones, Carolyn C. (Spring 1997). "Taxing Women: Thoughts on a Gendered Economy: Symposium: A Historical Outlook: Taxes and Peace" A Case Study of Taxing Women". Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b Rothbard, Murray (2007). Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Complete, 1965–1968). Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 263. ISBN 9781610160407. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
^ Chris Oestereich. "With Liberty and Dividends for All: An Interview with Peter Barnes"; https://medium.com/@costrike/with-liberty-and-dividends-for-all-an-interview-with-peter-barnes-2d3cbd95028c
^ Beth Shalom Hessel. "Field, Sara Bard"; http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00220.html; American National Biography Online April 2014. Access Date: Mar 22 2015
^ Lane, Fintan. The Origins of Modern Irish Socialism, 1881–1896.Cork University Press, 1997 (pp. 79, 81).
^ Miller, Joseph Dana (1921). "Mr. Samuel Gompers Replies to Our Criticism". The Single Tax Review. 21–22: 42. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Gompers, Samuel (1986). The Samuel Gompers Papers: The making of a union leader, 1850–86, Volume 1. University of Illinois Press. pp. 431–432. ISBN 9780252011375. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Leubuscher, F. C. (1939). Bolton Hall Archived December 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Freeman. January issue.
^ Miller, Joseph Dana (1921). The Single Tax Review, Volumes 21–22. p. 178. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ Land and Freedom, Volumes 22–23. 1922. p. 179. Retrieved 16 December 2014 – via Google Books.
^ "The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014. Holmes said, "The passing years have only added to my conviction that Henry George is one of the greatest of all modern statesmen and prophets."
^ Eckert, Charles R. "Henry George, Sound Economics and the "New Deal"". Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
^ Thompson, Noel. Political economy and the Labour Party: The economics of démocratic socialism (1884–2005). Routlegde Ed., 2006, pp. 54–55.
^ Haggard, Robert (2001). The persistence of Victorian liberalism : the politics of social reform in Britain, 1870–1900. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313313059.
^ Orr, B. S. (2006–2007). Mary Elizabeth Lease: Gendered discourse and Populist Party politics in Gilded Age America. Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 29, 246–265.
^ Caves, Roger W. Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon, Oxon, OX: Routledge, 2005.
^ Marsh, Benjamin Clarke. Lobbyist for the People; a Record of Fifty Years. Washington: Public Affairs, 1953.
^ "Single-Taxers again laud Henry George" (PDF). Daily Standard Union. Brooklyn, NY. Sep 8, 1912. p. 12. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
^
- "British MP guest at George dinner" (PDF). Daily Standard Union. Brooklyn, NY. Sep 6, 1912. p. 9. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
- "Community Club" (PDF). Silver Creek News. Silver Creek, NY. Jan 4, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
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- "Single tax advocate lectures in church" (PDF). Buffalo Courier. Buffalo, NY. Apr 17, 1916. p. 6. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
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- "Exclusive tax on land values" (PDF). Jamestown Evening Journal. Jamestown, NY. Jan 15, 1917. p. 3. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
- "Saturday Night Club" (PDF). Jamestown Evening Journal. Jamestown, NY. Jan 12, 1917. p. 9. Retrieved Nov 7, 2014.
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^ Jorgensen, Emil Oliver. The next Step toward Real Democracy: One Hundred Reasons Why America Should Abolish, as Speedily as Possible, All Taxation upon the Fruits of Industry, and Raise the Public Revenue by a Single Tax on Land Values Only. Chicago, IL: Chicago Singletax Club, 1920.
^ ^a ^b Gorgas, William Crawford, and Lewis Jerome Johnson. Two Papers on Public Sanitation and the Single Tax. New York: Single Tax Information Bureau, 1914. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3NHAAAAYAAJ
^ ^a ^b Ware, Louise. George Foster Peabody, Banker, Philanthropist, Publicist. Athens: U of Georgia, 1951. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334561.pdf
^ Young, Arthur Nichols (1916). Single tax Movement in the United States. S.l: Hardpress Ltd.
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^ Powderly, Terence Vincent (1889). Thirty Years of Labor. 1859–1889. Excelsior publishing house. Retrieved 8 December 2014. "It would be far easier to levy a "single tax," basing it upon land values." "It is because ... a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity, that l advocate it.
^ Mitgang, Herbert (1996). The Man Who Rode the Tiger: The Life and Times of Judge Samuel Seabury. Fordham University Press. ISBN 9780823217229.
^ Magarey, Susan (1985). Unbridling the tongues of women : a biography of Catherine Helen Spence. Sydney, NSW: Hale & Iremonger. ISBN 978-0868061498.
^ Wenzer, Kenneth (1997). An Anthology of Henry George's Thought (Volume 1). University Rochester Press. pp. 87, 243. ISBN 9781878822819 – via Google Books.
^ "Oregon Biographies: William S. U'Ren". Oregon History Project. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. 2002. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ Candeloro, Dominic (April 1979). "The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880–1920". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 38 (2): 113–127. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1979.tb02869.x. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "The Inquisitive Voter". The Great Adventure. 4 (35). September 11, 1920. The proposition of Henry George will do more to lift humanity from the slough of poverty, crime, and misery than all else.
^ Eisenstein, Charles. "Post-Capitalism". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Funeral Procession" (PDF). New York Times. November 1, 1897. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Newlin, Keith (2008). Hamlin Garland a life. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 102–27. ISBN 978-0803233478.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014". YouTube. 27 April 2014.
^ Aller, Pat. "The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ Steuer, Max (June 2000). "Review Article: A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard". The British Journal of Sociology. 51 (2): 377–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00377.x. PMID 10905006.
^ Meacham, Standish (1999). Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement. Yale University Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0300075724. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ Purdom, Charles Benjamin (1963). The Letchworth Achievement. p. 1. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ Hubbard, Elbert (1907). Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers. East Aurora, New York: The Roycrofters. Retrieved 6 July 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Harrison, F. (May–June 1989). "Aldous Huxley on 'the Land Question' Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine". Land & Liberty. "Huxley redeems himself when he concedes that, if he were to rewrite the book, he would offer a third option, one which he characterised as 'the possibility of sanity.' In a few bold strokes he outlines the elements of this model: 'In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative.'"
^ Lobato, Monteiro (13 July 2012). O escândalo do petróleo e Georgismo e comunismo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Globo Livros. ISBN 978-85-250-5007-6.
^ Kunstler, James Howard (1998). "Chapter 7". Home from Nowhere: Remaking Our Everyday World For the 21st Century. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684837376.
^ Mace, Elisabeth. "The economic thinking of Jose Marti: Legacy foundation for the integration of America". Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Hudson, Michael (15 January 2000). "Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry, eds. (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing, Inc. p. 310. "Thus, the Freeman was to speak for the great tradition of classical liberalism, which [Albert Jay Nock and Francis Nielson] were afraid was being lost, and for the economics of Henry George, which both men shared."
^ Norris, Kathleen. "The Errors of Marxism". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities". Retrieved 3 November 2014.Sinclair was an active georgist but eventually gave up on explicitly advocating the reform because, "Our opponents, the great rich bankers and land speculators of California, persuaded the poor man that we were going to put all taxes on this poor man's lot."
^ Gaffney, Mason. "Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ George Bernard Shaw, his life and works. Stewart & Kidd Company. 1911 – via Google Books.
^ A Great Iniquity.. Leo Tolstoy once said of George, "People do not argue with the teaching of George, they simply do not know it".
^ Lebrun, Victor. "Leo Tolstoy and Henry George". Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
^ Starr, Kevin (1997). The dream endures : California enters the 1940s. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195157970. Wood had "strong leanings toward the single-tax theory of Henry George".
^ Barnes, Tim. "C.E.S. Wood (1852–1944)". The Oregon Encyclipedia. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ McEachran, Frank. "Henry George and Karl Marx" (PDF).
^ McEachran, Frank. "The Impotence of Men" (PDF).
^ Cunneen, Chris (1981). "Arthur Desmond (c. 1859–1929)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^ Desmond, Arthur (May 1890). "Arthur Desmond on Huxley's Criticism of Henry George in the Nineteenth Century". New Zealand Monthly Review. II. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^ Buckley, William F. Jr. "Firing Line: Has New York Let Us Down?" (PDF). PBS, Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2014. Buckley says, "The location problem is, of course, easily solved by any Georgist, and I am one."
^ Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883–1918. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231139113.
^ ^a ^b Sklar, Dusty. "Henry George and Zionism". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ Kinsley, Michael (Jun 13, 2012). "Inequality: It's Even Worse Than We Thought". Bloomberg. BloombergView. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ Kinsley, Michael. "The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts". No. Dec 19, 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2014.Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.
^ "The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014. In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.
^ Chamberlain, John (1965). Farewell To Reform. Quadrangle Books. pp. 47–48.
^ Bernstein, David (May 2003). "Lochner's Feminist Legacy". Michigan Law Review. 101 (6): 1960–1986. doi:10.2307/3595339. JSTOR 3595339.
^ Matthews, Dylan (January 7, 2014). "Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for". The Washington Post. Wonkblog. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ Matthews, Dylan [@dylanmatt] (20 December 2013). "@Bencjacobs @mattyglesias I think we've both been Georgists for a while now, though @AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Dylan Matthews's verified account states, "I think we've both been Georgists for a while now."
^ Lawson, R (2006). A commonwealth of hope : the New Deal response to crisis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801884061.
^ Mowry, George (1958). The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America, 1900–1912. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0061330223. I conceded the voice of ultimate wisdom and saw in Henry George the apostle of a new gospel.
^ Riis, Jacob A. "The Unemployed: a Problem". (In Peters, John P., Labor and Capital, a chapter on "Socialism and the Single Tax", pp. 425-431. New York, 1902. 12°. Questions of the day, no. 98.)
^ Burrows, Edwin (1999). Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1183. ISBN 978-0195140491.
^ Salam, Reihan (July 15, 2010). "On Property Taxes". Retrieved 19 March 2015.
^ Traubel, Horace (1896). "Progress and Poverty". The Conservator. 7–9: 252–253. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Martin Wolf (8 July 2010). "Why we must halt the land cycle". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Merryn Somerset Webb (27 September 2013). "How a levy based on location values could be the perfect tax". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ ©ommons $ense 🔰 [@iddqkfa] (19 May 2014). "Closet georgist, @MerrynSW, on an entertaining BBC program "Simon Evans Goes to Market", about investing in land #LVT" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Smith, Charles Joseph (January–February 1941). "Forty Years of the Struggle for Freedom". Land and Freedom. XLI (1). Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Filler, Louis (1993). The muckrakers. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
^ Miller, Joseph Dana (ed.), 1917. Single Tax Year Book. NY: Single Tax Review Publishing Company
^ Worstall, Tim (22 December 2012). "What Michael Kinsley Gets Wrong About Taxation". Forbes. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ Matthew, Yglesias (23 October 2013). "My Five-Point Plan for Fixing Everything". Slate. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ "Twitter / Mattyglesias: WSJ story on Georgism fails". Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. WSJ story on Georgism fails to note that it's clearly correct.
^ Wineapple, Brenda. Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25139947?ref=no-x-route:ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89
^ Smith, Carl (2008). Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition. University of Chicago Press. p. 359. ISBN 9780226764252 – via Google Books.
^ Walthausen, Abigail. "Moonblight and Six Feet of Romance: Dan Carter Beard's Foray into Fiction". The Public Domain Review.
^ J. R. LeMaster, James Darrell Wilson, C. G. H. (1903). The Mark Twain Encyclopedia.
^ Muse return with new album The Resistance "Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)".
^ Caldwell, John (1994). American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Museum in association with Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691037950.
^ Co-founder of the Henry George Club, Australia.
^ Williams, Karl. "Walter Burley Griffin". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "Henry George, our hero in the battle for the right (Songs of the Hutchinsons)". Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ "George Inness (1825–1894)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
^ Schor, Esther (2006). Emma Lazarus. Random House. ISBN 9780805242751 – via Google Books. Author of "The New Colossus", on the Statue of Liberty, and the poem "Progress and Poverty", named after George's book, of which she said, "The life and thought of no one capable of understanding it can be quite the same after reading it."
^ Peseroff, Joyce (March–April 2007). "Emma Lazarus". Tikkun. 22 (2). Retrieved 20 December 2014. Lazarus "supported Henry George's single tax".
^ Schwartzman, Jack. "A Remembrance of Anna George de Mille and Agnes de Mille". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Eyman, Scott (2010). Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille. Simon and Schuster. pp. 29, 47. ISBN 9781439180419 – via Google Books.
^ Easton, Carol (1996). No Intermissions The Life of Agnes de Mille. Da Capo Press.
^ Louvish, Simon (2008). Cecil B. DeMille: A Life in Art. Macmillan. pp. 40, 249. ISBN 9780312377335 – via Google Books.
^ Eyman, Scott (2010). Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille. Simon and Schuster. p. 314. ISBN 9781439180419 – via Google Books.
^ "Henry George, The Scholar" Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine – A Commencement Address Delivered by Francis Neilson at the Henry George School of Social Science, June 3, 1940.
^ Neilson, Francis (September 1939). "Albert Jay Nock on Henry George – Truth Sets Men Free". The Freeman. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "Happy Birthday, Eddie Palmieri! Alt.Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles". WMOT. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ McQueen, Humphrey. A New Britannia. St. Lucia, Qld.: U of Queensland, 2004.
^ Mills, Benjamin Fay (1911). "Louis Prang, Popularizer of Art". Vocations, Vocational Guidance, Hall & Locke Company. 10: 254. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Taylor, Mark (2010). Arden. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9780738585598 – via Google Books.
^ Shields, Jerry. "Forgotten Writings of Arden's Frank Stephens". Collecting Delaware Books.
^ "Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George's Remedy". Wealthandwant.com. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ Carlson, Allan (2004). The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America. Transaction Publishers. p. 51.
^ Silagi, M.; Faulkner, S. (1993). "Henry George and Europe: Early Efforts to Organize Germany's Land Reformers Failed, but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 52 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1993.tb02753.x. JSTOR 3487644. The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner. He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the [land reform] movement by Fliirscheim.
^ Buttenheim, Harold S. (March 1934). "The Relation of Housing to Taxation". Law and Contemporary Problems. 1, No. 2 (Low-Cost Housing and Slum Clearance: A Symposium): 198–205. doi:10.2307/1189565. JSTOR 1189565.
^ Butler, Nicholas. "Progress and Poverty" (PDF). Commencement Speech, Columbia University (1931). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ "Frank Chodorov". Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ "Frank Chodorov". Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ Daly, Herman (1994). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press. pp. 258–259, 328–329. ISBN 9780807047057 – via Google Books.
^ "John Dewey: An Appreciation of Henry George". www.wealthandwant.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Onken, Werner. "The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell: A Century of Activism." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59.4 (2000): 609–622. Weborn 16 Aug. 2014.
^ "The Life of Leon MacLaren". Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ "The School of Economic Science". Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Van Parijs, Philippe (1992). Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income (PDF). London: Verso. pp. 3–43.
^ Sterba, James P. (2013). From Rationality to Equality. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 9780199580767 – via Google Books.
^ Russel, Bertrand (1992). The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903–1959. Psychology Press. p. 492. ISBN 9780415083010 – via Google Books.
^ Russel, Bertrand (1962). Freedom versus Organization. W. W. Norton & Company.
^ "from: The Earl Russel, O.M., F.R.S." Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig
^ Vallentyne, Peter. Left-libertarianism: A Primer. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "Georgist libertarians—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."
^ Yarvin, Curtis, Good government as good customer service
^ Yarvin, Curtis, Against political freedom
^ "Martin Luther King, Jr: Where Do We Go From Here? (1967)". www.wealthandwant.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Babson, Roger (20 August 1943). "Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended". The Evening Independent. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
^ Brandeis, Louis (1971). Letters of Louis D. Brandeis. Vol. 1. State University of New York Press. p. 82. ISBN 9781438422565 – via Google Books.
^ "101+ Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth". Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013. Brandeis said, "I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George... I believe in the taxation of land values only."
^ How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ
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^ "The Centre for Incentive Taxation". Land&Liberty. 20 (4). August 1994. Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke."
^ Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille Archived 12 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. In one letter Einstein writes, "The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause, for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George."
^ Elazar, Daniel (February 4, 1955). "Earth Is the Lord's". Newspapers.com. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Wilhelm, Donald (September 5, 1942). "Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future". Liberty Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."
^ MacCallum, Spencer H. (Summer–Fall 1997). "The Alternative Georgist Tradition" (PDF). Fragments. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Foldvary, Fred E. (April 2004). "Heath: Estranged Georgist". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 63 (2): 411–431. doi:10.1111/j.0002-9246.2004.00295.x.
^ "Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal". Archived from the original on August 6, 2007.
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^ Lincoln, John. "Fighting For Fundamentals". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Magie invented The Landlord's Game, predecessor to Monopoly
^ Dodson, Edward J. "How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ Gaffney, Mason. "Henry George Dr. Edward McGlynn & Pope Leo XIII" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ "Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly". The New York Times. New York Times. May 8, 1909. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Post, Louis F. (2002). The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George. The Minerva Group. ISBN 9780898758337 – via Google Books.
^ Buell, Thomas B. (1974). The Quiet Warrior. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780870215629 – via Google Books.
^ "American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain". The New York Times. April 16, 1916. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
^ Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ Stanley, Buder (1990). Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195362886 – via Google Books. Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."
^ Dudden, Arthur (1971). Joseph Fels and the single tax movement. Temple University Press. ISBN 9780877220107.
^ "Vivienne Westwood and Her Cure for the Boom/Bust Cycle". 3 January 2023.
^ Altman, Sam (25 April 2024). "Moore's Law for Everything". Moore's law for everything. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn't do all that work, it's fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did.
^ "Vitalik Buterin on Georgism". YouTube. 27 June 2022.

External links

Quotations related to Georgism at Wikiquote

[1] "Seeing the Cat". Henry George Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[Dougherty-2] Dougherty, Conor (November 12, 2023). "The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land". The New York Times.

[3] Foldvary, Fred. "Geoism Explained". The Progress Report. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2014.

[4] "Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO)". HuffPost. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023. We talked about Geoism/Georgism

[5] "An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity". Council of Georgist Organizations. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

[Heavey-6] Heavey, Jerome F. (July 2003). "Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded"". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62 (3): 593–599. doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00230. JSTOR 3487813. human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor

[7] McNab, Jane. "How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax" (PDF). Business School, The University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[8] Gaffney, Mason; Harrison, Fred (1994). The Corruption of Economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 978-0-85683-244-4.

[9] Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). A Philosophy for a Fair Society Archived 2018-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. ISBN 978-0-85683-159-1.

[10] Locke, John (1691). "Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money". Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.

[11] Gaffney, Mason. "Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics" (PDF). Retrieved 22 December 2013.

[12] Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12

[Adam_Smith-13] Smith, Adam (1776). "Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses". The Wealth of Nations, Book V.

[TidemanEngland1994-14] Tideman, Nicolaus; Gaffney, Mason (1994). Land and Taxation. Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation. ISBN 978-0-85683-162-1.

[World_Bank-15] Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P; Bourguignon, Camille; Brink, Rogier van den (2009). Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P.; Bourguignon, Camille; Van Den Brink, Rogier (eds.). Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus. World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0. ISBN 978-0-8213-7627-0. A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords

[ntanet.org-16] Plummer, Elizabeth (March 2010). "Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households" (PDF). National Tax Journal. 63: 63–92. doi:10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03. S2CID 53585974. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

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[28] Foldvary, Fred E. "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists". Econ Journal Watch (April 2005)[1]

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[32] Shine, Mary L. (1922). Ideas of the founders of the American nation on landed property. University of Wisconsin. p. 196.

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[89] See https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 for more information on this Realty evaluation.

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[151] Quotes from Nobel Prize Winners Herbert Simon stated in 1978: "Assuming that a tax increase is necessary, it is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax—the two alternatives open to the City (of Pittsburgh). It is the use and occupancy of property that creates the need for the municipal services that appear as the largest item in the budget—fire and police protection, waste removal, and public works. The average increase in tax bills of city residents will be about twice as great with wage tax increase than with a land tax increase."

[152] Stiglitz, Joseph (2 December 2010). "Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction" (PDF). Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute. The Roosevelt Institute. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017. One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax.

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[Smith_2008_359-289] Smith, Carl (2008). Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition. University of Chicago Press. p. 359. ISBN 9780226764252 – via Google Books.

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[292] Muse return with new album The Resistance "Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)".

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[294] Co-founder of the Henry George Club, Australia.

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[299] Peseroff, Joyce (March–April 2007). "Emma Lazarus". Tikkun. 22 (2). Retrieved 20 December 2014. Lazarus "supported Henry George's single tax".

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[306] Neilson, Francis (September 1939). "Albert Jay Nock on Henry George – Truth Sets Men Free". The Freeman. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

[307] "Happy Birthday, Eddie Palmieri! Alt.Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles". WMOT. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

[308] McQueen, Humphrey. A New Britannia. St. Lucia, Qld.: U of Queensland, 2004.

[309] Mills, Benjamin Fay (1911). "Louis Prang, Popularizer of Art". Vocations, Vocational Guidance, Hall & Locke Company. 10: 254. Retrieved 13 December 2015.

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[312] "Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George's Remedy". Wealthandwant.com. Retrieved 5 June 2023.

[313] Carlson, Allan (2004). The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America. Transaction Publishers. p. 51.

[314] Silagi, M.; Faulkner, S. (1993). "Henry George and Europe: Early Efforts to Organize Germany's Land Reformers Failed, but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 52 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1993.tb02753.x. JSTOR 3487644. The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner. He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the [land reform] movement by Fliirscheim.

[315] Buttenheim, Harold S. (March 1934). "The Relation of Housing to Taxation". Law and Contemporary Problems. 1, No. 2 (Low-Cost Housing and Slum Clearance: A Symposium): 198–205. doi:10.2307/1189565. JSTOR 1189565.

[316] Butler, Nicholas. "Progress and Poverty" (PDF). Commencement Speech, Columbia University (1931). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

[317] "Frank Chodorov". Retrieved 30 November 2013.

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[321] Onken, Werner. "The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell: A Century of Activism." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59.4 (2000): 609–622. Weborn 16 Aug. 2014.

[322] "The Life of Leon MacLaren". Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.

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[324] Van Parijs, Philippe (1992). Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income (PDF). London: Verso. pp. 3–43.

[325] Sterba, James P. (2013). From Rationality to Equality. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 9780199580767 – via Google Books.

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[328] "from: The Earl Russel, O.M., F.R.S." Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig

[329] Vallentyne, Peter. Left-libertarianism: A Primer. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "Georgist libertarians—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."

[330] Yarvin, Curtis, Good government as good customer service

[331] Yarvin, Curtis, Against political freedom

[332] "Martin Luther King, Jr: Where Do We Go From Here? (1967)". www.wealthandwant.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.

[333] Babson, Roger (20 August 1943). "Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended". The Evening Independent. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

[334] Brandeis, Louis (1971). Letters of Louis D. Brandeis. Vol. 1. State University of New York Press. p. 82. ISBN 9781438422565 – via Google Books.

[335] "101+ Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth". Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013. Brandeis said, "I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George... I believe in the taxation of land values only."

[336] How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ

[337] Darrow, Clarence. "The Land Belongs To The People" (PDF). www.umn.edu. Everyman. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.

[338] "The Centre for Incentive Taxation". Land&Liberty. 20 (4). August 1994. Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke."

[339] Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille Archived 12 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. In one letter Einstein writes, "The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause, for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George."

[340] Elazar, Daniel (February 4, 1955). "Earth Is the Lord's". Newspapers.com. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

[341] Wilhelm, Donald (September 5, 1942). "Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future". Liberty Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."

[342] MacCallum, Spencer H. (Summer–Fall 1997). "The Alternative Georgist Tradition" (PDF). Fragments. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.

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[344] "Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal". Archived from the original on August 6, 2007.

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[346] Lincoln, John. "Fighting For Fundamentals". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[347] Magie invented The Landlord's Game, predecessor to Monopoly

[348] Dodson, Edward J. "How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly". Retrieved 1 October 2013.

[349] Gaffney, Mason. "Henry George Dr. Edward McGlynn & Pope Leo XIII" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2014.

[350] "Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly". The New York Times. New York Times. May 8, 1909. Retrieved 30 October 2014.

[351] Post, Louis F. (2002). The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George. The Minerva Group. ISBN 9780898758337 – via Google Books.

[352] Buell, Thomas B. (1974). The Quiet Warrior. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780870215629 – via Google Books.

[353] "American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain". The New York Times. April 16, 1916. Retrieved 9 December 2013.

[354] Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities". Retrieved 29 July 2014.

[355] Stanley, Buder (1990). Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195362886 – via Google Books. Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."

[356] Dudden, Arthur (1971). Joseph Fels and the single tax movement. Temple University Press. ISBN 9780877220107.

[357] "Vivienne Westwood and Her Cure for the Boom/Bust Cycle". 3 January 2023.

[358] Altman, Sam (25 April 2024). "Moore's Law for Everything". Moore's law for everything. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn't do all that work, it's fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did.

[359] "Vitalik Buterin on Georgism". YouTube. 27 June 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Economic philosophy centred on common ownership of land}}
-{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
+{{Redirect|Georgist|the Romanian political group|National Liberal Party-Brătianu}}
-{{short description|Economic philosophy centred on common ownership of land}}
+{{For|systems of taxation based on one tax|single tax}}
-{{redirect|Georgist|the Romanian political group|National Liberal Party-Brătianu}}
+{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
-{{for|systems of taxation based on one tax|single tax}}
 [[File:FREE TRADE FREE LAND FREE MEN (Georgist campaign button).svg|thumb|250px|Georgist campaign button from the 1890s in which the cat on the badge refers to a slogan "Do you see the cat?" to draw analogy to the land question<ref>{{cite web |title=Seeing the Cat |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/catsup.htm |access-date=19 August 2018 |publisher=Henry George Institute}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Newcomer Koreisha Badge.svg|thumb|[[Shoshinsha mark]] emoji used by Georgists online due to its resemblance to a yellow and green shield.<ref name="Dougherty">{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |date=November 12, 2023 |title=The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/business/georgism-land-tax-housing.html}}</ref>]]
-{{economic systems sidebar|expanded=by ideology}}
+{{Economic systems sidebar|expanded=by ideology}}
-[[File:Newcomer Koreisha Badge.svg|thumb|Green and Yellow shield emoji used by Georgists online<ref name="Dougherty">{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |date=November 12, 2023 |title=The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/business/georgism-land-tax-housing.html}}</ref>]]
-'''Georgism''', also called in modern times '''Geoism''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvary |first=Fred |title=Geoism Explained |url=http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |publisher=The Progress Report |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210356/http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |archive-date=March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO) |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/geoism-explained-on-publi_b_1594193 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en |quote=We talked about Geoism/Georgism}}</ref> and known historically as the '''single tax movement''', is an [[economic ideology]] holding that, although people should own the value that they produce themselves, the [[economic rent]] derived from [[Land (economics)|land]]—including from all [[natural resources]], the [[commons]], and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity |url=http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |publisher=Council of Georgist Organizations |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429102952/http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Heavey>{{cite journal |last=Heavey |first=Jerome F. |title=Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded" |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=July 2003 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=593–599 |jstor=3487813 |quote=human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00230}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNab |first1=Jane |title=How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax |url=http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |website=Business School, The University of Western Australia |access-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812144900/http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer [[Henry George]], the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to [[Social issue|social]] and [[ecological problems]], based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate [[economic efficiency]] with [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |last2=Harrison |first2=Fred |year=1994 |url=http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/the-corruption-of-economics/ |title=The Corruption of Economics |location=London |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=978-0-85683-244-4}}</ref><ref>Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). ''[http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ A Philosophy for a Fair Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215526/https://shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ |date=2018-11-05}}''. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. {{ISBN|978-0-85683-159-1}}.</ref>
+'''Georgism''', also called in modern times '''Geoism''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvary |first=Fred |title=Geoism Explained |url=http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |publisher=The Progress Report |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210356/http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |archive-date=March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO) |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/geoism-explained-on-publi_b_1594193 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en |quote=We talked about Geoism/Georgism}}</ref> and known historically as the '''single tax movement''', is an [[economic ideology]] holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the [[economic rent]] derived from [[Land (economics)|land]]—including from all [[natural resources]], the [[commons]], and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity |url=http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |publisher=Council of Georgist Organizations |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429102952/http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Heavey>{{cite journal |last=Heavey |first=Jerome F. |title=Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded" |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=July 2003 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=593–599 |jstor=3487813 |quote=human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00230}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNab |first1=Jane |title=How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax |url=http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |website=Business School, The University of Western Australia |access-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812144900/http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer [[Henry George]], the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems, based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate [[economic efficiency]] with [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |last2=Harrison |first2=Fred |year=1994 |url=http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/the-corruption-of-economics/ |title=The Corruption of Economics |location=London |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=978-0-85683-244-4}}</ref><ref>Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). ''[http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ A Philosophy for a Fair Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215526/https://shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ |date=2018-11-05}}''. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. {{ISBN|978-0-85683-159-1}}.</ref>
-Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, [[natural monopolies]], [[pollution]] rights, and control of the commons, including [[Title (property)|title]] of ownership for natural resources and other contrived [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileges]] (e.g., [[intellectual property]]). Any natural resource which is inherently limited in [[Supply (economics)|supply]] can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of [[land monopoly]] involves the extraction of common [[ground rent]] from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is [[Economic efficiency|efficient]], [[Justice|fair]], and [[Equity (economics)|equitable]]. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value, arguing that revenues from a [[land value tax]] (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on [[income tax|income]], [[Tariff|trade]], or [[sales tax|purchases]]) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a [[basic income]] or [[citizen's dividend]].
+Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, [[natural monopolies]], pollution rights, and control of the commons, including [[Title (property)|title]] of ownership for natural resources and other contrived [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileges]] (e.g., [[intellectual property]]). Any natural resource that is inherently limited in [[Supply (economics)|supply]] can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of [[land monopoly]] involves the extraction of common [[ground rent]] from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is [[Economic efficiency|efficient]], fair, and [[Equity (economics)|equitable]]. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value, arguing that revenues from a [[land value tax]] (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on [[income tax|income]], [[Tariff|trade]], or [[sales tax|purchases]]) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a [[basic income]] or [[citizen's dividend]].
-The concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges was widely popularized by Henry George through his first book, ''[[Progress and Poverty]]'' (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on earlier thinkers such as [[John Locke]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Locke |first=John |title=Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208204411/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2016 |date=1691}}</ref> [[Baruch Spinoza]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics |url=http://www.masongaffney.org/workpapers/Logos_Abused.pdf |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> and [[Thomas Paine]].<ref>Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12</ref> Economists from [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]], to [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]], have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause [[deadweight loss|economic inefficiency]], unlike other taxes.<ref name="Adam Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Adam |title=The Wealth of Nations, Book V |date=1776 |chapter=Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses}}</ref><ref name="TidemanEngland1994">{{cite book |first1=Nicolaus |last1=Tideman |first2=Mason |last2=Gaffney|title=Land and Taxation |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=s0wgAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1994|publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation|isbn=978-0-85683-162-1}}</ref> A land value tax also has [[progressive tax]] effects.<ref name="World Bank">{{cite book |author1=Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P |author2=Bourguignon, Camille |author3=Brink, Rogier van den |editor-first1=Hans P. |editor-first2=Camille |editor-first3=Rogier |editor-last1=Binswanger-Mkhize |editor-last2=Bourguignon |editor-last3=Van Den Brink |title=Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus |date=2009 |publisher=World Bank |doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-7627-0 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2653 |quote=A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords}}</ref><ref name="ntanet.org">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Elizabeth |title=Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households |journal=National Tax Journal |date=March 2010 |volume=63 |pages=63–92 |doi=10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03 |s2cid=53585974 |url=http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110102445/http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce [[economic inequality]], increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land and reduce [[property speculation]].<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73 |title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis |first1=William J. |last1=McCluskey |first2=Riël C. D. |last2=Franzsen |year=2017 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |access-date=9 October 2017 |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9780754614906}}</ref>
+[[Henry George]] popularized the concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges with his first book, ''[[Progress and Poverty]]'' (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on thinkers such as [[John Locke]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Locke |first=John |title=Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208204411/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2016 |date=1691}}</ref> [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics |url=http://www.masongaffney.org/workpapers/Logos_Abused.pdf |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> and [[Thomas Paine]].<ref>Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12</ref> Economists from [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]] to [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]] have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause [[deadweight loss|economic inefficiency]], unlike other taxes.<ref name="Adam Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Adam |title=The Wealth of Nations, Book V |date=1776 |chapter=Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses}}</ref><ref name="TidemanEngland1994">{{cite book |first1=Nicolaus |last1=Tideman |first2=Mason |last2=Gaffney|title=Land and Taxation |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=s0wgAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1994|publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation|isbn=978-0-85683-162-1}}</ref> A land value tax also has [[progressive tax]] effects.<ref name="World Bank">{{cite book |author1=Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P |author2=Bourguignon, Camille |author3=Brink, Rogier van den |editor-first1=Hans P. |editor-first2=Camille |editor-first3=Rogier |editor-last1=Binswanger-Mkhize |editor-last2=Bourguignon |editor-last3=Van Den Brink |title=Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus |date=2009 |publisher=World Bank |doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-7627-0 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2653 |quote=A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords}}</ref><ref name="ntanet.org">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Elizabeth |title=Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households |journal=National Tax Journal |date=March 2010 |volume=63 |pages=63–92 |doi=10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03 |s2cid=53585974 |url=http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110102445/http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Advocates of land value taxes argue that they reduce [[economic inequality]], increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land, and reduce [[property speculation]].<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73 |title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis |first1=William J. |last1=McCluskey |first2=Riël C. D. |last2=Franzsen |year=2017 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |access-date=9 October 2017 |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9780754614906}}</ref>
-Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th century.<ref>[http://onthecommons.org/magazine/forgotten-idea-shaped-great-us-cities The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U.S. Cities] by Mason Gaffney & Rich Nymoen, ''Commons'' magazine, October 17, 2013.</ref> Political parties, institutions and communities were founded based on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of Henry George's economic philosophy were often termed ''Single Taxers'' for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. [[seigniorage]]) as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |title="Economics" and Political Economy |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/def2.htm |website=Understanding Economics |access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> The term ''Georgism'' was invented later, and some prefer the term ''geoism'' as more generic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tideman |first1=Nic |title=Basic Principles of Geonomics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Tideman_Geonomics.html |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Casal 2011 307–327">{{cite journal |last=Casal |first=Paula |title=Global Taxes on Natural Resources |journal=[[Journal of Moral Philosophy]] |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=307–327 |url=http://www.unipa.it/dottoratodirittocomparato/sites/default/files/20052009/Materiale%20Casal%282%29.pdf |access-date=14 March 2014 |quote="Geoism" can also invoke a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Thomas Paine as well as Henry George ... |doi=10.1163/174552411x591339}}</ref>
+Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>[http://onthecommons.org/magazine/forgotten-idea-shaped-great-us-cities The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U.S. Cities] by Mason Gaffney & Rich Nymoen, ''Commons'' magazine, October 17, 2013.</ref> Political parties, institutions, and communities were founded on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of George's economic philosophy were often termed ''Single Taxers'' for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. [[seigniorage]]) as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |title="Economics" and Political Economy |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/def2.htm |website=Understanding Economics |access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> The term ''Georgism'' was invented later, and some prefer the term ''geoism'' as more generic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tideman |first1=Nic |title=Basic Principles of Geonomics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Tideman_Geonomics.html |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Casal 2011 307–327">{{cite journal |last=Casal |first=Paula |title=Global Taxes on Natural Resources |journal=[[Journal of Moral Philosophy]] |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=307–327 |url=http://www.unipa.it/dottoratodirittocomparato/sites/default/files/20052009/Materiale%20Casal%282%29.pdf |access-date=14 March 2014 |quote="Geoism" can also invoke a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Thomas Paine as well as Henry George ... |doi=10.1163/174552411x591339}}</ref>
 == Main tenets ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 [[Henry George]] is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a [[land value tax|tax on land rent]] rather than [[Payroll tax|taxes on labor]]. George believed that although [[scientific experiment]]s could not be performed in political economy, theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by [[thought experiments]] about the effects of various factors.<ref name="henrygeorge.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/pchp0.htm|title=Progress and Poverty, Introduction|website=www.henrygeorge.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Applying this method, he concluded that many of the problems that beset society, such as poverty, inequality, and economic booms and busts, could be attributed to the private ownership of the necessary resource: land rent. In his most celebrated book, ''[[Progress and Poverty]]'', George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress, and causes economies to exhibit a tendency toward boom-and-bust cycles. According to George, people justly own what they create, but natural opportunities and [[land (economics)|land]] belong equally to all.<ref name=Heavey/>
-{{quote|The tax upon land values is, therefore, the most just and equal of all taxes. It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive. It is the taking by the community, for the use of the community, of that value which is the creation of the community. It is the application of the common property to common uses. When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community, then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained. No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry, skill, and intelligence; and each will obtain what he fairly earns. Then, but not till then, will labor get its full reward, and capital its natural return.|author=Henry George |source=''Progress and Poverty'', Book VIII, Chapter 3}}
+{{blockquote|The tax upon land values is, therefore, the most just and equal of all taxes. It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive. It is the taking by the community, for the use of the community, of that value which is the creation of the community. It is the application of the common property to common uses. When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community, then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained. No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry, skill, and intelligence; and each will obtain what he fairly earns. Then, but not till then, will labor get its full reward, and capital its natural return.|author=Henry George |source=''Progress and Poverty'', Book VIII, Chapter 3}}
 George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite web|url=http://geolib.com/sullivan.dan/commonrights.html|title=Common Rights Vs. Collective Rights|website=geolib.com|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing [[land value tax|unimproved land value]] and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. George's reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 {{see also|Optimal tax|Tax incidence}}
 {{economics sidebar}}
-Standard [[economics|economic]] theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen"/> [[Milton Friedman]] described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "[[deadweight loss]]"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.<ref>Foldvary, Fred E. "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists". ''Econ Journal Watch'' (April 2005)[http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-2-issue-1-april-2005]</ref> As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-[[rent-seeking]] activities, it could even have a negative dead-weight loss that boosts productivity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title=Thomas Piketty and Joseph Stiglitz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg6UwAQJUVo?t=7948 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Fg6UwAQJUVo |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=INETeconomics |access-date=14 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re:Think. Tax discussion paper for March 2015 |publisher=The Australian Government the Treasury |url=http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417064033/http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Standard [[economics|economic]] theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen"/> [[Milton Friedman]] described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "[[deadweight loss]]"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.<ref>Foldvary, Fred E. "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists". ''Econ Journal Watch'' (April 2005)[http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-2-issue-1-april-2005]</ref> As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-[[rent-seeking]] activities, it could even have a negative dead-weight loss that boosts productivity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title=Thomas Piketty and Joseph Stiglitz |date=8 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg6UwAQJUVo?t=7948 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Fg6UwAQJUVo |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=INETeconomics |access-date=14 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re:Think. Tax discussion paper for March 2015 |publisher=The Australian Government the Treasury |url=http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417064033/http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 It was [[Adam Smith]] who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name="Adam Smith"/>
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 === Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions ===
 {{see also|Pigovian tax|Severance tax}}
-Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed [[economic rent]]. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileges]], and [[natural monopolies]] should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "[[land (economics)|land]]" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.<ref>George, Henry (1905). ''Protection or Free Trade''</ref><ref name="Progress and Poverty">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Progress and Poverty |date=1879 |publisher=Cosimo |isbn=1596059516 |at=bk. 1 ch. 2 |url=https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327064853/https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.<ref name="politicaleconomy.org">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Lindy |title=The Science of Political Economy: What George "Left Out" |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/leftout.htm |website=Economic Science Course by the Henry George Institute |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="wealthandwant.com">{{cite web |last1=Batt |first1=H. William |title=The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>
+Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed [[economic rent]]. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileges]], and [[natural monopolies]] should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "[[land (economics)|land]]" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.<ref>George, Henry (1905). ''Protection or Free Trade''</ref><ref name="Progress and Poverty">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Progress and Poverty |date=1879 |publisher=Cosimo |isbn=1596059516 |at=bk. 1 ch. 2 |url=https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327064853/https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.<ref name="politicaleconomy.org">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Lindy |title=The Science of Political Economy: What George "Left Out" |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/leftout.htm |website=Economic Science Course by the Henry George Institute |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="wealthandwant.com">{{cite web |last1=Batt |first1=H. William |title=The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604115221/http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as [[land value tax]], which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as [[ground rent]]. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Protection or Free Trade |date=1886 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514177}}</ref> George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]] |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC |access-date=16 June 2014 |isbn=9781878822819}}</ref> George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.<ref name="econstor.eu">{{cite journal |last1=Mattauch |first1=Linus |last2=Siegmeier |first2=Jan |last3=Edenhofer |first3=Ottmar |author3-link=Ottmar Edenhofer |last4=Creutzig |first4=Felix |author4-link=Felix Creutzig |date=2013 |title=Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |journal=CESifo Working Paper |number=4280 |url=http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/77659/1/cesifo_wp4280.pdf}}</ref>
+Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as [[land value tax]], which targeted a particular form of [[unearned income]] known as [[ground rent]]. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Protection or Free Trade |date=1886 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514177}}</ref> George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]] |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC |access-date=16 June 2014 |isbn=9781878822819}}</ref> George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.<ref name="econstor.eu">{{cite journal |last1=Mattauch |first1=Linus |last2=Siegmeier |first2=Jan |last3=Edenhofer |first3=Ottmar |author3-link=Ottmar Edenhofer |last4=Creutzig |first4=Felix |author4-link=Felix Creutzig |date=2013 |title=Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |journal=CESifo Working Paper |number=4280 |url=http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/77659/1/cesifo_wp4280.pdf}}</ref>
 Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis-economies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tideman |first1=Nicolaus |title=Using Tax Policy to Promote Urban Growth |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Tideman_Urban_Growth.html |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="economics.ucr.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=The Hidden Taxable Capacity of Land: Enough and to Spare |journal=[[International Journal of Social Economics]] |date=3 July 2008 |issue=Summer 2008 |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-12old.pdf |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Total Resource Rents of Australia">{{cite web |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Karl |title=Total Resource Rents of Australia |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TRRA_2013_final.pdf |publisher=Prosper Australia |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 76: / Line 77: @@
 Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a [[land value tax]] (LVT).
-Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name ''Georgist''. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term ''geoism'',<ref name="Casal 2011 307–327" /><ref>[http://www.truefreetrade.org/scg.htm Socialism, Capitalism, and Geoism] – by Lindy Davies</ref> with ''geo'' (from Greek {{lang|grc|γῆ}} {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} "earth, land") being the first compound of the name ''George'' < (Gr.) {{lang|grc-latn|Geōrgios}} < {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgos}} "farmer" or {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgia}} "agriculture, farming" < {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} + {{lang|grc-latn|ergon}} "work"<ref>{{LSJ|gh{{=}}|γῆ|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|George}}</ref> deliberately ambiguous. The terms ''Earth Sharing'',<ref>[http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ Introduction to Earth Sharing],</ref> ''geonomics''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/geonomy/ |title=Jeffery J. Smith |website=www.progress.org |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> and ''[[geolibertarianism]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |title= Geoism and Libertarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |first=Fred |last=Foldvary |access-date=9 October 2017 |author-link=Fred Foldvary}}</ref> are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent ([[citizen's dividend]] or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.
+Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name ''Georgist''. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term ''geoism'',<ref name="Casal 2011 307–327" /><ref>[http://www.truefreetrade.org/scg.htm Socialism, Capitalism, and Geoism] – by Lindy Davies</ref> with ''geo'' (from Greek {{lang|grc|γῆ}} {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} "earth, land") being the first compound of the name ''George'' < (Gr.) {{lang|grc-latn|Geōrgios}} < {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgos}} "farmer" or {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgia}} "agriculture, farming" < {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} + {{lang|grc-latn|ergon}} "work"<ref>{{LSJ|gh{{=}}|γῆ|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|George}}</ref> deliberately ambiguous. The terms ''Earth Sharing'',<ref>[http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ Introduction to Earth Sharing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113173137/http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ |date=2014-11-13 }},</ref> ''geonomics''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/geonomy/ |title=Jeffery J. Smith |website=www.progress.org |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> and ''[[geolibertarianism]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |title= Geoism and Libertarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |first=Fred |last=Foldvary |access-date=9 October 2017 |author-link=Fred Foldvary}}</ref> are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent ([[citizen's dividend]] or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.
 Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary [[value capture]] systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, [[community land trust]]s<ref>{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Mike |title=The Arden Land Trust |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/mikerent.htm |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and purchasing [[Covenant (law)|land value covenants]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Adams |first=Martin |title=Sharing the Value of Land: The Promise of Location Value Covenants |url=https://medium.com/@martin_unitism/sharing-the-value-of-land-18066c10ac50 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530053734/https://medium.com/@martin_unitism/sharing-the-value-of-land-18066c10ac50 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kent |first=Deirdre |title=Land and Money Reform Synergy in New Zealand |url=http://smarttaxes.org/2012/07/24/land-and-money-reform-synergy-in-new-zealand/ |publisher=Smart Taxes |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605080303/http://smarttaxes.org/2012/07/24/land-and-money-reform-synergy-in-new-zealand/ |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wrigley-adrian_location-value-covenants-2010-06.pdf |title=Cooperative Individualism - Liberty Schools |website=www.cooperativeindividualism.org |access-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042754/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wrigley-adrian_location-value-covenants-2010-06.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfrgroup.org/Home/location-value-covenants |title=Location Value Covenants - Systemic Fiscal Reform |website=www.sfrgroup.org |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvery |first=Fred |title=Geoanarchism A short summary of geoism and its relation to libertarianism. |url=http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190159/http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bille |first=Frank F. |title=The Danish-American Georgist |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/bille-frank_danish-american-georgist-1964.html |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110700/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/bille-frank_danish-american-georgist-1964.html |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph Dana |title=Land and Freedom: An International Record of Single Tax Progress, Volume 4 |date=1904 |publisher=Single Tax Publishing Company |pages=9–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt85AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA9}}</ref> For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolf |first=Martin |title=Why we must halt the land cycle |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8f06df9e-8ac1-11df-8e17-00144feab49a.html |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 === Communities ===
 [[File:Everybody works but the vacant lot (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|1914 billboard citing Henry George in [[Rockford, Illinois]]]]
-Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are [[Arden, Delaware]], which was founded in 1900 by [[George Francis Stephens|Frank Stephens]] and [[William Lightfoot Price]], and [[Fairhope, Alabama]], which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the [[Fairhope Single Tax Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairhopesingletax.com/ |title=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |website=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in [[Houston, Texas]], [[Joseph Jay Pastoriza|Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza]], promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the [[Texas Constitution]] in 1915. This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities which took steps towards implementing the Houston Plan in 1915: [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]], [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]], [[Galveston]], [[San Antonio]], and [[Waco]].<ref name=davis>{{cite news |url=https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Stephen-Davis-Joseph-Jay-Pastoriza-and-the-Single-Tax-in-Houston-1911{{endash}}1917.pdf |title=Joseph Jay Pastoriza and the Single Tax in Houston, 1911{{endash}}1917 |publisher=Houston Review: history and culture of the Gulf Coast |year=1986 |last=Davis |first=Stephen |volume=8 |number=2}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
+Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are [[Arden, Delaware]], which was founded in 1900 by [[George Francis Stephens|Frank Stephens]] and [[William Lightfoot Price]], and [[Fairhope, Alabama]], which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the [[Fairhope Single Tax Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairhopesingletax.com/ |title=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |website=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in [[Houston, Texas]], [[Joseph Jay Pastoriza|Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza]], promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This was calculated using the [[Somers System]].<ref>See https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 for more information on this Realty evaluation.</ref> This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the [[Texas Constitution]] in 1915.<ref>[https://casetext.com/case/city-of-houston-v-baker ''City of Houston v. Baker'']</ref> This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan: [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]], [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]], [[Galveston]], [[San Antonio]], and [[Waco]].<ref name=davis>{{cite news |url=https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Stephen-Davis-Joseph-Jay-Pastoriza-and-the-Single-Tax-in-Houston-1911{{endash}}1917.pdf |title=Joseph Jay Pastoriza and the Single Tax in Houston, 1911{{endash}}1917 |publisher=Houston Review: history and culture of the Gulf Coast |year=1986 |last=Davis |first=Stephen |volume=8 |number=2}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
-The German protectorate of the [[Kiautschou Bay concession]] in [[Jiaozhou Bay]], [[China]] fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of [[government revenue]] was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The [[German colonial empire]] had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by [[land speculation]]. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silagi |first1=Michael |last2=Faulkner |first2=Susan N |year= 1984|title=Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation |journal=[[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x}}</ref> The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when [[Siege of Tsingtao|seized by Japanese and British troops]] in [[World War I]]. In 1922, the territory was returned to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].
+The German protectorate of the [[Kiautschou Bay concession]] in [[Jiaozhou Bay]], [[China]], fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of [[government revenue]] was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The [[German colonial empire]] had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by [[land speculation]]. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silagi |first1=Michael |last2=Faulkner |first2=Susan N |year= 1984|title=Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation |journal=[[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x}}</ref> The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when [[Siege of Tsingtao|seized by Japanese and British troops]] in [[World War I]]. In 1922, the territory was returned to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].
 [[File:Henry George School of Social Science 121 E30 jeh.jpg|thumb|Henry George School of Social Science in New York City]]
 Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in [[Australia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]]. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |title=Henry George 100 Years Later |last=Gaffney |first=M. Mason |publisher=Association for Georgist Studies Board |access-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724030349/http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> Many [[Local government in the United States|municipal governments of the United States]] depend on [[Property tax in the United States|real-property tax]] as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of [[Altoona, Pennsylvania]], which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the ''[[Financial Times]]'' noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c92e084a-4300-11e4-8a43-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c92e084a-4300-11e4-8a43-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Property: Land of opportunity |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=September 2014 |last=Harding |first=Robin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.altoonamirror.com/news/local-news/2016/06/city-council-decides-to-cut-land-value-tax/ |title=City council decides to cut land value tax |date=6 June 2016 |work=Altoona Mirror}}</ref>
-In 2023, [[Detroit]] mayor [[Mike Duggan]] and [[Michigan]] State Representative [[Stephanie Young (politician)|Stephanie Young]] proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The Land Value Tax Plan |url=https://detroitmi.gov/departments/office-chief-financial-officer/land-value-tax-plan |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=City of [[Detroit]]}}</ref> Following the [[2008 Recession]] and city's [[Detroit bankruptcy|2013 bankrupcy]], speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the [[Michigan Legislature]] and [[Detroit City Council]] before being added as a [[ballot measure]] for Detroit residents.<ref name="Dougherty"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alsup |first=Alex |date=17 October 2023 |title=Property Tax Burden Falls on Owners of Occupied Homes in Good Condition |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |url=https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2023/10/16/detroit-land-value-tax-duggan-speculators-blight-tax-foreclosure/71185245007/ |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
+In 2023, [[Detroit]] mayor [[Mike Duggan]] and [[Michigan]] State Representative [[Stephanie Young (politician)|Stephanie Young]] proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The Land Value Tax Plan |url=https://detroitmi.gov/departments/office-chief-financial-officer/land-value-tax-plan |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=City of [[Detroit]]}}</ref> Following the [[2008 Recession]] and city's [[Detroit bankruptcy|2013 bankruptcy]], speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the [[Michigan Legislature]] and [[Detroit City Council]] before being added as a [[ballot measure]] for Detroit residents.<ref name="Dougherty"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alsup |first=Alex |date=17 October 2023 |title=Property Tax Burden Falls on Owners of Occupied Homes in Good Condition |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |url=https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2023/10/16/detroit-land-value-tax-duggan-speculators-blight-tax-foreclosure/71185245007/ |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
 === Institutes and organizations ===
@@ Line 111: / Line 112: @@
 The economist [[Alfred Marshall]] believed that George's views in ''[[Progress and Poverty]]'' were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on ''Progress and Poverty'', Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported [[land value taxation]] on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Alfred |date=1969 |title=Three Lectures on Progress and Poverty by Alfred Marshall |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/724986 |journal=The Journal of Law & Economics |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=184–226 |doi=10.1086/466666 |jstor=724986 |s2cid=154700964 |issn=0022-2186}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Alfred |title=Principles of Economics |date=1920 |publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty}}</ref>
-[[Karl Marx]] considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to [[communism]] and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".<ref>{{cite web |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=Henry George and The Reconstruction Of Capitalism |url=http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925045512/http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marx argued that, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with [[socialism]], to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."<ref name="marx">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_06_20.htm|title=Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1881|first=Karl|last=Marx|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."<ref name="marx" /> Georgist [[Fred Harrison (author)|Fred Harrison]] responded to these objections in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_5_62/ai_112083012/pg_1 |title=Gronlund and other Marxists – Part III: nineteenth-century American critics |journal=[[American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |via=findarticles.com |access-date=9 October 2017 |first=Fred |last=Harrison |author-link=Fred Harrison (Author)}}</ref>
+[[Karl Marx]] considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to [[communism]] and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".<ref>{{cite web |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=Henry George and The Reconstruction Of Capitalism |url=http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925045512/http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marx argued that, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with [[socialism]], to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."<ref name="marx">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_06_20.htm|title=Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1881|first=Karl|last=Marx|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."<ref name="marx" />
 [[Richard T. Ely]] agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way Henry George wanted, without compensation, was unjust to existing landowners. In explaining his position, Ely wrote, "If we have all made a mistake, should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder?"<ref>{{cite web |last=George |first=Henry |author-link=Henry George |title=A Response to Richard Ely On the Question of Compensation to Owners of Land |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/george-henry_a-response-to-richard-ely-on-the-question-of-compensation-to-land-owners-1887.html |access-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529145606/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/george-henry_a-response-to-richard-ely-on-the-question-of-compensation-to-land-owners-1887.html |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 128: / Line 129: @@
 [[Austrian School|Austrian]] economist [[Friedrich Hayek]] credited early enthusiasm for Henry George with developing his interest in economics. Later, Hayek said that the theory of Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes, but he believed that they would.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=On Separating the Landowner's Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek |journal=[[American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |date=January 2000 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00016}} Hayek wrote, "It was a lay enthusiasm for Henry George which led me to economics."</ref>
+Economists [[Bryan Caplan]] and Zachary Gochenour have argued that a 100% Georgist tax would destroy the incentive to search for natural resources and discover optimal locations for businesses, as the additional profits that would result from such discoveries would lead to a corresponding increase in the unimproved value of the land, and so be taxed away.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Search-Theoretic Critique of Georgism|url=https://www.academia.edu/1338040|date=4 February 2012 |last1=Gochenour |first1=Zac }}</ref>
 == Lists of Georgists ==
@@ Line 136: / Line 139: @@
 * [[John R. Commons]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harter |first1=Lafayette G. |first2=John R. |last2=Commons |title=His Assault on Laissez-faire |location=Corvallis |publisher=Oregon State University Press |date=1962 |pages=21, 32, 36, 38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Two Centuries of Economic Thought on Taxation of Land Rents |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-last=Lindholm |editor2-first=Arthur |editor2-last=Lynn, Jr. |title=Land Value Taxation in Thought and Practice |location=Madison |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |date=1982 |pages=151–196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brue |first1=Stanley |last2=Randy |first2=Grant |title=The Evolution of Economic Thought |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-285-40175-1 |publisher=Cengage Learning |quote="After reading Henry George's Progress and Poverty," Commons "became a single-taxer."}} [http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/0324321457_65788.pdf Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons: Chapter 19 of the online edition].</ref>
 * [[Raymond Crotty]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crotty |first1=Raymond D. |title=A Radical's Response |date=1988 |publisher=Poolbeg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0hCAQAAIAAJ |access-date=29 August 2014 |isbn=9780905169989}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheppard |first1=Barry |title='Progress and Poverty' – Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland |url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2014/08/24/progress-and-poverty-henry-george-and-land-reform-in-modern-ireland/ |website=The Irish Story |access-date=29 August 2014 |date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
-* [[Herman Daly]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Herman |title=Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth |quote=. . . I am really sort of a Georgist. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-date=21 December 2021  |url-status=live |publisher=Henry George School of Social Science |access-date=24 October 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+* [[Herman Daly]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Herman |title=Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth |date=23 October 2015 |quote=. . . I am really sort of a Georgist. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-date=21 December 2021  |url-status=live |publisher=Henry George School of Social Science |access-date=24 October 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-* [[Paul Douglas]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney |url=http://commonground-usa.net/gaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Paul |title=In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0151443765 |url=https://archive.org/details/infullnessoftime00doug}}</ref>
+* [[Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)|Paul Douglas]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney |url=http://commonground-usa.net/gaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Paul |title=In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0151443765 |url=https://archive.org/details/infullnessoftime00doug}}</ref>
 * [[Ottmar Edenhofer]]<ref>{{cite report |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Hypergeorgism: When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal? |ssrn=2232659 |date=2013 |quote="Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism, we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism." "From a historical perspective, our result may be closer to Henry George's original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |ssrn=2284745 |date=25 June 2013 |journal=CESifo Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=The Triple Dividend Climate Change Mitigation, Justice and Investing in Capabilities |url=http://www.pik-potsdam.de/members/edenh/talks/20130626_Edenhofer_Input_Final2.pdf |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
 * [[Fred Foldvary]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foldvary.net/works/policy.html |title=Foldvary policy reforms |website=www.foldvary.net |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010411/http://www.foldvary.net/works/policy.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
@@ Line 150: / Line 153: @@
 * [[Joseph Stiglitz]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title=Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction |url=http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |website=Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute |publisher=The Roosevelt Institute |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206120932/http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2010 |page=5 |date=2 December 2010 |quote=One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax.}}</ref>
 * [[Nicolaus Tideman]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Tideman |first=Nicolaus |title=Global Economic Justice |url=http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |publisher=Schalkenbach Foundation |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629031608/http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |archive-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref>
-* [[William Vickrey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|title=Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!"|website=www.wealthandwant.com|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Dick |title=Remembering William Vickrey |journal=Land Lines |date=November 1996 |volume=8 |issue=6 |url=http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/503_Remembering-William-Vickrey |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."</ref>
+* [[William Vickrey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|title=Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!"|website=www.wealthandwant.com|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907220506/http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Dick |title=Remembering William Vickrey |journal=Land Lines |date=November 1996 |volume=8 |issue=6 |url=http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/503_Remembering-William-Vickrey |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."</ref>
 * [[Léon Walras]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cirillo |first=Renato |title=Léon Walras and Social Justice |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=Jan 1984 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02222.x |jstor=3486394}}</ref>
 * [[Philip Wicksteed]]<ref>Barker, Charles A., 1955. Henry George. New York: Oxford University Press</ref>
@@ Line 163: / Line 166: @@
 * [[George Grey]]<ref>[George, Henry, Jr. The Life of Henry George. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900.]</ref>
 * [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Hayes |first=Rutherford B. |title=Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004921/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
-* [[William Morris Hughes]]<ref>[http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090395b.htm "Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)"]. ''Australian Dictionary of Biography: Online Edition''.</ref>
+* [[Billy Hughes]]<ref>[http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090395b.htm "Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)"]. ''Australian Dictionary of Biography: Online Edition''.</ref>
-* [[Robert Stout]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=Robert |title=Address by the Hon. R. Stout |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH18850414.2.41 |access-date=6 December 2014 |agency=New Zealand Herald |issue=Volume XXII, Issue 7302 |publisher=PAPERPAST |date=14 April 1885}}</ref>
+* [[Robert Stout]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=Robert |title=Address by the Hon. R. Stout |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH18850414.2.41 |access-date=6 December 2014 |agency=New Zealand Herald |volume=XXII|issue=7302 |publisher=PAPERPAST |date=14 April 1885}}</ref>
 * [[Sun Yat-sen]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02606.x|title=Henry George, Sun Yat-sen and China: More Than Land Policy Was Involved|first=Paul B.|last=Trescott|date=January 22, 1994|journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|volume=53|issue=3|pages=363–375|via=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02606.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Trescott |first=Paul B. |title=Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950 |year=2007 |publisher=Chinese University Press |pages=46–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkJtJm9L7mQC&q=%22basis%20of%20our%20program%20OR%20reform%22%20Leng%20sun%20yat%20sen&pg=PA48 |quote=The foregoing help to demonstrate why Sun Yat-sen would have regarded Henry George as a very credible guide, and why in 1912 Sun could tell an interviewer, 'The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.'|isbn=9789629962425}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Louis Freeland |title=Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China |journal=The Public |date=April 12, 1912 |volume=15 |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYlGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA349 |access-date=8 November 2016 |quote=land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system}}</ref>
 {{column}}
 === Other political figures ===
+* [[Herbert Evatt]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1955-herbert-evatt | title=Election Speeches · Herbert Evatt, 1955 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House }}</ref>
 * [[John Peter Altgeld]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Altgeld |first1=John |title=Live Questions |date=1899 |publisher=Geo. S Bowen & Son |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |pages=776–781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924001239/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>Chicago Single Tax Club collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago http://findingaids.library.uic.edu/ead/rjd1/ChiSingleTaxf.html</ref>
 * [[Newton D. Baker]]<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation">{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler |url=http://schalkenbach.org/henry-george/henry-george-100-years-later/ |publisher=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Finegold |first=Kenneth |title=Experts and politicians: reform challenges to machine politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |year=1995 |isbn=978-0691037349 |url=https://archive.org/details/expertspoliticia0000fine}}</ref>
@@ Line 179: / Line 183: @@
 * [[Tom L. Johnson]]<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/05/31/104936447.pdf "Single Taxers Dine Johnson"]. ''[[New York Times]]'' May 31, 1910.</ref>
 * [[Samuel M. Jones]]<ref>[http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=165 "Henry George"]. ''Ohio History Central: An Online History of Ohio History''.</ref>
-* [[Frank de Jong]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+* [[Frank de Jong]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government |website=[[YouTube]] |date=20 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 * [[Franklin Knight Lane]]<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation" />
 * [[Hazen S. Pingree]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=What's the matter with Michigan? Rise and collapse of an economic wonder |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-15.pdf |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Cleveland |first=Polly |title=The Way Forward for Detroit? Land Taxes |url=http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |magazine=Washington Spectator |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428034615/http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=New Life in Old Cities |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf |work=UC Riverside |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428054901/http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
@@ Line 189: / Line 193: @@
 * [[Joshua Nkomo]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Baron |first=Ian |date=September 1986 |title=Nkomo Debt to George in Banned Talk |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/barron-ian_zimbabwe-joshua-nkomo-prevented-from-travel-to-vancouver-1986-sep-oct.pdf |magazine=Land & liberty |location=London |publisher=HGFUK |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
 * [[Baldomero Argente]]<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Revista de Estudios Regionales |issue=56 |year=2000 |pages=245 |title=La Liga Española para el Impuesto Único y la Hacienda Municipal de Sevilla en 1914 |language=es |trans-title=The Spanish League for the Single Tax and the Seville Municipal Treasury in 1914 |first=Manuel |last=Martín Rodríguez |issn=0213-7585 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/755/75505608.pdf}}</ref>
+* [[Ro Khanna]]<ref>https://x.com/RoKhanna/status/1163060125130792966 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
+* [[Jared Polis]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tsscolorado.com/polis-lobbies-property-tax-commission-to-consider-land-value-tax/ | title=Polis lobbies property-tax commission to consider land value tax | date=9 January 2024 }}</ref>
 {{columns-end}}
 {{columns-start|num=3}}
@@ Line 237: / Line 243: @@
 * [[Charles Eisenstein]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eisenstein |first1=Charles |title=Post-Capitalism |url=http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085910/http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
 * [[Hamlin Garland]]<ref name="The Funeral Procession">{{cite news |title=The Funeral Procession |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/11/01/102544571.pdf |access-date=17 November 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 1, 1897}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Newlin |first=Keith |title=Hamlin Garland a life |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlingarlandlif00newl |url-access=limited |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |year=2008 |isbn=978-0803233478 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hamlingarlandlif00newl/page/n116 102]–27}}</ref>
-* [[Fred Harrison (author)|Fred Harrison]]<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/vviBboUXhuA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA| title = Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+* [[Fred Harrison (author)|Fred Harrison]]<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/vviBboUXhuA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA| title = Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014 | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 27 April 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 * [[James A. Herne]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aller |first1=Pat |title=The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/aller.htm |access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
 * [[Ebenezer Howard]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steuer |first1=Max |title=Review Article: A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |date=June 2000 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00377.x |pmid=10905006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Meacham |first1=Standish |title=Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement |date=1999 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |pages=50–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqa9S_E7ImQC |access-date=5 August 2014 |isbn=978-0300075724}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Purdom |first1=Charles Benjamin |title=The Letchworth Achievement |date=1963 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWTaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 253: / Line 259: @@
 * [[Charles Erskine Scott Wood]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Kevin |title=The dream endures : California enters the 1940s |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamendurescali00star |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0195157970}} Wood had "strong leanings toward the single-tax theory of Henry George".</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Tim |title=C.E.S. Wood (1852–1944) |url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/c_e_s_wood/ |publisher=The Oregon Encyclipedia |access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
 * [[Frank McEachran]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prosper.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Oz-History/Henry%20George%20and%20Karl%20Marx.PDF |title=Henry George and Karl Marx |last1=McEachran |first1=Frank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/archivelandliberty/Land+%26+Liberty+Magazine/Archive/1970s/Land+and+Liberty+1974-1975+-+81st+%26+82nd+Years/Issues/November-December+1975.pdf |title=The Impotence of Men |last1=McEachran |first1=Frank}}</ref>
+* [[Arthur Desmond]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/desmond-arthur-5963 |title = Arthur Desmond (c. 1859–1929) |last = Cunneen |first = Chris |date = 1981 |website = Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography |publisher = Australian National University |access-date = 29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title = Arthur Desmond on Huxley's Criticism of Henry George in the Nineteenth Century |last = Desmond |first = Arthur |date = May 1890 |url = https://www.ragnarredbeard.com/arthur-desmond-on-huxleys-criticism-of-henry-george |journal = New Zealand Monthly Review |volume = II |access-date = 29 February 2024}}</ref>
 {{column}}
@@ Line 259: / Line 266: @@
 * [[Timothy Thomas Fortune]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Jeffrey |title=Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883–1918 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0231139113}}</ref>
 * [[Theodor Herzl]]<ref name="Henry George and Zionism">{{cite web |last1=Sklar |first1=Dusty |title=Henry George and Zionism |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028225026/http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
-* [[Michael Kinsley]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=Inequality: It's Even Worse Than We Thought |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |access-date=31 October 2014 |agency=BloombergView |publisher=Bloomberg |date=Jun 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-19/the-capital-gains-tax-a-tragedy-in-two-acts.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |issue=Dec 19, 2012}}Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101010830/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |archive-date=1 November 2014}} In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.</ref>
+* [[Michael Kinsley]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=Inequality: It's Even Worse Than We Thought |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |access-date=31 October 2014 |agency=BloombergView |publisher=Bloomberg |date=Jun 13, 2012 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101073039/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-19/the-capital-gains-tax-a-tragedy-in-two-acts.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |issue=Dec 19, 2012}}Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101010830/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |archive-date=1 November 2014}} In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.</ref>
 * [[Suzanne La Follette]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=John |title=Farewell To Reform |date=1965 |publisher=Quadrangle Books |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=David |title=Lochner's Feminist Legacy |journal=Michigan Law Review |date=May 2003 |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1960–1986 |doi=10.2307/3595339 |jstor=3595339 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861&context=mlr}}</ref>
 * [[Dylan Matthews]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Dylan |title=Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/07/five-conservative-reforms-millennials-should-be-fighting-for/ |access-date=26 August 2014 |agency=Wonkblog |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=dylanmatt |first=Dylan |last=Matthews |number=414149160775204864 |date=20 December 2013 |title=@Bencjacobs @mattyglesias I think we've both been Georgists for a while now, though @AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff}} Dylan Matthews's verified account states, "I think we've both been Georgists for a while now."</ref>
@@ Line 277: / Line 284: @@
 === Artists ===
 * [[David Bachrach]]<ref>Wineapple, Brenda. Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2008.</ref>
-* [[John Wilson Bengough]]<ref name="jstor.org">Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25139947?ref=no-x-route:ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89></ref>
+* [[John Wilson Bengough]]<ref name="jstor.org">Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25139947?ref=no-x-route:ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89</ref>
 * [[Daniel Carter Beard]]<ref name="Smith 2008 359">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Carl |title=Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyutjS7elsC |isbn=9780226764252 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/moonblight-and-six-feet-of-romance-dan-carter-beards-foray-into-fiction/ |title=Moonblight and Six Feet of Romance: Dan Carter Beard's Foray into Fiction |first=Abigail |last=Walthausen |website=The Public Domain Review}}</ref><ref>J. R. LeMaster, James Darrell Wilson, C. G. H. (1903). The Mark Twain Encyclopedia.</ref>
-* [[Matthew Bellamy]]<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6802083.ece Muse return with new album The Resistance] "''Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)''".</ref>
+* [[Matthew Bellamy]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20110516052501/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6802083.ece Muse return with new album The Resistance] "''Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)''".</ref>
 * [[George de Forest Brush]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=John |title=American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Museum in association with Princeton University Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0691037950}}</ref>
 * [[Walter Burley Griffin]]<ref>Co-founder of the [https://archive.today/20120525163651/http://www.hgclub.com.au/history.htm Henry George Club], Australia.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Karl |title=Walter Burley Griffin |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/walter-burley-griffin/ |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
@@ Line 310: / Line 317: @@
 * [[Bertrand Russell]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903–1959 |first=Bertrand |last=Russel |author-link=Bertrand Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO1IP81kuQIC&pg=PA492 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=1992 |page=492 |isbn=9780415083010 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Freedom versus Organization |first=Bertrand |last=Russel |author-link=Bertrand Russell |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_power-of-money.html |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |title=from: The Earl Russel, O.M., F.R.S. |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212820/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |archive-date=4 October 2013}} Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig</ref>
 * [[Hillel Steiner]]<ref>Vallentyne, Peter. ''Left-libertarianism: A Primer''. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "[http://klinechair.missouri.edu/docs/ll_primer.pdf Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate]". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "''Georgist libertarians''—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."</ref>
+* [[Curtis Yarvin]]<ref>Yarvin, Curtis, [https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/05/good-government-as-good-customer Good government as good customer service]</ref><ref>Yarvin, Curtis, [https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/08/against-political-freedom Against political freedom]</ref>
 {{column}}
@@ Line 318: / Line 326: @@
 * [[Clarence Darrow]]<ref>How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Darrow |first1=Clarence |title=The Land Belongs To The People |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |website=www.umn.edu |publisher=Everyman |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060133/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Centre for Incentive Taxation |journal=[[Land&Liberty]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |date=August 1994 |quote=Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke."}}</ref>
 * [[Albert Einstein]]<ref>[http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412105846/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html |date=12 April 2011}}. In one letter Einstein writes, "The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause, for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George."</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elazar |first1=Daniel |title=Earth Is the Lord's |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/49968352/ |access-date=23 November 2014 |agency=The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=February 4, 1955}}</ref>
-* [[Henry Ford]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Donald |title=Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future |url=http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |access-date=23 November 2014 |agency=Liberty Magazine |date=September 5, 1942}} Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."</ref>
+* [[Henry Ford]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Donald |title=Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future |url=http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |access-date=23 November 2014 |agency=Liberty Magazine |date=September 5, 1942 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324142749/http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |url-status=dead }} Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."</ref>
 * [[Spencer Heath]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacCallum |first1=Spencer H. |title=The Alternative Georgist Tradition |journal=Fragments |date=Summer–Fall 1997 |volume=35 |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071512/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foldvary |first1=Fred E. |title=Heath: Estranged Georgist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 2004 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=411–431 |doi=10.1111/j.0002-9246.2004.00295.x}}</ref>
 * [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm|url-status=dead|title=Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=August 6, 2007}}</ref>
-* [[Margrit Kennedy]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Margrit |title=Money & The Land Grab |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Share the Rents |access-date=12 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+* [[Margrit Kennedy]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Margrit |title=Money & The Land Grab |date=11 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Share the Rents |access-date=12 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 * [[Lincoln Electric|John C. Lincoln]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Lincoln |first=John |title=Fighting For Fundamentals |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |access-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111525/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
 * [[Elizabeth Magie]]<ref>Magie invented ''[[The Landlord's Game]]'', predecessor to ''[[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]]''</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dodson |first=Edward J. |title=How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/dodson_on_monopoly.htm |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
@@ Line 334: / Line 342: @@
 * [[Alfred Russel Wallace]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanley |first=Buder |title=Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community |year=1990 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evBdKUyXY7UC |isbn=9780195362886 |via=[[Google Books]]}} Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."</ref>
 * [[Joseph Fels]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Dudden |first=Arthur |title=Joseph Fels and the single tax movement |url=https://archive.org/details/josephfelssingle00dudd |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |isbn=9780877220107}}</ref>
+* [[Vivienne Westwood]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://daily.fattail.com.au/vivienne-westwood-and-her-cure-for-the-boom-bust-cycle/20230103/ | title=Vivienne Westwood and Her Cure for the Boom/Bust Cycle | date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
+* [[Sam Altman]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Sam |date=25 April 2024 |title=Moore's Law for Everything |url=https://moores.samaltman.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425042625/https://moores.samaltman.com/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Moore's law for everything |quote="The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn’t do all that work, it’s fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did."}}</ref>
+*[[Vitalik Buterin]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqnnXhoj0AA | title=Vitalik Buterin on Georgism | website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 June 2022 }}</ref>
 {{columns-end}}
@@ Line 394: / Line 405: @@
 {{reflist}}
+== External links ==
-{{Wikiquote}}
+*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
 {{property navbox}}
 {{schools of economic thought}}

Georgism: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 05:06, 3 October 2024

Main tenets

Economic properties

Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions

Georgism and environmental economics

Revenue uses

Synonyms and variants

Influence

Communities

Institutes and organizations

Reception

Lists of Georgists

Economists

Heads of government

Other political figures

Activists

Authors

Journalists

Artists

Philosophers

Others

See also

References

External links