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| image_skyline =
| image_skyline =
| caption =
| caption =
| image_map = File:Tihamah.png
| image_map =
| parts_type = Cities
| parts_type = Cities
| parts = [[Jeddah]], [[Yanbu]], [[Al Qunfudhah]], [[Jizan]], [[Midi District|Midi]], [[Al Hudaydah]], [[Al Khawkhah District|Khaukha]], and [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]]
| parts = [[Jeddah]], [[Yanbu]], [[Al Qunfudhah]], [[Jizan]], [[Midi District|Midi]], [[Al Hudaydah]], [[Al Khawkhah District|Khaukha]], and [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]]
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| subdivision_name2 = {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br>{{Flag|Yemen}}
| subdivision_name2 = {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br>{{Flag|Yemen}}
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| map_caption = A map of the Arabian Peninsula with the Tihamah region in green
| map_caption =
}}
}}


'''Tihamah''' or '''Tihama''' ({{lang-ar|تِهَامَةُ}} ''{{transl|ar|Tihāmah}}'') refers to the [[Red Sea]] [[coastal plain]] of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] from the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] to the [[Bab el Mandeb]].<ref name="Britannica1" />
'''Tihamah''' or '''Tihama''' ({{lang-ar|تِهَامَةُ}} ''{{transl|ar|Tihāmah}}'') is the [[Red Sea]] [[coastal plain]] of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] from the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] to the [[Bab el Mandeb]].<ref name="Britannica1" />


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Tihāmat is the [[Proto-Semitic language]]'s term for '[[sea]]'. [[Tiamat]] (or [[Tehom]], in masculine form) was the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in the Hebrew Bible as [[Tehom|təhōm]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".<ref>{{citation |title=Semitic languages: an international handbook |editor=Stefan Weninger |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] [[Kommanditgesellschaft|GmbH & Co. KG]] |location=[[Berlin]] / [[Boston]] |year=2011}}</ref>
Tihāmat is the [[Proto-Semitic language]]'s term for '[[sea]]'. [[Tiamat]] (or [[Tehom]], in masculine form) was the ancient [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[Bible]] as [[Tehom|təhōm]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".<ref>{{citation |title=Semitic languages: an international handbook |editor=Stefan Weninger |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] [[Kommanditgesellschaft|GmbH & Co. KG]] |location=[[Berlin]] / [[Boston]] |year=2011}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{expand section|post-Muhammad era|date=May 2020}}
{{expand section|post-Muhammad era|date=May 2020}}

===Era of Muhammad===
===Era of Muhammad===
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}


During the era of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], many military expeditions took place here including the [[Battle of Hamra al-Asad]] and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 [[Common Era|CE]], some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the [[Red Sea]] from [[Mecca]] to the [[Syria (region)|Syrian region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Islamic Societies |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |page=27 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-5217-7933-3}}</ref>
During the era of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], many military expeditions took place here including the [[Battle of Hamra al-Asad]] and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 [[Common Era|CE]], some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the [[Red Sea]] from [[Mecca]] to the [[Syria (region)|Syrian region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Islamic Societies |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |page=27 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-5217-7933-3}}</ref>


While at Ḥamra' al-Asad ({{lang|ar|حَمْرَاء ٱلْأَسَد}}), Muhammad made an agreement with [[Mabad al-Khuzaah]] at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] from fighting.<ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri 2002">{{cite book |title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&q=hamra+ul+asad&pg=PA340 |first=Saifur Rahman |last=Al-Mubarakpuri |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |year=2002 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers|Darussalam Publications]] |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |pages=341–342}}</ref>{{rp|341}} In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on [[Medina]] to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.<ref name="Habriel 2005 124">{{cite book |title=Muhammad, Islams first Great general |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C |first=Richard A. |last=Habriel |year=2005 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri 2002" />{{rp|342}}
While at Ḥamra' al-Asad ({{lang|ar|حَمْرَاء ٱلْأَسَد}}), Muhammad made an agreement with [[Mabad al-Khuzaah]] at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] from fighting.<ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri 2002">{{cite book |title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&q=hamra+ul+asad&pg=PA340 |first=Saifur Rahman |last=Al-Mubarakpuri |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |year=2002 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers|Darussalam Publications]] |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |pages=341–342}}</ref>{{rp|341}} In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on [[Medina]] to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.<ref name="Habriel 2005 124">{{cite book |title=Muhammad, Islams first Great general |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C |first=Richard A. |last=Habriel |year=2005 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri 2002" />{{rp|342}}
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==Flora==
==Flora==
[[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Date palm]] trees on the Yemeni coast of the Red Sea]]
[[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Date palm]] trees on the Yemeni coast of the Red Sea near Khaukha]]
[[File:Jeddah Corniche 36.jpg|thumb|[[Jeddah]] in the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] part of the Tihamah]]
[[File:Jeddah Corniche 36.jpg|thumb|[[Jeddah]] in the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] part of the Tihamah]]
The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of [[Zabid]] (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of ''[[Vachellia flava]]'' and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. ''[[Salvadora persica]]'' occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]'' and colonies of wild doum palm (''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]''), as well as planted [[date palm]]s (''Phoenix dactylifera'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hepper |first=F.N. |title=Were There Forests in the Yemen? |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=9 |issue=1979 |pages=65–71 |jstor=41223217 |date=July 1978 }}</ref>
The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of [[Zabid]] (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of ''[[Vachellia flava]]'' and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. ''[[Salvadora persica]]'' occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]'' and colonies of wild doum palm (''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]''), as well as planted [[date palm]]s (''Phoenix dactylifera'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hepper |first=F.N. |title=Were There Forests in the Yemen? |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=9 |issue=1979 |pages=65–71 |jstor=41223217 |date=July 1978 }}</ref>


==Archaeology==
==Archaeology==
Over sixteen [[megalith]]ic [[menhir]]s were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the [[Royal Ontario Museum]]'s Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of [[:ar:المتينة (الحديدة)|Al-Mutaynah]] ({{lang|ar|ٱلْمُتَيْنَة}}) in the Tihami area. The stones were made of [[granite]] and weighted up to {{convert|20|t|kg}}. Three of the upright stones measured around {{convert|8|ft|m}} tall with one fallen being over {{convert|20|m|ft}} in length. Copper tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic [[lithic technology|lithic]] [[industry (archaeology)|industry]] was found along with pottery [[sherd]]s that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/yemen.html |last=Harrington |first=Spencer P. M. |title=Yemeni Megaliths |publisher=Archaeology, the [[Archaeological Institute of America]] |date=December 10, 1997}}</ref>
Over sixteen [[megalith]]ic [[menhir]]s were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the [[Royal Ontario Museum]]'s Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of [[:ar:المتينة (الحديدة)|Al-Mutaynah]] ({{lang|ar|ٱلْمُتَيْنَة}}) in the Tihami area. The stones were made of [[granite]] and weighted up to {{convert|20|t|kg}}. Three of the upright stones measured around {{convert|8|ft|m}} tall with one fallen being over {{convert|20|m|ft}} in length. [[Copper]] tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic [[lithic technology|lithic]] [[industry (archaeology)|industry]] was found along with pottery [[sherd]]s that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/yemen.html |last=Harrington |first=Spencer P. M. |title=Yemeni Megaliths |publisher=Archaeology, the [[Archaeological Institute of America]] |date=December 10, 1997}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Portal|History|Asia|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[Tihamah Region]], a federal region in Yemen
* [[Tihamah Region]], a federal region in Yemen
* [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]
* [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]
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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Portal|History|Asia|Saudi Arabia}}
{{commons category|Tihamah}}
{{commons category|Tihamah}}


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[[Category:Megalithic monuments in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Geography of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Plains of Asia]]
[[Category:Plains of Asia]]
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[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Tiamat]]
[[Category:Tiamat]]
[[Category:Coastal plains]]
[[Category:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula]]

Revision as of 01:43, 19 September 2024

Tihamah
تِهَامَةُ
Tihāmah
Map
RegionArabian Peninsula
Countries Saudi Arabia
 Yemen
CitiesJeddah, Yanbu, Al Qunfudhah, Jizan, Midi, Al Hudaydah, Khaukha, and Mocha

Tihamah or Tihama (Arabic: تِهَامَةُ Tihāmah) is the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.[1]

Etymology

Tihāmat is the Proto-Semitic language's term for 'sea'. Tiamat (or Tehom, in masculine form) was the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in the Hebrew Bible as təhōm (Genesis 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".[2]

History

Era of Muhammad

Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad

During the era of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, many military expeditions took place here including the Battle of Hamra al-Asad and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 CE, some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the Red Sea from Mecca to the Syrian region.[3]

While at Ḥamra' al-Asad (حَمْرَاء ٱلْأَسَد), Muhammad made an agreement with Mabad al-Khuzaah at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from fighting.[4]: 341  In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on Medina to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.[5][4]: 342 

Geography

The region is sometimes subdivided into two parts, Tihāmat Al-Ḥijaz (تِهَامَة ٱلْحِجَاز; northern part) and Tihāmat ʿAsīr (تِهَامَة عَسِيْر; southern part).[1] The Yemeni part (Arabic: تِهَامَة ٱلْيَمَن, romanized: Tihāmat Al-Yaman) is an extension of Tihamat ʿAsir.[6] The plain is constricted and attains its greatest widths, 60 to 80 km (37 to 50 miles), south of Medina and Mecca.[1] The cities of Yanbu, Jeddah and Al Qunfudhah are located in the Hijazi part of the Tihamah. The Asiri-Yemeni part of the Tihami plain includes the cities of Jizan and Al Hudaydah. The temperatures in Tihamah are probably some of the hottest on earth. Tihamah in Arabic means severe heat and lack of wind.[7]

Flora

Date palm trees on the Yemeni coast of the Red Sea near Khaukha
Jeddah in the Saudi part of the Tihamah

The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of Zabid (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of Vachellia flava and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. Salvadora persica occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of Balanites aegyptiaca and colonies of wild doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica), as well as planted date palms (Phoenix dactylifera).[8]

Archaeology

Over sixteen megalithic menhirs were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the Royal Ontario Museum's Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of Al-Mutaynah (ٱلْمُتَيْنَة) in the Tihami area. The stones were made of granite and weighted up to 20 tonnes (20,000 kg). Three of the upright stones measured around 8 feet (2.4 m) tall with one fallen being over 20 metres (66 ft) in length. Copper tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic lithic industry was found along with pottery sherds that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2013. The Red Sea coastal plain is constricted throughout its length, attaining its greatest widths, 40 to 50 miles, south of Medina and south of Mecca. The name Tihāmah, used for the whole plain, is sometimes subdivided into Tihāmat Al-Ḥijāz and Tihāmat ʿAsīr.
  2. ^ Stefan Weninger, ed. (2011), Semitic languages: an international handbook, Berlin / Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
  3. ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-5217-7933-3.
  4. ^ a b Al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2002). The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet. Darussalam Publications. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8.
  5. ^ Habriel, Richard A. (2005). Muhammad, Islams first Great general. Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2.
  6. ^ "Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2013. Yemen may be divided into five major regions: a coastal plain running north-south known as the Tihāmah (an extension of the Tihāmat ʿAsīr), the western highlands, the central mountains (the Yemen Highlands), the eastern highlands, and finally the eastern and northeastern desert regions.
  7. ^ Shawqi Abu Khalil (2004). Atlas on the prophet's Biography. Darussalam. p. 31. ISBN 9-9608-9771-0. Retrieved 20 March 2013. It is so called because of its severe heat and lack of wind, from the word At-Taham which refers to extreme heat and lack of wind.
  8. ^ Hepper, F.N. (July 1978). "Were There Forests in the Yemen?". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 9 (1979): 65–71. JSTOR 41223217.
  9. ^ Harrington, Spencer P. M. (December 10, 1997), Yemeni Megaliths, Archaeology, the Archaeological Institute of America

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tihamah.
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