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{{Short description|Colombian political party}}
The '''Independent Democratic Pole''' (Polo Democrático Independiente) or ('''PDI'''), is a leftwing [[Colombia]]n political party.
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Expand Spanish|topic=gov|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| country = Colombia
| name = Alternative Democratic Pole
| native_name = Polo Democrático Alternativo
| colorcode = yellow
| logo = PDA Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| youth_wing = ''Polo Jóven''
| president = [[Alexander López Maya]]
| leader1_title = Senate leader
| leader1_name = [[Iván Cepeda|Iván Cepeda Castro]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2005|12}}
| merger = [[Independent Democratic Pole]]<br />Democratic Alternative
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Social democracy]]<ref>{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Schirmer |title=A Norwegian-Supported Peace Building Project: Conversations among Security Forces, Former Guerillas, and Civil Society |work=Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War |agency=United States Institute of Peace |year=2009 |page=407}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=James F. |last=Rochlin |title=Social Forces and the Revolution in Military Affairs: The Cases of Colombia and Mexico |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |page=90}}</ref><br />[[Progressivism]]<br />[[Protectionism]]}}
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name="iwgia">{{Citation |first=Juan |last=Houghton |title=Colombia |work=The Indigenous World 2008 |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) |year=2008 |page=136}}</ref><ref name="TayBotCri">{{Citation |first1=Steven L. |last1=Taylor |first2=Felipe |last2=Botero Jaramillo |first3=Brian F. |last3=Crisp |title=Precandidates, Candidates, and Presidents: Paths to the Colombian Presidency |work=Pathways to Power |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=2008 |page=291}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Mary |last=Roldán |title=End of Discussion: Violence, Participatory Democracy, and the Limits of Dissent in Colombia |work=Violent Democracies in Latin America |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2010 |page=64}}</ref><ref name="Hristov"/>
| colours = {{color box|#FFFF00|border=darkgray}} [[Yellow]]
| headquarters = [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
| members =
| regional = [[São Paulo Forum]]
| national = [[Historic Pact for Colombia]]
| seats1_title = [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|9|188|yellow}}
| seats2_title = [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|6|108|yellow}}
| website = [http://www.polodemocratico.net www.polodemocratico.net]
}}


The '''Alternative Democratic Pole''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Polo Democrático Alternativo'' or '''PDA''') is a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[list of political parties in Colombia|political party in Colombia]],<ref name="Rochlin">{{Citation |first=James F. |last=Rochlin |title=Social Forces and the Revolution in Military Affairs: The Cases of Colombia and Mexico |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |pages=83}}</ref> active from 2005 to the present. In 2022 it was successful at the polls and formed the Government of Colombia.
It originally existed as a leftwing congressional coalition and the party itself was officially founded on [[July 17]] [[2003]]. The congressinoal movement consisted of the union of several diverse political tendencies among the Colombian left (including former guerrillas, labor and union leaders, indigenous representatives and others), including many of, but not necessarily limited to, [[marxist]] extraction.


It was founded as a political alliance of the [[Independent Democratic Pole]] (PDI) and the Democratic Alternative (AD) in December 2005. Both parties opposed the neoliberal economic program, securitization and militarization of Colombia under then-President [[Álvaro Uribe]].<ref name="Hristov">{{Citation |first=Jasmin |last=Hristov |title=Blood & Capital: The Paramilitarization of Colombia |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2009 |page=144}}</ref> Subsequently, it was the only parliamentary party to declare opposition to the government of [[Juan Manuel Santos]], and then joined the opposition against the government of [[Ivan Duque]].
Some of the members of the original group which did not formally join the new party remained as separate political structures.


As of 2009, a considerable number of PDA politicians were still former guerrilla fighters who gave up armed struggle and demobilized during the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Schirmer |title=A Norwegian-Supported Peace Building Project: Conversations among Security Forces, Former Guerillas, and Civil Society |work=Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War |agency=United States Institute of Peace |year=2009 |page=406}}</ref> And by 2012, a considerable part of PDA politicians including the former guerrilla fighters were more aligned with the [[Green Party (Colombia)|Green Party]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diario|first1=El Espectador|title=El M19 está apoderándose del Partido Verde|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/politica/el-m19-esta-apoderandose-del-partido-verde-articulo-451103}}</ref> the [[Progressive Movement (Colombia)|Movimiento Progresistas]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diario|first1=El Universal|title=Gustavo Petro renuncia a filas del Polo Democrático|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/11/30/int_art_gustavo-petro-renunc_2122817}}</ref> or [[Marcha Patriótica]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Revista|first1=Semana|title=Partido Comunista "sí está fuera del Polo": Comité Ejecutivo Nacional|url=http://www.semana.com/politica/articulo/partido-comunista-si-esta-fuera-del-polo-comite-ejecutivo-nacional/262995-3}}</ref> than the PDA.
The PDI's platform principally consists of supporting a negotiated settlement with the country's leftwing insurgencies, defending the principles and practical applications of Colombia's [[1991]] Constitution, rejecting the country's traditionally [[bipartisan]] politics, and promoting democracy, freedom and social justice while also respecting human rights. The party completely rejects the armed struggle of the [[FARC]] and [[ELN]] as an effective means to solve Colombia's social, political and economical problems.


==Political development==
Despite threats and violent actions from elements of the country's radical rightwing, most notably from [[AUC]] paramilitaries and others, which have resulted in the murder of some of its members, the PDI has become a nationally recognized movement and it has enjoyed some recent electoral successes, such as winning the 2003 election for the office of [[Bogotá]]'s mayor through their candidate [[Luis Eduardo Garzón]], the governorship of the Valle department through [[Angelino Garzón]], and being partially responsible for the failure of the goverment's [[October]] [2003]] referendum (which it opposed, together with the [[Colombian Liberal Party]] and others). The party also become part of a few ruling coalitions in other local municipalties, such as Nariño, Pasto.
The PDI and AD initially had their own pre-candidates for the 2006 presidential race. PDI had nominated [[Antonio Navarro Wolff|Antonio Navarro]] (former leader of [[19th of April Movement|M-19]]) and AD had nominated [[Carlos Gaviria]].


In a primary election held on March 12, 2006, Gaviria won the presidential nomination of the PDA.
The PDI is present as an observer in the [[Socialist International]]. The PDI is currently in political opposition to the government of president [[Alvaro Uribe]], being critical of many of his actions and generally rejecting his policies as counterproductive or ineffective. This has not prevented several of its members from participating in discussions and finding points of agreement with some Uribe supporters or with other more traditional politicians.

In the simultaneous [[2006 Colombian parliamentary election|legislative elections of 2006]], the party won 9 out of 166 Deputies and 11 out of 100 senators.

At the [[2006 Colombian presidential election|presidential elections]] of 28 May 2006, [[Carlos Gaviria]] came second with 22.04% of the vote, 2,613,157 votes.<ref>National Registry of Civil State, results of the 2006 presidential election. http://www.registraduria.gov.co/resprelec2006/0528/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023257/http://www.registraduria.gov.co/resprelec2006/0528/index.htm |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> This was the highest ever result for a left-wing candidate in Colombia's history.<ref name="Rochlin"/> Thus, the party replaced the long-standing Liberal Party as the country's second force and main opposition party.<ref name="TayBotCri"/>

After the election, the PDA was successful in gaining the support of groups representing the indigenous movement affiliated with the coalition.<ref name="iwgia"/> The guerrilla group [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]] (ELN) (at its fourth national congress) commented favorably on the PDA's electoral performance and declared that political action should take precedence over armed struggle.<ref>{{Citation |first=León |last=Valencia |title=The ELN's Halting Moves toward Peace |work=Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War |agency=United States Institute of Peace |year=2009 |page=99}}</ref> PDA's own founding doctrine repudiates armed guerilla politics: "We oppose war and the exercise of violence as means of political action".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Partido|first1=Polo Democrático Alternativo|title=Ideario de Unidad|url=http://www.polodemocratico.net/index.php/nuestro-partido/ideario-de-unidad|access-date=2015-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415161924/http://www.polodemocratico.net/index.php/nuestro-partido/ideario-de-unidad|archive-date=2015-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Later the PDA further consolidated its organization and gained support on a local level.<ref>{{Citation |first=Rex A. |last=Hudson |title=Colombia: A country study |edition=Fifth |publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |year=2010 |page=xli}}</ref> In October 2007, the PDA's candidate, [[Samuel Moreno Rojas]] won the mayoral election in Colombia's capital [[Bogotá]].<ref name="xxvi">{{Citation |first=Rex A. |last=Hudson |title=Colombia: A country study |edition=Fifth |publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |year=2010 |page=xxvi}}</ref>

In the [[2010 Colombian parliamentary election|2010 congressional election]], PDA's support declined. It won 7.8% of votes and 8 of 100 seats in the Senate, and 5.9% of the vote and 4 of 164 seats in the House of Representatives, demoting it to the sixth rank among parliamentary parties. Before the election, a faction of the PDA had split off and joined the [[Green Party (Colombia)|Green Party]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Harvey F. |last=Kline |title=Historical Dictionary of Colombia |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |page=404}}</ref>

[[Clara López Obregón|Clara Lopez]] was the party's candidate for the [[2014 Colombian presidential election|2014 presidential election]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Clara López es la candidata a la Presidencia por el Polo Democrático |newspaper=El Tiempo |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-12368988 |date=November 9, 2012 |access-date=March 1, 2014|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clara López, candidata del Polo para presidenciales de 2014 |newspaper=El Espectador |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/politica/clara-lopez-candidata-del-polo-presidenciales-de-2014-articulo-386158 |date=November 9, 2012 |access-date=March 1, 2014|language=es}}</ref> she placed fourth in the first round of the election, receiving 1,958,414 votes, representing 15.23%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolución No. 10368: Por la cual se establece el calendario Electoral para las elecciones de Presidente y Vicepresidente de la República (primera vuelta) para el período Constitucional 2014–2018 |url=http://www.registraduria.gov.co/IMG/pdf/res_10368.pdf |publisher=Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil |date=October 10, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161853/http://www.registraduria.gov.co/IMG/pdf/res_10368.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For the [[2022 Colombian presidential election|2022 presidential]] and [[2022 Colombian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]], the party joined forces with other left-wing and centre-left parties to form the [[Historic Pact for Colombia]] (Spanish PHxC) alliance, whose candidates [[Gustavo Petro]] and PDA member [[Francia Márquez]], were victorious in the second round of the presidential election, making them the first leftists to assume the Presidency and Vice-Presidency in Colombian history. In the parliamentary elections, PHxC candidates, including PDA members, won the most votes in both the Chamber of Representatives and Senatorial elections; in both chambers seats are awarded by [[Elections in Colombia|proportional representation]].

==Electoral history==

===Presidential elections===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election year
! Candidate
! # votes
! % vote
! Result
! Note
|-
! [[2006 Colombian presidential election|2006]]
| [[Carlos Gaviria Díaz]]
| 2,609,412
| 22.04% (2nd)
| {{N}} Defeated
|
|-
! [[2010 Colombian presidential election|2010]]
| [[Gustavo Petro]]
| 1,331,267
| 9.14% (4th)
| {{N}} Defeated
|
|-
! [[2014 Colombian presidential election|2014]]
| [[Clara López Obregón]]
| 1,958,414
| 15.23% (4th)
| {{N}} Defeated
|
|-
! [[2018 Colombian presidential election|2018]]
| [[Sergio Fajardo]]
| 4,602,916
| 23.78% (3rd)
| {{N}} Defeated
|
|-
! [[2022 Colombian presidential election|2022]]
| [[Gustavo Petro]]
| 11,291,986
| 50.44% (1st)
| {{Y}} Winner
| coalition with [[Historic Pact for Colombia]]
|}

===Legislative elections===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Election Year
! colspan="3" |House of Representatives
! colspan="3" |Senate
|-
!Votes
!Percentage
!Seats
!Votes
!Percentage
!Seats
|-
|[[2006 Colombian parliamentary election|2006]]
|677,964
|7,66 (#5)
|{{Composition bar|7|166|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
|563,060
|9,71 (#5)
|{{Composition bar|10|102|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
|-
|[[2010 Colombian parliamentary election|2010]]
|563,555
|5,86 (#6)
|{{Composition bar|5|166|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
| 824,948
|7,82 (#6)
|{{Composition bar|8|102|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
|-
|[[2014 Colombian parliamentary election|2014]]
|414,346
|3,8 (#10)
|{{Composition bar|3|166|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
| 541,145
|3,78 (#7)
|{{Composition bar|5|102|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
|-
|[[2018 Colombian parliamentary election|2018]]
|416,766
|3,0 (#7)
|{{Composition bar|2|166|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
| 736,367
|4,80 (#7)
|{{Composition bar|5|102|{{party color|Alternative Democratic Pole}}}}
|-
|[[2022 Colombian parliamentary election|2022]]
|colspan="3"|With [[Historic Pact for Colombia]]
|colspan="3"|With [[Historic Pact for Colombia]]
|}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Politics of Colombia]]
* [[Politics of Colombia]]
*[[List of political parties in Colombia]]
* [[List of political parties in Colombia]]


==External links==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://www.polodemocratico.net/ (Homepage, Spanish)
*http://www.electorales.com/paises/co/partidos_politicos/index.asp?id=20037221335 (Spanish)


==External links==
{{poli-stub}}
{{Commons category|Polo Democrático Alternativo}}
*[http://www.polodemocratico.net Polo Democrático Alternativo] (Homepage, Spanish)
*[http://tribunaroja.moir.org.co/POLO-DEMOCRATICO-ALTERNATIVO.html Ideario de Unidad del Polo Democrático Alternativo]{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Party's political program, Spanish)
*[http://www.portalcol.com/colombianadas/elecciones2006 Democracia a distancia: Elecciones 2006 (Portalcol.com)] (Information about the Pole's list of candidates to the Colombian Senate, Spanish).
{{ColParties}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Colombian political parties]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Colombia]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2005]]
[[Category:São Paulo Forum]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Colombia]]

Latest revision as of 04:03, 17 September 2024

Alternative Democratic Pole
Polo Democrático Alternativo
PresidentAlexander López Maya
Senate leaderIván Cepeda Castro
FoundedDecember 2005; 19 years ago (2005-12)
Merger ofIndependent Democratic Pole
Democratic Alternative
HeadquartersBogotá, Colombia
Youth wingPolo Jóven
IdeologySocial democracy[1][2]
Progressivism
Protectionism
Political positionLeft-wing[3][4][5][6]
National affiliationHistoric Pact for Colombia
Regional affiliationSão Paulo Forum
Colours  Yellow
Chamber of Representatives
9 / 188
Senate
6 / 108
Website
www.polodemocratico.net

The Alternative Democratic Pole (Spanish: Polo Democrático Alternativo or PDA) is a left-wing political party in Colombia,[7] active from 2005 to the present. In 2022 it was successful at the polls and formed the Government of Colombia.

It was founded as a political alliance of the Independent Democratic Pole (PDI) and the Democratic Alternative (AD) in December 2005. Both parties opposed the neoliberal economic program, securitization and militarization of Colombia under then-President Álvaro Uribe.[6] Subsequently, it was the only parliamentary party to declare opposition to the government of Juan Manuel Santos, and then joined the opposition against the government of Ivan Duque.

As of 2009, a considerable number of PDA politicians were still former guerrilla fighters who gave up armed struggle and demobilized during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[8] And by 2012, a considerable part of PDA politicians including the former guerrilla fighters were more aligned with the Green Party,[9] the Movimiento Progresistas,[10] or Marcha Patriótica,[11] than the PDA.

Political development

[edit]

The PDI and AD initially had their own pre-candidates for the 2006 presidential race. PDI had nominated Antonio Navarro (former leader of M-19) and AD had nominated Carlos Gaviria.

In a primary election held on March 12, 2006, Gaviria won the presidential nomination of the PDA.

In the simultaneous legislative elections of 2006, the party won 9 out of 166 Deputies and 11 out of 100 senators.

At the presidential elections of 28 May 2006, Carlos Gaviria came second with 22.04% of the vote, 2,613,157 votes.[12] This was the highest ever result for a left-wing candidate in Colombia's history.[7] Thus, the party replaced the long-standing Liberal Party as the country's second force and main opposition party.[4]

After the election, the PDA was successful in gaining the support of groups representing the indigenous movement affiliated with the coalition.[3] The guerrilla group National Liberation Army (ELN) (at its fourth national congress) commented favorably on the PDA's electoral performance and declared that political action should take precedence over armed struggle.[13] PDA's own founding doctrine repudiates armed guerilla politics: "We oppose war and the exercise of violence as means of political action".[14]

Later the PDA further consolidated its organization and gained support on a local level.[15] In October 2007, the PDA's candidate, Samuel Moreno Rojas won the mayoral election in Colombia's capital Bogotá.[16]

In the 2010 congressional election, PDA's support declined. It won 7.8% of votes and 8 of 100 seats in the Senate, and 5.9% of the vote and 4 of 164 seats in the House of Representatives, demoting it to the sixth rank among parliamentary parties. Before the election, a faction of the PDA had split off and joined the Green Party.[17]

Clara Lopez was the party's candidate for the 2014 presidential election;[18][19] she placed fourth in the first round of the election, receiving 1,958,414 votes, representing 15.23%.[20]

For the 2022 presidential and parliamentary election, the party joined forces with other left-wing and centre-left parties to form the Historic Pact for Colombia (Spanish PHxC) alliance, whose candidates Gustavo Petro and PDA member Francia Márquez, were victorious in the second round of the presidential election, making them the first leftists to assume the Presidency and Vice-Presidency in Colombian history. In the parliamentary elections, PHxC candidates, including PDA members, won the most votes in both the Chamber of Representatives and Senatorial elections; in both chambers seats are awarded by proportional representation.

Electoral history

[edit]

Presidential elections

[edit]
Election year Candidate # votes % vote Result Note
2006 Carlos Gaviria Díaz 2,609,412 22.04% (2nd) Red XN Defeated
2010 Gustavo Petro 1,331,267 9.14% (4th) Red XN Defeated
2014 Clara López Obregón 1,958,414 15.23% (4th) Red XN Defeated
2018 Sergio Fajardo 4,602,916 23.78% (3rd) Red XN Defeated
2022 Gustavo Petro 11,291,986 50.44% (1st) Green tickY Winner coalition with Historic Pact for Colombia

Legislative elections

[edit]
Election Year House of Representatives Senate
Votes Percentage Seats Votes Percentage Seats
2006 677,964 7,66 (#5)
7 / 166
 563,060 9,71 (#5)
10 / 102
2010 563,555 5,86 (#6)
5 / 166
 824,948 7,82 (#6)
8 / 102
2014 414,346 3,8 (#10)
3 / 166
 541,145 3,78 (#7)
5 / 102
2018 416,766 3,0 (#7)
2 / 166
 736,367 4,80 (#7)
5 / 102
2022 With Historic Pact for Colombia With Historic Pact for Colombia

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schirmer, Jennifer (2009), "A Norwegian-Supported Peace Building Project: Conversations among Security Forces, Former Guerillas, and Civil Society", Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War, United States Institute of Peace, p. 407
  2. ^ Rochlin, James F. (2007), Social Forces and the Revolution in Military Affairs: The Cases of Colombia and Mexico, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 90
  3. ^ a b Houghton, Juan (2008), "Colombia", The Indigenous World 2008, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), p. 136
  4. ^ a b Taylor, Steven L.; Botero Jaramillo, Felipe; Crisp, Brian F. (2008), "Precandidates, Candidates, and Presidents: Paths to the Colombian Presidency", Pathways to Power, Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 291
  5. ^ Roldán, Mary (2010), "End of Discussion: Violence, Participatory Democracy, and the Limits of Dissent in Colombia", Violent Democracies in Latin America, Duke University Press, p. 64
  6. ^ a b Hristov, Jasmin (2009), Blood & Capital: The Paramilitarization of Colombia, Ohio University Press, p. 144
  7. ^ a b Rochlin, James F. (2007), Social Forces and the Revolution in Military Affairs: The Cases of Colombia and Mexico, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 83
  8. ^ Schirmer, Jennifer (2009), "A Norwegian-Supported Peace Building Project: Conversations among Security Forces, Former Guerillas, and Civil Society", Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War, United States Institute of Peace, p. 406
  9. ^ Diario, El Espectador. "El M19 está apoderándose del Partido Verde".
  10. ^ Diario, El Universal. "Gustavo Petro renuncia a filas del Polo Democrático".
  11. ^ Revista, Semana. "Partido Comunista "sí está fuera del Polo": Comité Ejecutivo Nacional".
  12. ^ National Registry of Civil State, results of the 2006 presidential election. http://www.registraduria.gov.co/resprelec2006/0528/index.htm Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Valencia, León (2009), "The ELN's Halting Moves toward Peace", Colombia: Building Peace in a Time of War, United States Institute of Peace, p. 99
  14. ^ Partido, Polo Democrático Alternativo. "Ideario de Unidad". Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  15. ^ Hudson, Rex A. (2010), Colombia: A country study (Fifth ed.), Library of Congress Federal Research Division, p. xli
  16. ^ Hudson, Rex A. (2010), Colombia: A country study (Fifth ed.), Library of Congress Federal Research Division, p. xxvi
  17. ^ Kline, Harvey F. (2012), Historical Dictionary of Colombia, Scarecrow Press, p. 404
  18. ^ "Clara López es la candidata a la Presidencia por el Polo Democrático". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  19. ^ "Clara López, candidata del Polo para presidenciales de 2014". El Espectador (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  20. ^ "Resolución No. 10368: Por la cual se establece el calendario Electoral para las elecciones de Presidente y Vicepresidente de la República (primera vuelta) para el período Constitucional 2014–2018" (PDF). Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
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