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Rhobs al-Arsa (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.^[1]) is a very popular citrus fruit in Morocco.^[2]

Names

Rhobs al-Arsa is Arabic for bread of the garden, or "Garden Loaf". This citrus hybrid has many other names, such as Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, and Zemboua.

Description

The plant is an evergreen shrub with young green shoots, and rounded leaves that are green and shiny. The fruit is round and rather flat, with a small nipple at the apex, and an inverted ring around the nipple. Its skin is usually smooth. The pulp is acidic and fruity, with a sweet and pleasant albedo, slightly bitter bark. Maturity in February or March. It is cold-hardy to -2 °C / 3 °C and is an open-pollinated seedling.

Genetics

The Rhobs al Arsa has long been viewed as a citron hybrid, though different cultivars have been suggested for the parents, for example, Moroccan citron as the male parent and sour orange as the female parent,^[3] citron or lemon and a mandarin.

Detailed genomic analysis showed Rhobs al Arsa to be highly similar to several cultivars of the Citrus limetta, the limetta or Persian sweet lime, and likely shared a common origin with them, arising from a cross between citron (Citrus medica) and sour orange (Citrus × aurantium). The common lemon and several other hybrids arose from distinct hybridization events involving the same two species.^[4] This proposed parentage was confirmed by a study of the native Sardinian citrus, the pompia (C. medica tuberosa), which was found to be genetically synonymous with the Rhobs el Arsa, both descended from the same hybrid, the product of a citron pollinating a sour orange, with the citron likely to be a native Italian variety such as the Diamante or the Common Poncire citrons. Such citrons had been cultivated together with the sour orange around the Mediterranean after the introduction of the latter by Moors in the 8th century, and frequent spontaneous crosses are likely to have occurred. Another Mediterranean variety, the Poncire de Collioure, was likewise found to be synonymous with Rhobs el Arsa and pompia.^[5]

Notes

^ Ars Gov.
^ Chapot, Henri (1950). "Un curieux cedrat Marocain (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514". Persee.fr. 30 (335): 506–514. doi:10.3406/jatba.1950.6729.
^ Corsica SRA, citrus Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 11 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005. PMC 4817432. PMID 26944784.
^ Luro, François; Viglietti, Grazia; Marchi, Elodie; Costantino, Gilles; Scarpa, Grazia Maria; Tomi, Felix; Paoli, Mathieu; Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Patrick (2019). "Genetic, morphological and chemical investigations reveal the genetic origin of Pompia (C. medica tuberosa Risso & Poiteau) – An old endemic Sardinian citrus fruit". Phytochemistry. 168: 112083. Bibcode:2019PChem.168k2083L. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112083. PMID 31521382.

References

Agrumes Baches
France plantes
Many photos of the fruit by Dr. Giuseppe
Home Citrus Growers in United Kingdom have one in their collection
Citrus jambhiri Lush. as aided by gas chromato-graphy of their essential leaf oils

[1] Ars Gov.

[2] Chapot, Henri (1950). "Un curieux cedrat Marocain (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514". Persee.fr. 30 (335): 506–514. doi:10.3406/jatba.1950.6729.

[3] Corsica SRA, citrus Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine

[limes_and_lemons-4] Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 11 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005. PMC 4817432. PMID 26944784.

[Pompia-5] Luro, François; Viglietti, Grazia; Marchi, Elodie; Costantino, Gilles; Scarpa, Grazia Maria; Tomi, Felix; Paoli, Mathieu; Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Patrick (2019). "Genetic, morphological and chemical investigations reveal the genetic origin of Pompia (C. medica tuberosa Risso & Poiteau) – An old endemic Sardinian citrus fruit". Phytochemistry. 168: 112083. Bibcode:2019PChem.168k2083L. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112083. PMID 31521382.

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[2]

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[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Citrus fruit and plant}}
 {{Citron varieties}}
-'''Rhobs al-Arsa''' (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/199pt1/pi199pt1_367.pdf Ars Gov.]</ref>) is a very popular [[citrus]] fruit in [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_335_6729|title=''Un curieux cedrat Marocain'' (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514|work=persee.fr}}</ref>
+'''Rhobs al-Arsa''' (''Citrus limon'' (L.) Burm. f.<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/199pt1/pi199pt1_367.pdf Ars Gov.]</ref>) is a very popular [[citrus]] fruit in [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_335_6729|title=''Un curieux cedrat Marocain'' (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514|journal=Persee.fr|year=1950|volume=30|issue=335|pages=506–514|doi=10.3406/jatba.1950.6729|last1=Chapot|first1=Henri}}</ref>
 == Names ==
+Rhobs al-Arsa is [[Arabic]] for bread of the garden, or ''"Garden Loaf"''. This [[citrus]] hybrid has many other names, such as Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, and Zemboua.
-Rhobs al-Arsa is [[Arabic]] for bread of the garden, or ''"Garden Loaf"'', probably referring to the [[forbidden fruit]] of the [[Garden of Eden]] ([[Jannah]] or [[hesperides]]), which, according to some, was a [[citron]] or similar fruit. There is also a well known hotel in [[Marrakesh, Morocco]], named ''Riad Villa al-Arsa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riadvillaelarsa.com/welcome/|title=Welcome – Riad Villa El Arsa|work=riadvillaelarsa.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maidenelarsa.com/|title=Location villa Marrakech – Maidan El Arsa|author=Taktil Communication|work=Villa Maidan}}</ref>
-This [[citrus]] hybrid has many other names, such as Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, and Zemboua.
 == Description ==
-Evergreen shrub with the young green shoot, rounded leaves, green and shiny. Round fruit rather flat, with a small nipple at apex, inverted ring around nipple. Skin usually smooth, sometimes rough. Pulp is acidic and fruity, sweet and pleasant albedo, slightly bitter bark. Maturity in February or March. Cold hardiness -2&nbsp;°C / 3&nbsp;°C. Open pollinated seedling.
+The plant is an evergreen shrub with young green shoots, and rounded leaves that are green and shiny. The fruit is round and rather flat, with a small nipple at the apex, and an inverted ring around the nipple. Its skin is usually smooth. The pulp is acidic and fruity, with a sweet and pleasant albedo, slightly bitter bark. Maturity in February or March. It is [[hardiness (plants)|cold-hardy]] to -2&nbsp;°C / 3&nbsp;°C and is an open-pollinated seedling.
 == Genetics ==
-The Rhobs al Arsa has long been viewed as a citron [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], though a different cultivars have been suggested for the parent, for example, [[Moroccan citron]] as a  male parent and [[sour orange]] as the female parent,<ref>[http://corsica.corse.inra.fr/sra/30110244.htm Corsica SRA, citrus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123094600/http://corsica.corse.inra.fr/sra/30110244.htm |date=2006-11-23 }}</ref> [[citron]] or [[lemon]] and a [[mandarin orange|mandarin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/phenolics/comp/rlemon.htm|title=ARS : Research|work=usda.gov}}</ref>, or citron and the lime.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1217957?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21104724165023 Chemical characterization of citrus as a tool in phylogeny]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19701608394.html|title=Chemical characterization of citrus as a tool in phylogeny|last=SCORA|first= R. W.|last2=MALIK|first2= M. N.|journal=Taxon|year=1970| volume=19| pages=215–28|issn=0040-0262|doi=10.2307/1217957|publisher=CAB International}}</ref>  Detailed genomic analysis has allowed the parents to be identified.  The genetic structure of the Rhobs al Arsa was found to be highly similar to several cultivars of ''[[Citrus limetta]]'', the limetta or Persian [[Sweet lemon|sweet lime]], and they all likely shared a common origin, arising from a cross between citron (''Citrus medica'') and sour orange (''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'').  The common lemon arose from a distinct hybridization event involving the same two species.<ref name="limes and lemons">{{cite journal | title=Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers | last1=Curk | first1=Franck | last2=Ollitrault | first2= Frédérique | last3=Garcia-Lor | first3= Andres | last4=Luro | first4=François | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=Annals of Botany | volume=11 | pages=565-583 | year=2016 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcw005 | pmc=4817432 }}</ref>
+The Rhobs al Arsa has long been viewed as a citron [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], though different cultivars have been suggested for the parents, for example, [[Moroccan citron]] as the male parent and [[sour orange]] as the female parent,<ref>[http://corsica.corse.inra.fr/sra/30110244.htm Corsica SRA, citrus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123094600/http://corsica.corse.inra.fr/sra/30110244.htm |date=2006-11-23 }}</ref> [[citron]] or [[lemon]] and a [[mandarin orange|mandarin]].
+[[File:Frutto pompia.jpg|thumb|The pompia, a [[Sardinia]]n citrus genetically synonymous with the Rhobs el Arsa]]
+Detailed genomic analysis showed Rhobs al Arsa to be highly similar to several cultivars of the ''[[Citrus limetta]]'', the limetta or Persian [[Sweet lemon|sweet lime]], and likely shared a common origin with them, arising from a cross between citron (''Citrus medica'') and sour orange (''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'').  The common lemon and several other hybrids arose from distinct hybridization events involving the same two species.<ref name="limes and lemons">{{cite journal | title=Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers | last1=Curk | first1=Franck | last2=Ollitrault | first2= Frédérique | last3=Garcia-Lor | first3= Andres | last4=Luro | first4=François | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=Annals of Botany | volume=11 | pages=565–583 | year=2016 | issue=4 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcw005 | pmc=4817432 | pmid=26944784}}</ref>  This proposed parentage was confirmed by a study of the native [[Sardinia]]n citrus, the [[pompia]] (''C. medica tuberosa''), which was found to be genetically [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with the Rhobs el Arsa, both descended from the same hybrid, the product of a citron pollinating a sour orange, with the citron likely to be a native Italian variety such as the [[Diamante citron|Diamante]] or the Common Poncire citrons.  Such citrons had been cultivated together with the sour orange around the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] after the introduction of the latter by Moors in the 8th century, and frequent spontaneous crosses are likely to have occurred. Another Mediterranean variety, the Poncire de Collioure, was likewise found to be synonymous with Rhobs el Arsa and pompia.<ref name=Pompia>{{cite journal|title=Genetic, morphological and chemical investigations reveal the genetic origin of Pompia (''C. medica tuberosa'' Risso & Poiteau) – An old endemic Sardinian citrus fruit| first1=François| last1=Luro| first2=Grazia| last2=Viglietti| first3=Elodie| last3=Marchi| first4=Gilles| last4=Costantino| first5=Grazia Maria| last5=Scarpa| first6=Felix| last6=Tomi| first7=Mathieu| last7=Paoli| first8=Franck| last8=Curk| first9=Patrick| last9=Ollitrault|journal=Phytochemistry| volume=168| page=112083| year=2019| doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112083| pmid=31521382| bibcode=2019PChem.168k2083L| url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/593435/| doi-access=free}}</ref>
 == Notes ==
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 == References ==
 *[http://www.agrumes-baches.com/baches/0/boutique/50301/citrus_medica_rhobs_el_arsa.htm#.VCCCKfldVS0 Agrumes Baches]
-*[https://archive.is/20140922205236/http://www.france-plantes.fr/rechercher_plantes/recherche_par_type/9/agrumes/detail_plante/5/17137/CITRUS%20MEDICA%20RHOBS%20EL%20ARSA.html France plantes]
+*[https://archive.today/20140922205236/http://www.france-plantes.fr/rechercher_plantes/recherche_par_type/9/agrumes/detail_plante/5/17137/CITRUS%20MEDICA%20RHOBS%20EL%20ARSA.html France plantes]
 * [http://www.photomazza.com/?Rutaceae Many photos of the fruit by Dr. Giuseppe]
 * [http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/citrusplaces/carnoles.html Home Citrus Growers in United Kingdom] have one in their collection