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{{Short description|Australian civilian and military nurse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| name = Alice Ross-King
| name = Alice Ross-King
Line 4: Line 6:
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption = Ross-King in {{circa|1919}}
⚫
| birth_name = Alys Ross King
⚫
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ballarat]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|08|17|1887|08|05|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|08|17|1887|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ballarat]], Victoria
| death_place = [[Cronulla]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
⚫
| placeofburial = [[Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park]]
| death_place = [[Cronulla]], New South Wales
⚫
| placeofburial = [[Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park|Fawkner cemetery]], Melbourne
⚫
| nickname =
⚫
| birth_name = Alys Ross King
| allegiance = Australia
| allegiance = Australia
| branch = [[Australian Army]]
| branch = [[Australian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1914–1919<br/>1941–1947
| serviceyears = 1914–1919<br/>1941–1947
| rank = [[Major]]
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit = [[Australian Army Nursing Service]]<br/>[[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]]
| unit = [[Australian Army Nursing Service]]<br/>[[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]]
| commands =
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]]<br/>[[Second World War]]
| battles = [[First World War]]<br/>[[Second World War]]
| awards = [[Associate Royal Red Cross]]<br/>[[Military Medal]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]]<br/>[[Florence Nightingale Medal]]<br/>[[Victorian Honour Roll of Women]]
| awards = [[Associate Royal Red Cross]]<br/>[[Military Medal]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]]<br/>[[Florence Nightingale Medal]]<br/>[[Victorian Honour Roll of Women]]
| spouse = Sydney Theodore Appleford ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1919–58; his death)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sydney Theodore Appleford|August 1919|1958|end=d}}
| relations =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| laterwork =
}}
}}
'''Alice Ross Appleford''', {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|ARRC|MM}} (née '''Ross-King'''; 5 August 1887 – 19 August 1968)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P004398b.htm|title=Appleford, Alice Ross |work=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|publisher=The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> was an Australian civilian and military nurse who took part in both [[World Wars]]. She has been described as Australia's most decorated woman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Medals/_Master/docs/Newsletters/Edition-003-DH&A-Newsletter.pdf |title=Did You Know? |publisher=Australian Department of Defence, Directorate of Honours & Awards |date=July 2007}}</ref> During the [[First World War]] she served in hospitals in Egypt and France and was one of only seven Australian nurses decorated with the [[Military Medal]] for gallantry. In the [[Second World War]] she held a senior post within the [[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]]. In 1949 she was awarded the [[Florence Nightingale Medal]], the highest award made by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]].
'''Alice Appleford''', {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100|sep=,|ARRC|MM}} ({{nee}} '''Ross-King'''; 5 August 1887 – 17 August 1968)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenaustralia.info/biogs/IMP0247b.htm|title=Appleford, Alys (Alice) Ross (1891–1968)|website=Australian Women's Register|access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P004398b.htm|title=Appleford, Alice Ross |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|publisher=The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> was an Australian civilian and military nurse who took part in both [[World Wars]]. She has been described as Australia's most decorated woman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Medals/_Master/docs/Newsletters/Edition-003-DH&A-Newsletter.pdf |title=Did You Know? |publisher=Australian Department of Defence, Directorate of Honours & Awards |date=July 2007}}</ref> During the [[First World War]] she served in hospitals in Egypt and France and was one of only seven Australian nurses to be awarded the [[Military Medal]] for gallantry. In the [[Second World War]] she held a senior post within the [[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]]. In 1949 she was awarded the [[Florence Nightingale Medal]], the highest award made by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Ross-King was born in [[Ballarat]], Victoria. Her parents, Archibald Ross King and Henrietta King (née Ward), named her Alys Ross King.<ref name="Finnie">[[#{{harvid|Finnie}}|Finnie]]</ref> The family moved to [[Perth]] but her father and two brothers drowned in an accident and Henrietta King moved, with Alys, to [[Melbourne]].<ref name=Finnie/>
Ross-King was born in [[Ballarat]], Victoria. Her parents, Archibald Ross King and Henrietta King (née Ward), named her '''Alys Ross King'''.<ref name="Finnie">[[#{{harvid|Finnie}}|Finnie (1988)]]</ref> The family moved to [[Perth]] but her father and two brothers drowned in an accident and Henrietta King moved, with Alys, to [[Melbourne]].<ref name=Finnie/>


Nursing training was undertaken at [[The Alfred Hospital]] in Melbourne and by 1914 Ross-King was a qualified theatre sister.<ref name=Finnie/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page13605155 |title=Nurses display bravery |newspaper=The Weekly Times (Victoria) |date=6 October 1917 |page=10}}</ref>
Nursing training was undertaken at [[The Alfred Hospital]] in Melbourne and, by 1914, Ross-King was a qualified theatre sister.<ref name=Finnie/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page13605155 |title=Nurses display bravery |newspaper=The Weekly Times (Victoria) |date=6 October 1917 |page=10}}</ref>


==First World War==
==First World War==
Shortly after the outbreak of the war Ross-King enlisted in the [[Australian Army Nursing Service]] (AANS) and it was at this time that she changed her surname from Ross King to the hyphenated Ross-King to distinguish her from another AANS nurse called Alice King<ref name=Finnie/> as well as simplify the spelling of her forename to the more common spelling of Alice.
Shortly after the outbreak of the [[First World War]], Ross-King enlisted in the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] as a member of the [[Australian Army Nursing Service]] (AANS). It was at this time that she changed her surname from Ross King to the hyphenated Ross-King, to distinguish her from another AANS nurse called Alice King,<ref name=Finnie/> as well as simplify the spelling of her forename to the more common spelling of Alice.

⚫
In November 1914 Sister Ross-King was posted overseas to serve with [[1st Australian General Hospital]] (1st AGH) in Egypt. 1st AGH was based at [[Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)|Heliopolis]] near [[Cairo]] and after service there, Ross-King was posted to an outstation at Suez established as a clearing station for casualties from the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. Towards the end of 1915 Ross-King returned to Australia as a nurse to wounded troops returning home.<ref name=Finnie/>


⚫
In November 1914, Sister Ross-King was posted overseas to serve with [[1st Australian General Hospital]] (1st AGH) in Egypt. 1st AGH was based at [[Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)|Heliopolis]], near [[Cairo]], and after service there, Ross-King was posted to an outstation at Suez established as a clearing station for casualties from the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. Towards the end of 1915 Ross-King returned to Australia as a nurse to wounded troops returning home.<ref name=Finnie/>
Returning to 1st AGH Sister Ross-King and was part of the unit when 1st AGH moved to France in April 1916. 1st AGH was settled at Rouen and Ross-King nursed there throughout 1916 including the [[Somme Campaign]] and into 1917. In June 1917 she was posted to 10th Stationary Hospital at St Omer but after only a few weeks she was posted again, this time to 2nd Casualty Clearing Station (2nd CCS) near Trois Arbres. Arriving at 2nd CCS on 17 July, Ross-King had only been at the hospital for 5 days when it was bombed on the night of 22 July 1917. Four men were killed in the bombing and 15 others injured. Ross-King who was just finishing a shift returned to the wards and continued to care for the patients in the ward despite the fact that the canvas tents had collapsed on top of her and the casualties.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|pp=184–185}}


Her actions during the raid and the immediate aftermath resulted in Ross-King being awarded the [[Military Medal]] (MM), one of only seven AANS nurses to receive the MM during the war.<ref name=Finnie/> Of the other six Military Medal awards, three were awarded to her colleagues at 2nd CCS for conduct during the same raid; these were Sisters [[Dorothy Cawood]] and Clare Deacon, and Staff Nurse Mary Derrer.{{sfnp|Bassett|1997|p=63}} All four awards were published in the [[London Gazette]] on 25 September 1917<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30312 |supp=y |date=25 September 1917 |page=10038 }}</ref> and presentation of the medals was made by General [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|William Birdwood]], General Officer Commanding [[I ANZAC Corps]].<ref name=Finnie/>
Returning to 1st AGH, Ross-King was part of the unit when 1st AGH moved to France in April 1916. 1st AGH was settled at Rouen and Ross-King nursed there throughout 1916, including the [[Somme Campaign]], and into 1917. In June 1917 she was posted to 10th Stationary Hospital at St Omer but after only a few weeks she was posted again, this time to 2nd Casualty Clearing Station (2nd CCS) near Trois Arbres. Arriving at 2nd CCS on 17 July, Ross-King had only been at the hospital for five days when it was bombed on the night of 22 July 1917. Four men were killed in the bombing and 15 others injured. Ross-King, who was just finishing a shift, returned to the wards and continued to care for the patients in the ward despite the fact that the canvas tents had collapsed on top of her and the casualties.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|pp=184–185}} Her actions during the raid and the immediate aftermath resulted in Ross-King being awarded the [[Military Medal]] (MM), one of only seven AANS nurses to receive the MM during the war.<ref name=Finnie/> Of the other six Military Medal awards, three were awarded to her colleagues at 2nd CCS for conduct during the same raid; these were Sisters [[Dorothy Cawood]] and [[Clare Deacon]], and Staff Nurse Mary Derrer.{{sfnp|Bassett|1997|p=63}} All four awards were published in the ''[[London Gazette]]'' on 25 September 1917,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30312 |supp=y |date=25 September 1917 |page=10038 }}</ref> and presentation of the medals was made by General [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]], General Officer Commanding [[I ANZAC Corps]].<ref name=Finnie/>


Ross-King returned to 1st AGH in November 1917 and remained with the hospital until the end of the war. In May 1918 Ross-King was made an [[Royal Red Cross|Associate of the Royal Red Cross]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30716 |supp=y |date=31 May 1918 |page=6475}}</ref> and had also been [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref name=Finnie/> 1st AGH moved to England in January 1919 and embarked to return to Australia the same month. Ross-King was discharged from the AANS in September 1919.<ref name=Finnie/>
Ross-King returned to 1st AGH in November 1917 and remained with the hospital until the end of the war. In May 1918 Ross-King was made an [[Royal Red Cross|Associate of the Royal Red Cross]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30716 |supp=y |date=31 May 1918 |page=6475}}</ref> and had also been [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref name=Finnie/> 1st AGH moved to England in January 1919 and embarked to return to Australia the same month. Ross-King was discharged from the AANS in September 1919.<ref name=Finnie/>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
During the war Ross-King met and became engaged to Harry Moffitt, an officer in the 53rd battalion [[First Australian Imperial Force|AIF]], but he was killed during the [[Battle of Fromelles]] in July 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG0000974/ |title=Diary of Alice Ross-King, 1916 |work=Australian War Memorial |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> During the voyage to Australia in 1919 Ross-King met Dr Sydney Appleford and they married in August 1919, settling in [[Lang Lang, Victoria]] where they raised their four children.<ref name=Finnie/>
During the war Ross-King met and became engaged to Harry Moffitt, an officer in the 53rd Battalion, but he was killed during the [[Battle of Fromelles]] in July 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG0000974/ |title=Diary of Alice Ross-King, 1916 |work=Australian War Memorial |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> During the voyage to Australia in 1919, Ross-King met Dr Sydney Appleford and they married in August 1919, settling in [[Lang Lang, Victoria]], where they raised their four children.<ref name=Finnie/>


==Second World War==
==Second World War==
Between the wars Alice Ross King has become involved in the training of [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] (VAD) personnel in Victoria. With the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] Ross-King enlisted into the VAD and when, in 1942, the [[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]] (AAMWS) was formed Appleford was commissioned with the rank of [[major]] and appointed senior assistant controller for Victoria responsible for all AAMWS in the state of Victoria.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}}
Between the wars, Alice Appleford become involved in the training of [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] (VAD) personnel in Victoria. With the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], she enlisted into the VAD and when, in 1942, the [[Australian Army Medical Women's Service]] (AAMWS) was formed Appleford was commissioned with the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] and appointed senior assistant controller for Victoria responsible for all AAMWS in the state of Victoria.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}}


Appleford continued to serve in the AAMWS until 1951.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}} During her service Ross-King was nominated for the [[Florence Nightingale Medal]] and was one of two Australian nurses to receive the medal in 1949.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189460849 |title=Nightingale Medal Presented |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=28 September 1949 |page=2 |issue=29,460}}</ref> The citation for the medal concluded: {{quote|1=No one who came into contact with Major Appleford could fail to recognize her as a leader of women. Her sense of duty, her sterling solidarity of character, her humanity, sincerity, and kindliness of heart set for others a very high example.|3=Copy of citation of Mrs Alice Ross Appleford, RRC., MM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG0000861/?image=5 |title=Letters to Alice Ross-King, 1917–1949 |work=Australian War Memorial}}</ref>}}
Appleford continued to serve in the AAMWS until 1951.{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}} During her service Appleford was nominated for the [[Florence Nightingale Medal]] and was one of two Australian nurses to receive the medal in 1949.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189460849 |title=Nightingale Medal Presented |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=28 September 1949 |page=2 |issue=29,460}}</ref> The citation for the medal concluded: {{blockquote|1=No one who came into contact with Major Appleford could fail to recognize her as a leader of women. Her sense of duty, her sterling solidarity of character, her humanity, sincerity, and kindliness of heart set for others a very high example.|3=Copy of citation of Mrs Alice Ross Appleford, RRC., MM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG0000861/?image=5 |title=Letters to Alice Ross-King, 1917–1949 |work=Australian War Memorial}}</ref>}}


==Later life==
==Later life==
Dr Appleford died in 1958 and Alice Appleford spent her final years in [[Cronulla]] before her death on 17 August 1968.<ref name=Finnie/>
Sydney Appleford died in 1958 and Alice Appleford spent her final years in [[Cronulla]] before her death on 17 August 1968.<ref name=Finnie/>


==Recognition==
==Recognition==
Since 1970 the ex-AAWMS Association has presented an annual proficiency award, the Alice Appleford Memorial Award, to a non-commissioned member of the [[Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps]].{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/health/about/docs/raanc.pdf |title=Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps |publisher=Australian Department of Defence |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref>
Since 1970 the ex-AAWMS Association has presented an annual proficiency award, the Alice Appleford Memorial Award, to a non-commissioned member of the [[Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps]].{{sfnp|Kelly|2004|p=187}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/health/about/docs/raanc.pdf |title=Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps |publisher=Australian Department of Defence |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>


In 2008 author Peter Rees told the story of Alice's First World War experiences in his book ''The Other Anzacs'' (republished as ''Anzac Girls''),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/book-review-anzac-girls-by-peter-rees-20140909-10aph5.html |title=Book review: Anzac Girls, by Peter Rees |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> which was turned into the TV series ''[[ANZAC Girls]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberra.edu.au/monitor/2014/aug/uc-screenwriter |title=ANZAC unsung heroines honoured by UC screenwriter |publisher=University of Canberra |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> The role of Alice Ross-King was played by [[Georgia Flood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/06/arts/anzac-girls-is-based-on-a-true-story-from-world-war-i.html?_r=0 |title=At the Front, Fighting Without Weapons |work=[[New York Times]] |date=5 October 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref>
In 2008 author Peter Rees told the story of Ross-King's First World War experiences in his book ''[[The Other ANZACs]]'' (republished as ''Anzac Girls''),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/book-review-anzac-girls-by-peter-rees-20140909-10aph5.html |title=Book review: Anzac Girls, by Peter Rees |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> which was turned into the TV series ''[[ANZAC Girls]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canberra.edu.au/monitor/2014/aug/uc-screenwriter |title=ANZAC unsung heroines honoured by UC screenwriter |publisher=University of Canberra |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044836/http://www.canberra.edu.au/monitor/2014/aug/uc-screenwriter |url-status=dead }}</ref> The role of Ross-King was played by [[Georgia Flood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/06/arts/anzac-girls-is-based-on-a-true-story-from-world-war-i.html?_r=0 |title=At the Front, Fighting Without Weapons |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 October 2014 |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>


In 2008, Alice Appleford was added to the [[Victorian Honour Roll of Women]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://herplacemuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2008-Honour-Roll-Booklet-1.pdf|title=Victorian Honour Roll of Women 2008|last=|first=|date=2008|website=Her Place Museum|publisher=Victorian Government Department of Planning and Community Development|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>
In 2008, Appleford was added to the [[Victorian Honour Roll of Women]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://herplacemuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2008-Honour-Roll-Booklet-1.pdf|title=Victorian Honour Roll of Women 2008|date=2008|website=Her Place Museum|publisher=Victorian Government Department of Planning and Community Development|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
;Notes
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


;Sources
'''Sources'''
* {{cite book |last=Bassett |first=Jan |title= Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War |year=1997 |publisher=OUP Australia and New Zealand |isbn=978-0195540840 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bassett |first=Jan |title= Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War |year=1997 |publisher=OUP Australia and New Zealand |isbn=978-0195540840}}
* {{cite web |last=Finnie |first=Lorna M. |date= |title=Ross-King, Alice (1887–1968) |work= Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher= National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ross-king-alice-8276/text14501, |orig-year=1988 |accessdate= 24 September 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |last=Finnie |first=Lorna M. |title=Ross-King, Alice (1887–1968) |work= Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher= National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ross-king-alice-8276/text14501, |year=1988 |accessdate= 24 September 2015 |ref={{harvid|Finnie}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Darryl |title= Just soldiers : stories of ordinary Australians doing extraordinary things in time of war |date=2004 |publisher=ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Queensland) | isbn=978-0-9581625-3-1 |pages=181–188 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Darryl |title= Just soldiers : stories of ordinary Australians doing extraordinary things in time of war |date=2004 |publisher=ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Queensland) | isbn=978-0-9581625-3-1 |pages=181–188 }}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian military nurses]]
[[Category:Australian military nurses]]
[[Category:Australian women nurses]]
[[Category:Australian recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Australian recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Associate Members of the Royal Red Cross]]
[[Category:Associate members of the Royal Red Cross]]
[[Category:Australian women of World War I]]
[[Category:Australian women of World War I]]
[[Category:Australian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Australian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Australian Army officers]]
[[Category:Australian Army officers]]
[[Category:Female nurses in World War I]]
[[Category:Female nurses in World War I]]
[[Category:World War I nurses]]
[[Category:World War II nurses]]
[[Category:World War II nurses]]
[[Category:Florence Nightingale Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Florence Nightingale Medal recipients]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian women]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Women in the Australian military]]

Latest revision as of 09:22, 13 September 2024

Alice Ross-King
Ross-King in c. 1919
Birth nameAlys Ross King
Born(1887-08-05)5 August 1887
Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Died17 August 1968(1968-08-17) (aged 81)
Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia
Buried
Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park
AllegianceAustralia
Service / branchAustralian Army
Years of service1914–1919
1941–1947
RankMajor
UnitAustralian Army Nursing Service
Australian Army Medical Women's Service
Battles / warsFirst World War
Second World War
AwardsAssociate Royal Red Cross
Military Medal
Mentioned in Despatches
Florence Nightingale Medal
Victorian Honour Roll of Women
Spouse(s)
Sydney Theodore Appleford
​
​
(m. 1919; died 1958)​

Alice Appleford, ARRC, MM (née Ross-King; 5 August 1887 – 17 August 1968)[1][2] was an Australian civilian and military nurse who took part in both World Wars. She has been described as Australia's most decorated woman.[3] During the First World War she served in hospitals in Egypt and France and was one of only seven Australian nurses to be awarded the Military Medal for gallantry. In the Second World War she held a senior post within the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. In 1949 she was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest award made by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Early life

[edit]

Ross-King was born in Ballarat, Victoria. Her parents, Archibald Ross King and Henrietta King (née Ward), named her Alys Ross King.[4] The family moved to Perth but her father and two brothers drowned in an accident and Henrietta King moved, with Alys, to Melbourne.[4]

Nursing training was undertaken at The Alfred Hospital in Melbourne and, by 1914, Ross-King was a qualified theatre sister.[4][5]

First World War

[edit]

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, Ross-King enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force as a member of the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS). It was at this time that she changed her surname from Ross King to the hyphenated Ross-King, to distinguish her from another AANS nurse called Alice King,[4] as well as simplify the spelling of her forename to the more common spelling of Alice.

In November 1914, Sister Ross-King was posted overseas to serve with 1st Australian General Hospital (1st AGH) in Egypt. 1st AGH was based at Heliopolis, near Cairo, and after service there, Ross-King was posted to an outstation at Suez established as a clearing station for casualties from the Gallipoli Campaign. Towards the end of 1915 Ross-King returned to Australia as a nurse to wounded troops returning home.[4]

Returning to 1st AGH, Ross-King was part of the unit when 1st AGH moved to France in April 1916. 1st AGH was settled at Rouen and Ross-King nursed there throughout 1916, including the Somme Campaign, and into 1917. In June 1917 she was posted to 10th Stationary Hospital at St Omer but after only a few weeks she was posted again, this time to 2nd Casualty Clearing Station (2nd CCS) near Trois Arbres. Arriving at 2nd CCS on 17 July, Ross-King had only been at the hospital for five days when it was bombed on the night of 22 July 1917. Four men were killed in the bombing and 15 others injured. Ross-King, who was just finishing a shift, returned to the wards and continued to care for the patients in the ward despite the fact that the canvas tents had collapsed on top of her and the casualties.[6] Her actions during the raid and the immediate aftermath resulted in Ross-King being awarded the Military Medal (MM), one of only seven AANS nurses to receive the MM during the war.[4] Of the other six Military Medal awards, three were awarded to her colleagues at 2nd CCS for conduct during the same raid; these were Sisters Dorothy Cawood and Clare Deacon, and Staff Nurse Mary Derrer.[7] All four awards were published in the London Gazette on 25 September 1917,[8] and presentation of the medals was made by General Sir William Birdwood, General Officer Commanding I ANZAC Corps.[4]

Ross-King returned to 1st AGH in November 1917 and remained with the hospital until the end of the war. In May 1918 Ross-King was made an Associate of the Royal Red Cross,[9] and had also been mentioned in despatches.[4] 1st AGH moved to England in January 1919 and embarked to return to Australia the same month. Ross-King was discharged from the AANS in September 1919.[4]

Personal life

[edit]

During the war Ross-King met and became engaged to Harry Moffitt, an officer in the 53rd Battalion, but he was killed during the Battle of Fromelles in July 1916.[10] During the voyage to Australia in 1919, Ross-King met Dr Sydney Appleford and they married in August 1919, settling in Lang Lang, Victoria, where they raised their four children.[4]

Second World War

[edit]

Between the wars, Alice Appleford become involved in the training of Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) personnel in Victoria. With the outbreak of the Second World War, she enlisted into the VAD and when, in 1942, the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) was formed Appleford was commissioned with the rank of major and appointed senior assistant controller for Victoria responsible for all AAMWS in the state of Victoria.[11]

Appleford continued to serve in the AAMWS until 1951.[11] During her service Appleford was nominated for the Florence Nightingale Medal and was one of two Australian nurses to receive the medal in 1949.[12] The citation for the medal concluded:

No one who came into contact with Major Appleford could fail to recognize her as a leader of women. Her sense of duty, her sterling solidarity of character, her humanity, sincerity, and kindliness of heart set for others a very high example.

— Copy of citation of Mrs Alice Ross Appleford, RRC., MM.[13]

Later life

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Sydney Appleford died in 1958 and Alice Appleford spent her final years in Cronulla before her death on 17 August 1968.[4]

Recognition

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Since 1970 the ex-AAWMS Association has presented an annual proficiency award, the Alice Appleford Memorial Award, to a non-commissioned member of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps.[11][14]

In 2008 author Peter Rees told the story of Ross-King's First World War experiences in his book The Other ANZACs (republished as Anzac Girls),[15] which was turned into the TV series ANZAC Girls in 2014.[16] The role of Ross-King was played by Georgia Flood.[17]

In 2008, Appleford was added to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.[18]

References

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Notes

  1. ^ "Appleford, Alys (Alice) Ross (1891–1968)". Australian Women's Register. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Appleford, Alice Ross". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Did You Know?" (PDF). Australian Department of Defence, Directorate of Honours & Awards. July 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Finnie (1988)
  5. ^ "Nurses display bravery". The Weekly Times (Victoria). 6 October 1917. p. 10.
  6. ^ Kelly (2004), pp. 184–185.
  7. ^ Bassett (1997), p. 63.
  8. ^ "No. 30312". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 September 1917. p. 10038.
  9. ^ "No. 30716". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6475.
  10. ^ "Diary of Alice Ross-King, 1916". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Kelly (2004), p. 187.
  12. ^ "Nightingale Medal Presented". The Age. No. 29, 460. Melbourne. 28 September 1949. p. 2.
  13. ^ "Letters to Alice Ross-King, 1917–1949". Australian War Memorial.
  14. ^ "Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps" (PDF). Australian Department of Defence. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  15. ^ "Book review: Anzac Girls, by Peter Rees". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  16. ^ "ANZAC unsung heroines honoured by UC screenwriter". University of Canberra. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  17. ^ "At the Front, Fighting Without Weapons". The New York Times. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  18. ^ "Victorian Honour Roll of Women 2008" (PDF). Her Place Museum. Victorian Government Department of Planning and Community Development. 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2019.

Sources

  • Bassett, Jan (1997). Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War. OUP Australia and New Zealand. ISBN 978-0195540840.
  • Finnie, Lorna M. (1988). "Ross-King, Alice (1887–1968)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  • Kelly, Darryl (2004). Just soldiers : stories of ordinary Australians doing extraordinary things in time of war. ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Queensland). pp. 181–188. ISBN 978-0-9581625-3-1.
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