Warburton, Western Australia: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Community in Western Australia}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} |
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{{Use Australian English|date=April 2013}} |
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2013}} |
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{{Infobox Australian place |
{{Infobox Australian place |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| lga = [[Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku]] |
| lga = [[Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku]] |
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| local_map = yes |
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| ⚫ | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|26|08|00|S|126|35|00|E|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|26|08|00|S|126|35|00|E|display=inline,title}} |
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| pushpin_label_position = top |
| pushpin_label_position = top |
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| postcode = 6431 |
| postcode = 6431 |
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| est = 1933 |
| est = 1933 |
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| pop = <!-- Leave blank to draw the latest automatically from Wikidata. --> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| |
| area = {{cvt |input=P2046}} |
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| pop_footnotes = <ref name=Census2016Y /> |
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| elevation= 459 |
| elevation= 459 |
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| maxtemp = |
| maxtemp = 30.0 |
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| mintemp = |
| mintemp = 15.0 |
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| rainfall = |
| rainfall = 242.7 |
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| fedgov = [[Division of O'Connor|O'Connor]] |
| fedgov = [[Division of O'Connor|O'Connor]] |
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| stategov = [[Electoral district of |
| stategov = [[Electoral district of North West Central|North West Central]] |
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| dist1 = 288 |
| dist1 = 288 |
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| dir1 = west |
| dir1 = west |
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| location5= [[Perth]] |
| location5= [[Perth]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Warburton''' |
'''Warburton,''' '''Warburton Ranges''' or '''Milyirrtjarra''' (in the [[Ngaanyatjarra dialect]]) is an [[Aboriginal Australian]] community in [[Western Australia]], just to the south of the [[Gibson Desert]] and located on the [[Great Central Road]] (part of the [[Outback Way]]) and [[Gunbarrel Highway]]. At the {{CensusAU|2016}}, Warburton had a population of 576.<ref name=Census2016Y>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=UCL521056|name=Warburton (L) (Urban Centre/Locality) |access-date=24 July 2019|quick=on}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warburton (Milyirrtjarra) |url=https://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/our-region/our-communities/warburton-milyirrtjarra.aspx#:~:text=Warburton%20or%20Mirlirrtjarra%20was%20the,at%20Warburton%20in%20the%201930's. |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] research indicated that: |
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<blockquote> |
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The Aboriginal people of the [[Western Desert cultural bloc|western desert]] were nomadic people, moving around in search of food and water. This changed with the arrival of missionaries and the beginning of "settlement" at Warburton in 1933. |
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| ⚫ | The settlement was established as an Aboriginal [[Mission (station)|mission]] under the auspices of the UAM ([[United Aborigines Mission]]) in 1934 by Will Wade, his wife and his children. It was named after explorer [[Peter Warburton]], the first European to cross the [[Great Sandy Desert]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
</blockquote> |
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| ⚫ | The [[Ngaanyatjarra]] people of the [[Western Desert cultural bloc]] were nomadic people, but with the arrival of missionaries in 1933, they were drawn to the mission. By 1954, around 500 to 700 Aboriginal people lived at the mission. There was a school where they were taught in English, and traditional culture discouraged. Domestic skills were taught to women and girls, and the men collected [[dingo]] or became shearers or builders.<ref name=abcpart1>{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/s767541.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505215801/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/s767541.htm| archive-date=5 May 2005|first=Liz|last=Thompson |title=Ngaanyatjarra Dreaming: The Warburton Arts Project| year=2003| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]| access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The settlement |
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More people were attracted to work at the [[copper mine]] which opened nearby, and by the 1970s there were few Aboriginal people living as nomads in the bush. In 1973, the UAM handed control of the settlement to the Aboriginal people represented by the Ngaanyatjarra Council, while the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority of the [[Government of Western Australia]] became responsible for economic development.<ref name=abcpart1/> |
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The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] later adds: |
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<blockquote> |
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In 1973, the United Aborigines Mission handed control of the Warburton settlement to the Aboriginal people, and responsibility for economic development was undertaken by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority of the state government of Western Australia. Since then, Warburton has worked under the umbrella of the Ngaanyatjarra Council. |
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</blockquote> |
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The town was hit by a [[flash flood]] in February 2011. Water levels in some parts of town reached as high as {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} resulting in 60 homes being evacuated. Water flowed through 15 homes to a height of {{convert|30|cm|in|0}} and two people had to be rescued from a stranded [[four-wheel drive]] vehicle that had water reach window level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internet.fesa.wa.gov.au/alerts/Pages/Alert.aspx?ItemId=2122|title=FESA |
The town was hit by a [[flash flood]] in February 2011. Water levels in some parts of town reached as high as {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} resulting in 60 homes being evacuated. Water flowed through 15 homes to a height of {{convert|30|cm|in|0}} and two people had to be rescued from a stranded [[four-wheel drive]] vehicle that had water reach window level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internet.fesa.wa.gov.au/alerts/Pages/Alert.aspx?ItemId=2122|title=FESA – Warburton recovering from flash flood|year=2011|access-date=2011-02-13}}</ref> |
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==Warburton Ranges controversy== |
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In 1957, the "Warburton Ranges controversy" or "Warburton Ranges crisis" arose, after it was reported in 1956 that at least 40 Aboriginal people had been discovered to be ill and [[malnourished]] in the [[Central Desert]].<ref name=nmacontroversy>{{cite web | title=Warburton Ranges controversy, 1957 | website=[[National Museum of Australia]] | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/civil-rights/warburton-ranges | access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> |
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The matter came into public consciousness after, in partnership with the British Government, the [[Commonwealth government]] had started testing [[nuclear weapon]]s in the desert, and the [[Government of Western Australia]] raised concerns about the Western desert people living nomadically in the area. The response from the Commonwealth was that Aboriginal welfare was a state government matter. Activists protested and many concerned members of the public wrote letters to the [[Prime Minister of Australia]], Sir [[Robert Menzies]], as well as their local [[Member of parliament|MP]]s. An enquiry into the state of the Aboriginal people by a select committee followed, with their report tabled in the [[Western Australian Parliament]] in December 1956, officially called the ''Report of the Select Committee appointed to Enquire into Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area'' (or the Grayden Report, after chairman [[William Grayden]]). It reported that many of the [[Wongi people]] (referring to the [[Wangkatha]], a group of eight Aboriginal peoples<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/137/|title=Incarcerating Indigenous people of the Wongatha lands in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia: Indigenous leaders' perspectives|first= Stephen J. |last=Bedells|publisher=[[Edith Cowan University]]|date=2010 |type=Masters}} [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1137&context=theses PDF]</ref>) of the Warburton Ranges region suffered from [[malnutrition]], [[blindness]], disease, burns and other injuries, and that [[abortion]]s and [[infanticide]] were common. Mainstream newspapers brought the matter to public attention after the [[Communist Party of Australia]]'s newspaper ''[[Tribune (Australian newspaper)|Tribune]]'' published a damning assessment of the report, and [[letters to the editor]]s flooded in.<ref name=nmacontroversy/> |
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In response to the publicity, three separate groups visited the area:<ref name=nmacontroversy/> |
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*a group of [[journalist]]s led by [[Rupert Murdoch]], then editor of ''[[The News (Adelaide)|The News]]'' (Adelaide), to an area up to the [[Rawlinson Ranges]] in the north; |
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*a group of [[Department of Health (Western Australia)|Western Australian Department of Health]] officials, who covered the ground as far as the [[Laverton, Western Australia|Laverton]] area in the west; and |
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*a group of [[anthropologist]]s, including [[Ronald Berndt|Ronald]] and [[Catherine Berndt]], who travelled southwards as far as the [[Sydney–Perth rail corridor|transcontinental railway]]. |
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Murdoch rejected the findings outright, saying in an article "These fine native people have never enjoyed better conditions", accompanied by a photograph of a well-fed, happy family group – failing to mention that the photo was four years old. The anthropologists said that the report had been exaggerated, and that malnutrition was not as widespread as it claimed, but argued that the status of [[Aboriginal reserve]]s need examination. Being the Aboriginal people's "most tangible asset", [[mineral rights]] should not be granted in their land by the government.<ref name=nmacontroversy/> |
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In response to Murdoch's repudiation of the report, Grayden set out to return to the area in February 1957, this time with Pastor [[Doug Nicholls]] and armed with a [[movie camera]]. The resulting film, titled ''Manslaughter'', was screened in [[Adelaide]], [[Perth]], [[Sydney]], and in country towns, shocking audiences with its depiction of malnourished children. More White Australians wrote to the Prime Minister and rejected the federal government's response and Murdoch's report, and the Save the Aborigines Committee was established in [[Melbourne]] (a precursor to the [[Victorian Aborigines Advancement League]]. The incident proved a spur to a range of activism, including plans by the [[Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society]], based in [[London]], in conjunction with the Victorian [[Council for Aboriginal Rights]] (CAR) and the [[Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship]] in [[New South Wales]], in collaboration with [[Jessie Street]], a leading Australian [[suffragette]]. Anna Froland of the [[Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom]]'s Melbourne branch, was a leading figure in keeping the issue alive, arguing that both federate and state governments were responsible for the welfare of the country's Aboriginal peoples.<ref name=nmacontroversy/> |
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Soon a national movement grew, promoted by [[Shirley Andrews]], the Secretary of the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights, [[Charles Duguid]], the President of the [[Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia]], and [[Stan Davey]], Secretary of the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League. The national movement was created in Adelaide in February 1958, when activists from all over Australia formed the [[Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement]] (now FCAATSI).<ref name=nmacontroversy/> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The area around Warburton continues to be of interest for mining exploration, predominantly for [[copper]] and [[nickel]], but also [[uranium]] and [[gold]]. |
The area around Warburton continues to be of interest for mining exploration, predominantly for [[copper]] and [[nickel]], but also [[uranium]] and [[gold]]. |
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==Town planning== |
==Town planning and demographics== |
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Warburton Layout Plan No.1 was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Communities, and was endorsed by the community on 9 December 2003 and the |
Warburton Layout Plan No.1 was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Communities, and was endorsed by the community on 9 December 2003 and the [[Western Australian Planning Commission]] on 29 June 2004.<ref>{{citation|title=Warburton Layout Plan map-set and background report|url=https://www.dplh.wa.gov.au/information-and-services/state-planning/aboriginal-communities/aboriginal-community-maps/layout-plans}}</ref> |
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==Population== |
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The 2016 Census indicated a population of 576 residents, 84.9% of whom were [[Indigenous Australians]].<ref name=Census2016Y /> |
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| ⚫ | The Indigenous people of Warburton belong to the [[Western Desert cultural bloc]].<ref>[http://www.berndt.uwa.edu.au/ Berndt UWA]</ref> It is also in the area of the [[Papunya Tula]] art movement, which was founded in 1971–2 and whose name derives from derives from [[Papunya]], a settlement located about {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} north-west of [[Alice Springs]] in the [[Northern Territory]]. Artworks by Papunya Tula artists are represented in many major art galleries, museums, institutions and private collections both in Australia and around the world.<ref>{{cite web | title=History | website=Papunya Tula Artists | url=https://papunyatula.com.au/history/ | access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> The main language spoken is Ngaanyatjarra. According to the 2006 census, English was the only language spoken at home by 9.2% of Indigenous persons usually resident in Warburton while Ngaanyatjarra (78.5%) and [[Wangkatha language|Wangkatha]](2.3%) were the only two other Indigenous languages spoken. |
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===Wilurarra Creative Centre=== |
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| ⚫ | Wilurarra Creative Centre is a community facility which is activated by a year-round program, for people aged between 17 and 30 years. Within Wilurarra Creative's Centre people work on a range of different practices including music, fashion performance, land and cultural practice, digital media, print media and art. Wilurarra Creative engages with the demand from Warburton's young people for the activities that link the reality of contemporary cultural context within which Ngaanyatjarra life operates.<ref name="wilurarra.com">[https://www.wilurarra.com.au Wilurarra Creative Centre]/</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Warburton is in the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku.<ref>Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku [http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au]/</ref> Information on travel and tourism in the area can be found on their website. The town has an air strip, one community store, health clinic, school, youth drop-in centre, open air swimming pool, sports field, gallery and coffee shop (open Sunday mornings), and roadhouse.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://warburtonroadhouse.com.au/ | title = Warburton Roadhouse | access-date = 27 January 2019}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The centre was built in 1994, the first dedicated music recording studio in the Ngaanyatjarra region, and its programs have been across various art and cultural forms, subject matter and involving a range of community people. In 2007, a video produced by Warburton Youth Artists Nerida Lane and Prudence Andy won the prestigious Heywire Award.<ref>[http://blogs.abc.net.au/heywire/2007/12/honey-ants.html 'Honey ants' video]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | A two-chair haemodialysis unit opened in the community in 2013. Patients can return to Warburton permanently or for extended visits and be treated. The service is run by Western Desert Dialysis<ref>http://www.westerndesertdialysis.com</ref> in partnership with Ngaanyatjarra Health Service. |
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| ⚫ | The Wilurarra Creative program is based on empowerment, equality and collaboration. Wilurarra also utilises the democratising power of YouTube.<ref>[http://www.crikey.com.au/2008/01/23/the-lajamanu-warlpiri-community-and-the-democratising-power-of-youtube/ The Democratising power of Youtube]</ref> The Studio and its programs are currently funded by the Federal Attorney General's Department and occur in the town of Warburton on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands.<ref name="wilurarra.com"/> |
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===Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre=== |
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| ⚫ | Wilurarra Creative Centre is a community facility which is activated by a year-round program, for people aged between 17 and 30 years. Within Wilurarra Creative's Centre people work on a range of different practices including music, fashion performance, land |
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The Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre houses the Tjulyuru Regional Arts Gallery, which is reputed to be the largest collection of community-controlled [[Aboriginal Australian art]] in the world, also known as the Warburton Collection.<ref name=shire>{{cite web | title=Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre| website=[[Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku]] | url=https://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.php/tourist-information/places-to-see/tjulyuru-cultural-and-civic-centre | access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> The gallery exhibits Aboriginal arts and crafts from Warakurna Artists, Papalunkutja Artists, Kayili Artists, Tjanpi Weavers and Wilurarra Creative. The Warburton Arts Project was commenced in 1990 to preserve local tradition and culture,<ref name=abcpart1/><ref name=abcpart2>{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton2.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506040710/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton2.htm| archive-date=6 May 2005|first=Liz|last=Thompson| title="You Never Give the Story Away": How Warburton Artists retain control of their Dreaming| year=2003| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref name=abcpart3>{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton3.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506040714/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton3.htm| archive-date=6 May 2005|first=Liz|last=Thompson |title=The Tjulyuru Cultural Centre| year=2003| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> with the new cultural centre opening in October 2000. It includes a [[performing arts]] venue, and is a regional centre for Ngaanyatjarra culture.<ref name=shire/> |
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In 2007, a video produced by Warburton Youth Artists Nerida Lane & Prudence Andy won the prestigious Heywire Award.<ref>[http://blogs.abc.net.au/heywire/2007/12/honey-ants.html 'Honey ants' video]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Wilurarra Creative program is based on empowerment, equality and collaboration. Wilurarra also utilises the democratising power of YouTube<ref>[http://www.crikey.com.au/2008/01/23/the-lajamanu-warlpiri-community-and-the-democratising-power-of-youtube/ The Democratising power of Youtube]</ref> The Studio and its programs are currently funded by the Federal Attorney General's Department and occur in the town of Warburton on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands.<ref name="wilurarra.com"/> |
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===Rainbow cave=== |
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The local art gallery exhibits Aboriginal arts and crafts from Warakurna Artists, Papalunkutja Artists, Kayili Artists, Tjanpi Weavers and Wilurarra Creative. The Warburton Arts Project was commenced in 1990 to preserve local tradition and culture.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/s767541.htm Australian Broadcasting Corporation - Gateway to Arts and Culture]</ref> |
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The [[rock art]] site known as the "Rainbow cave" has been painted layer upon layer over the years, using imagery which is used to teach children. Stewart Davies and [[Tommy Simms]] are two of the artists who painted the cave in the early 2000s.<ref name=abcpart4>{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton4.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506040718/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/signal/stories/warburton4.htm| archive-date=6 May 2005|first=Liz|last=Thompson |title=Warburton Travel Journal| year=2003| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Ngaanyatjarra Community College was opened in August 1996 to provide a range of adult education options for the community. The only current service offered at the college is a telecentre.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tjulyuru.com/college.asp| |
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| ⚫ | Warburton is in the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku.<ref>Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku [http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au]/</ref> Information on travel and tourism in the area can be found on their website. The town has an air strip, one community store, health clinic, school, youth drop-in centre, open air swimming pool, sports field, gallery and coffee shop (open Sunday mornings), and roadhouse.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://warburtonroadhouse.com.au/ | title = Warburton Roadhouse | access-date = 27 January 2019}}</ref> The town is serviced by Australia Post and the Flying Doctor Service. |
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| ⚫ | A two-chair [[haemodialysis]] unit opened in the community in 2013. Patients can return to Warburton permanently or for extended visits and be treated. The service is run by Western Desert Dialysis<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westerndesertdialysis.com/ |title=Home |website=westerndesertdialysis.com}}</ref> in partnership with Ngaanyatjarra Health Service. |
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| ⚫ | Ngaanyatjarra Community College was opened in August 1996 to provide a range of adult education options for the community. The only current service offered at the college is a telecentre.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tjulyuru.com/college.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927212944/http://www.tjulyuru.com/college.asp| archive-date=27 September 2011| title=Ngaanyatjarra Community College Warburton| publisher=tjulyuru.com Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre| access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> |
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Warburton is a "dry" community where the use and import of alcohol is prohibited under local by-laws. |
Warburton is a "dry" community where the use and import of alcohol is prohibited under local by-laws. |
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Tourists and visitors need a permit from the Ngaanyatjarra Council to enter the town and use any of the highways in the area. |
Tourists and visitors need a permit from the Ngaanyatjarra Council to enter the town and use any of the highways in the area. |
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| ⚫ | The Indigenous people of Warburton belong to the [[Western Desert cultural bloc]].<ref>[http://www.berndt.uwa.edu.au/ Berndt UWA]</ref> It is also in the area of the [[Papunya Tula]] art movement |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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Warburton has a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Bsk]]) with long, hot summers and short, warm winters. January is the hottest month of the year, with a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|37.9|°C}} and a mean minimum of {{convert|23.2|°C}}. July is the coolest month with a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|20.9|°C}} and a mean minimum temperature of {{convert|5.8|°C}}. |
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| ⚫ | Average rainfall is {{convert|242.7|mm|in}}, with February tending to be the wettest month and September the driest month. Warburton is therefore more affected by the [[tropical cyclone|tropical rain systems]] from the north of Australia rather than the rain-bearing [[cold fronts]] arriving from [[Antarctica]] towards the south of Australia. |
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| ⚫ | Average rainfall is {{convert| |
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<br /><div style="width:75%;"> |
<br /><div style="width:75%;"> |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Warburton Airfield |
|location = Warburton Airfield |
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|metric first = Yes |
|metric first = Yes |
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|single line = Yes |
|single line = Yes |
||
|Jan record high C = 47.7 |
|Jan record high C = 47.7 |
||
|Feb record high C = 45. |
|Feb record high C = 45.6 |
||
|Mar record high C = |
|Mar record high C = 44.8 |
||
|Apr record high C = |
|Apr record high C = 40.1 |
||
|May record high C = 35.7 |
|May record high C = 35.7 |
||
|Jun record high C = 30.0 |
|Jun record high C = 30.0 |
||
|Jul record high C = 31.0 |
|Jul record high C = 31.0 |
||
|Aug record high C = |
|Aug record high C = 34.8 |
||
|Sep record high C = 40.0 |
|Sep record high C = 40.0 |
||
|Oct record high C = 43.1 |
|Oct record high C = 43.1 |
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|Nov record high C = 44.4 |
|Nov record high C = 44.4 |
||
|Dec record high C = |
|Dec record high C = 47.4 |
||
|year record high C = 47.7 |
|year record high C = 47.7 |
||
|Jan high C = 37.9 |
|Jan high C = 37.9 |
||
|Feb high C = 36. |
|Feb high C = 36.7 |
||
|Mar high C = 34. |
|Mar high C = 34.4 |
||
|Apr high C = 29. |
|Apr high C = 29.6 |
||
|May high C = 24.4 |
|May high C = 24.4 |
||
|Jun high C = 20.7 |
|Jun high C = 20.7 |
||
|Jul high C = 20. |
|Jul high C = 20.9 |
||
|Aug high C = 23. |
|Aug high C = 23.5 |
||
|Sep high C = 28. |
|Sep high C = 28.2 |
||
|Oct high C = |
|Oct high C = 32.0 |
||
|Nov high C = 34.5 |
|Nov high C = 34.5 |
||
|Dec high C = 36. |
|Dec high C = 36.8 |
||
|year high C = |
|year high C = 30.0 |
||
|Jan low C = 23. |
|Jan low C = 23.2 |
||
|Feb low C = 22. |
|Feb low C = 22.3 |
||
|Mar low C = 20. |
|Mar low C = 20.3 |
||
|Apr low C = 15. |
|Apr low C = 15.5 |
||
|May low C = 10.5 |
|May low C = 10.5 |
||
|Jun low C = 6.6 |
|Jun low C = 6.6 |
||
|Jul low C = 5. |
|Jul low C = 5.8 |
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|Aug low C = 7. |
|Aug low C = 7.4 |
||
|Sep low C = 11. |
|Sep low C = 11.6 |
||
|Oct low C = |
|Oct low C = 16.0 |
||
|Nov low C = 18. |
|Nov low C = 18.9 |
||
|Dec low C = 21. |
|Dec low C = 21.6 |
||
|year low C = |
|year low C = 15.0 |
||
|Jan record low C = 13.9 |
|Jan record low C = 13.9 |
||
|Feb record low C = 13.0 |
|Feb record low C = 13.0 |
||
| Line 150: | Line 164: | ||
|Aug record low C = -3.4 |
|Aug record low C = -3.4 |
||
|Sep record low C = 0.0 |
|Sep record low C = 0.0 |
||
|Oct record low C = |
|Oct record low C = 2.2 |
||
|Nov record low C = |
|Nov record low C = 6.9 |
||
|Dec record low C = 9.1 |
|Dec record low C = 9.1 |
||
|year record low C = -5.0 |
|year record low C = -5.0 |
||
|Jan rain mm = |
|Jan rain mm = 31.3 |
||
|Feb rain mm = |
|Feb rain mm = 33.6 |
||
|Mar rain mm = |
|Mar rain mm = 28.7 |
||
|Apr rain mm = 18. |
|Apr rain mm = 18.0 |
||
|May rain mm = |
|May rain mm = 14.9 |
||
|Jun rain mm = |
|Jun rain mm = 17.7 |
||
|Jul rain mm = |
|Jul rain mm = 11.5 |
||
|Aug rain mm = 8. |
|Aug rain mm = 8.3 |
||
|Sep rain mm = 5. |
|Sep rain mm = 5.4 |
||
|Oct rain mm = |
|Oct rain mm = 15.3 |
||
|Nov rain mm = 24. |
|Nov rain mm = 24.0 |
||
|Dec rain mm = |
|Dec rain mm = 32.4 |
||
|Jan rain days = 4. |
|Jan rain days = 4.4 |
||
|Feb rain days = 4. |
|Feb rain days = 4.1 |
||
|Mar rain days = |
|Mar rain days = 3.9 |
||
|Apr rain days = 3. |
|Apr rain days = 3.2 |
||
|May rain days = 3. |
|May rain days = 3.4 |
||
|Jun rain days = 3. |
|Jun rain days = 3.5 |
||
|Jul rain days = |
|Jul rain days = 2.9 |
||
|Aug rain days = 1.9 |
|Aug rain days = 1.9 |
||
|Sep rain days = 1.6 |
|Sep rain days = 1.6 |
||
|Oct rain days = |
|Oct rain days = 3.0 |
||
|Nov rain days = 4. |
|Nov rain days = 4.2 |
||
|Dec rain days = 5. |
|Dec rain days = 5.2 |
||
|unit rain days = 0.2mm |
|unit rain days = 0.2mm |
||
|source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref name="bom">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_013011_All|site_name=Warburton Airfield| |
|source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref name="bom">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_013011_All|site_name=Warburton Airfield|access-date=27 February 2024|date=February 2024}}</ref> |
||
|date= |
|date=February 2024}} |
||
</div> |
</div> |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| Line 188: | Line 201: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
||
==Further reading== |
|||
*{{cite journal|last=Berndt, Ronald M.|author-link=Ronald Berndt|title=The 'Warburton Range' Controversy|journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]]| volume= 29|issue= 2|date= 1957|jstor=41317859| pages=29–44 |via=[[JSTOR]]|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41317859}} |
|||
*{{cite journal | last1=McGrath | first1=Pamela Faye | last2=Brooks | first2=David | title=Aboriginal History – 'Their Darkest Hour': The Films and Photographs of William Grayden and the History of the 'Warburton Range Controversy' of 1957 | journal=[[Aboriginal History]] | volume=34 | url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=661042902941182;res=IELIND |eissn=1837-9389}} |
|||
*{{cite web | title=McLeod's View of Warburton Controversy | website=PilbaraStrike | date=17 July 1957 | url=https://www.pilbarastrike.org/content/mcleod%E2%80%99s-view-warburton-controversy | quote=Don McLeod to John Mills [Millar], 17 July 1957, Don McLeod Papers, [[State Library of Western Australia]], MS 1568A/2/48.}} (Written by [[Don McLeod (Aboriginal rights activist)]] [https://www.anu.edu.au/about/campuses-facilities/events/don-mcleod-%E2%80%93-radical-activist-for-aboriginal-justice-in-the-pilbara] [https://www.monash.edu/arts/monash-indigenous-studies/news-and-events/articles/biography-of-an-australian-hero-interview-with-phd-alum-jan-richardson] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200308161049/https://indigenousrights.net.au/people/pagination/don_mcleod], see [[Pilbara#History]].) |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
* [http://bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&cmd=sp&p=1591&st=&s=warburton Bonzle Australian Atlas reference page] |
* [http://bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&cmd=sp&p=1591&st=&s=warburton Bonzle Australian Atlas reference page] |
||
* [https://www.wilurarra.com.au/ Wilurarra Creative, Website] |
* [https://www.wilurarra.com.au/ Wilurarra Creative, Website] |
||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyeiWXEXjTU Midnight Oil |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyeiWXEXjTU Midnight Oil – The Stars of Warburton] |
||
*[http://www.warburtonarts.com/english/ Warburton Arts Project] |
*[http://www.warburtonarts.com/english/ Warburton Arts Project] |
||
{{Towns Goldfields-Esperance WA}} |
{{Towns Goldfields-Esperance WA}} |
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| Line 200: | Line 218: | ||
[[Category:Towns in Western Australia]] |
[[Category:Towns in Western Australia]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku]] |
||
[[Category:Aboriginal communities in |
[[Category:Aboriginal communities in Goldfields–Esperance]] |
||
[[Category:1933 establishments in Australia]] |
|||
[[Category:Populated places established in 1933]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 22:20, 10 September 2024
| Warburton Western Australia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
  Warburton | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Coordinates | 26°08′00″S 126°35′00″E / 26.13333°S 126.58333°E | ||||||||
| Population | 511 (SAL 2021)[1][2] | ||||||||
| Established | 1933 | ||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 6431 | ||||||||
| Elevation | 459 m (1,506 ft) | ||||||||
| Area | 2,794.5 km2 (1,079.0 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Location |
| ||||||||
| LGA(s) | Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku | ||||||||
| State electorate(s) | North West Central | ||||||||
| Federal division(s) | O'Connor | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Warburton, Warburton Ranges or Milyirrtjarra (in the Ngaanyatjarra dialect) is an Aboriginal Australian community in Western Australia, just to the south of the Gibson Desert and located on the Great Central Road (part of the Outback Way) and Gunbarrel Highway. At the 2016 census, Warburton had a population of 576.[3][4]
History
[edit]The settlement was established as an Aboriginal mission under the auspices of the UAM (United Aborigines Mission) in 1934 by Will Wade, his wife and his children. It was named after explorer Peter Warburton, the first European to cross the Great Sandy Desert.[citation needed]
The Ngaanyatjarra people of the Western Desert cultural bloc were nomadic people, but with the arrival of missionaries in 1933, they were drawn to the mission. By 1954, around 500 to 700 Aboriginal people lived at the mission. There was a school where they were taught in English, and traditional culture discouraged. Domestic skills were taught to women and girls, and the men collected dingo or became shearers or builders.[5]
More people were attracted to work at the copper mine which opened nearby, and by the 1970s there were few Aboriginal people living as nomads in the bush. In 1973, the UAM handed control of the settlement to the Aboriginal people represented by the Ngaanyatjarra Council, while the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority of the Government of Western Australia became responsible for economic development.[5]
The town was hit by a flash flood in February 2011. Water levels in some parts of town reached as high as 2 metres (7 ft) resulting in 60 homes being evacuated. Water flowed through 15 homes to a height of 30 centimetres (12 in) and two people had to be rescued from a stranded four-wheel drive vehicle that had water reach window level.[6]
Warburton Ranges controversy
[edit]In 1957, the "Warburton Ranges controversy" or "Warburton Ranges crisis" arose, after it was reported in 1956 that at least 40 Aboriginal people had been discovered to be ill and malnourished in the Central Desert.[7]
The matter came into public consciousness after, in partnership with the British Government, the Commonwealth government had started testing nuclear weapons in the desert, and the Government of Western Australia raised concerns about the Western desert people living nomadically in the area. The response from the Commonwealth was that Aboriginal welfare was a state government matter. Activists protested and many concerned members of the public wrote letters to the Prime Minister of Australia, Sir Robert Menzies, as well as their local MPs. An enquiry into the state of the Aboriginal people by a select committee followed, with their report tabled in the Western Australian Parliament in December 1956, officially called the Report of the Select Committee appointed to Enquire into Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area (or the Grayden Report, after chairman William Grayden). It reported that many of the Wongi people (referring to the Wangkatha, a group of eight Aboriginal peoples[8]) of the Warburton Ranges region suffered from malnutrition, blindness, disease, burns and other injuries, and that abortions and infanticide were common. Mainstream newspapers brought the matter to public attention after the Communist Party of Australia's newspaper Tribune published a damning assessment of the report, and letters to the editors flooded in.[7]
In response to the publicity, three separate groups visited the area:[7]
- a group of journalists led by Rupert Murdoch, then editor of The News (Adelaide), to an area up to the Rawlinson Ranges in the north;
- a group of Western Australian Department of Health officials, who covered the ground as far as the Laverton area in the west; and
- a group of anthropologists, including Ronald and Catherine Berndt, who travelled southwards as far as the transcontinental railway.
Murdoch rejected the findings outright, saying in an article "These fine native people have never enjoyed better conditions", accompanied by a photograph of a well-fed, happy family group – failing to mention that the photo was four years old. The anthropologists said that the report had been exaggerated, and that malnutrition was not as widespread as it claimed, but argued that the status of Aboriginal reserves need examination. Being the Aboriginal people's "most tangible asset", mineral rights should not be granted in their land by the government.[7]
In response to Murdoch's repudiation of the report, Grayden set out to return to the area in February 1957, this time with Pastor Doug Nicholls and armed with a movie camera. The resulting film, titled Manslaughter, was screened in Adelaide, Perth, Sydney, and in country towns, shocking audiences with its depiction of malnourished children. More White Australians wrote to the Prime Minister and rejected the federal government's response and Murdoch's report, and the Save the Aborigines Committee was established in Melbourne (a precursor to the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League. The incident proved a spur to a range of activism, including plans by the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society, based in London, in conjunction with the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR) and the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship in New South Wales, in collaboration with Jessie Street, a leading Australian suffragette. Anna Froland of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom's Melbourne branch, was a leading figure in keeping the issue alive, arguing that both federate and state governments were responsible for the welfare of the country's Aboriginal peoples.[7]
Soon a national movement grew, promoted by Shirley Andrews, the Secretary of the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights, Charles Duguid, the President of the Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia, and Stan Davey, Secretary of the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League. The national movement was created in Adelaide in February 1958, when activists from all over Australia formed the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (now FCAATSI).[7]
Geography
[edit]Warburton is the centre of a very large and extremely isolated Aboriginal reserve, Ngaanyatjarra, which stretches east to the Northern Territory border. Beyond there the first major settlement is Yulara, near Uluru. The closest town is Laverton 560 km south west along the Great Central Road.
Warburton is situated on the Elder Creek.[9]
The area around Warburton continues to be of interest for mining exploration, predominantly for copper and nickel, but also uranium and gold.
Town planning and demographics
[edit]Warburton Layout Plan No.1 was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Communities, and was endorsed by the community on 9 December 2003 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 June 2004.[10]
The demographics of the population are likely matched by the overall data indicated for the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku 2016 Census. The 2016 Census indicated a population of 576 residents, 84.9% of whom were Indigenous Australians.[3]
Arts and culture
[edit]The Indigenous people of Warburton belong to the Western Desert cultural bloc.[11] It is also in the area of the Papunya Tula art movement, which was founded in 1971–2 and whose name derives from derives from Papunya, a settlement located about 240 km (150 mi) north-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Artworks by Papunya Tula artists are represented in many major art galleries, museums, institutions and private collections both in Australia and around the world.[12] The main language spoken is Ngaanyatjarra. According to the 2006 census, English was the only language spoken at home by 9.2% of Indigenous persons usually resident in Warburton while Ngaanyatjarra (78.5%) and Wangkatha(2.3%) were the only two other Indigenous languages spoken.
Wilurarra Creative Centre
[edit]Wilurarra Creative Centre is a community facility which is activated by a year-round program, for people aged between 17 and 30 years. Within Wilurarra Creative's Centre people work on a range of different practices including music, fashion performance, land and cultural practice, digital media, print media and art. Wilurarra Creative engages with the demand from Warburton's young people for the activities that link the reality of contemporary cultural context within which Ngaanyatjarra life operates.[13]
The centre was built in 1994, the first dedicated music recording studio in the Ngaanyatjarra region, and its programs have been across various art and cultural forms, subject matter and involving a range of community people. In 2007, a video produced by Warburton Youth Artists Nerida Lane and Prudence Andy won the prestigious Heywire Award.[14] The Wilurarra Creative program is based on empowerment, equality and collaboration. Wilurarra also utilises the democratising power of YouTube.[15] The Studio and its programs are currently funded by the Federal Attorney General's Department and occur in the town of Warburton on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands.[13]
Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre
[edit]The Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre houses the Tjulyuru Regional Arts Gallery, which is reputed to be the largest collection of community-controlled Aboriginal Australian art in the world, also known as the Warburton Collection.[16] The gallery exhibits Aboriginal arts and crafts from Warakurna Artists, Papalunkutja Artists, Kayili Artists, Tjanpi Weavers and Wilurarra Creative. The Warburton Arts Project was commenced in 1990 to preserve local tradition and culture,[5][17][18] with the new cultural centre opening in October 2000. It includes a performing arts venue, and is a regional centre for Ngaanyatjarra culture.[16]
Rainbow cave
[edit]The rock art site known as the "Rainbow cave" has been painted layer upon layer over the years, using imagery which is used to teach children. Stewart Davies and Tommy Simms are two of the artists who painted the cave in the early 2000s.[19]
Facilities
[edit]Warburton is in the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku.[20] Information on travel and tourism in the area can be found on their website. The town has an air strip, one community store, health clinic, school, youth drop-in centre, open air swimming pool, sports field, gallery and coffee shop (open Sunday mornings), and roadhouse.[21] The town is serviced by Australia Post and the Flying Doctor Service.
A two-chair haemodialysis unit opened in the community in 2013. Patients can return to Warburton permanently or for extended visits and be treated. The service is run by Western Desert Dialysis[22] in partnership with Ngaanyatjarra Health Service.
Ngaanyatjarra Community College was opened in August 1996 to provide a range of adult education options for the community. The only current service offered at the college is a telecentre.[23]
Warburton is a "dry" community where the use and import of alcohol is prohibited under local by-laws.
Tourists and visitors need a permit from the Ngaanyatjarra Council to enter the town and use any of the highways in the area.
Climate
[edit]Warburton has a semi-arid climate (Bsk) with long, hot summers and short, warm winters. January is the hottest month of the year, with a mean maximum temperature of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) and a mean minimum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). July is the coolest month with a mean maximum temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F) and a mean minimum temperature of 5.8 °C (42.4 °F).
Average rainfall is 242.7 millimetres (9.56 in), with February tending to be the wettest month and September the driest month. Warburton is therefore more affected by the tropical rain systems from the north of Australia rather than the rain-bearing cold fronts arriving from Antarctica towards the south of Australia.
| Climate data for Warburton Airfield | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 47.7 (117.9) |
45.6 (114.1) |
44.8 (112.6) |
40.1 (104.2) |
35.7 (96.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
43.1 (109.6) |
44.4 (111.9) |
47.4 (117.3) |
47.7 (117.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 37.9 (100.2) |
36.7 (98.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 31.3 (1.23) |
33.6 (1.32) |
28.7 (1.13) |
18.0 (0.71) |
14.9 (0.59) |
17.7 (0.70) |
11.5 (0.45) |
8.3 (0.33) |
5.4 (0.21) |
15.3 (0.60) |
24.0 (0.94) |
32.4 (1.28) |
241.1 (9.49) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2mm) | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 41.3 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology[24] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Warburton (WA) (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Warburton (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021.
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Warburton (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ "Warburton (Milyirrtjarra)". Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Thompson, Liz (2003). "Ngaanyatjarra Dreaming: The Warburton Arts Project". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ "FESA – Warburton recovering from flash flood". 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Warburton Ranges controversy, 1957". National Museum of Australia. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ Bedells, Stephen J. (2010). Incarcerating Indigenous people of the Wongatha lands in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia: Indigenous leaders' perspectives (Masters). Edith Cowan University. PDF
- ^ Bonzle.com Australian Atlas Information Page;
- ^ Warburton Layout Plan map-set and background report
- ^ Berndt UWA
- ^ "History". Papunya Tula Artists. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ a b Wilurarra Creative Centre/
- ^ 'Honey ants' video
- ^ The Democratising power of Youtube
- ^ a b "Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre". Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Liz (2003). ""You Never Give the Story Away": How Warburton Artists retain control of their Dreaming". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005.
- ^ Thompson, Liz (2003). "The Tjulyuru Cultural Centre". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005.
- ^ Thompson, Liz (2003). "Warburton Travel Journal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005.
- ^ Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku [1]/
- ^ "Warburton Roadhouse". Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ "Home". westerndesertdialysis.com.
- ^ "Ngaanyatjarra Community College Warburton". tjulyuru.com Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ "Warburton Airfield". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Berndt, Ronald M. (1957). "The 'Warburton Range' Controversy". The Australian Quarterly. 29 (2): 29–44. JSTOR 41317859 – via JSTOR.
- McGrath, Pamela Faye; Brooks, David. "Aboriginal History – 'Their Darkest Hour': The Films and Photographs of William Grayden and the History of the 'Warburton Range Controversy' of 1957". Aboriginal History. 34. eISSN 1837-9389.
- "McLeod's View of Warburton Controversy". PilbaraStrike. 17 July 1957.
Don McLeod to John Mills [Millar], 17 July 1957, Don McLeod Papers, State Library of Western Australia, MS 1568A/2/48.
(Written by Don McLeod (Aboriginal rights activist) [2] [3] [4], see Pilbara#History.)