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{{Short description|Egyptian politician and diplomat (born 1936)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Amr Moussa<br />{{lang|ar|عمرو موسى}}
| name = Amr Moussa
|image = Amr Moussa at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 054.jpg
| image = Amr Moussa at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 054.jpg
|office = [[List of Secretaries General of the Arab League|6th Secretary-General of the Arab League]]
| office = [[Secretary General of the Arab League|6th Secretary-General of the Arab League]]
|term_start = 1 June 2001
| term_start = 1 June 2001
|term_end = 1 June 2011
| term_end = 1 July 2011
|predecessor = [[Ahmed Abdel-Meguid]]
| predecessor = [[Ahmed Abdel-Meguid]]
|successor = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
| successor = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
|office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
|primeminister1 = [[Atef Sedki]]<br />[[Kamal Ganzouri]]<br />[[Atef Ebeid]]
| primeminister1 = [[Atef Sedki]]<br />[[Kamal Ganzouri]]<br />[[Atef Ebeid]]
|term_start1 = 20 May 1991
| term_start1 = 20 May 1991
|term_end1 = 15 May 2001
| term_end1 = 15 May 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]
|successor1 = [[Ahmad Maher (diplomat)|Ahmed Maher]]
| successor1 = [[Ahmad Maher (diplomat)|Ahmed Maher]]
|office2 = [[List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations|Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations]]
| office2 = [[List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations|Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations]]
|president2 = [[Hosni Mubarak]]
| president2 = [[Hosni Mubarak]]
|term_start2 = 1 January 1990
| term_start2 = 1 January 1990
|term_end2 = 20 May 1991
| term_end2 = 20 May 1991
|predecessor2 = [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]]
|successor2 = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
| successor2 = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
|birthname = Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid
| birthname = Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|10|3|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|10|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
| birth_place = [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
⚫
| party = [[Conference Party|Congress Party]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news|title='Civil' powers unite to form 'Conference Party'|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/civil-powers-unite-form-conference-party|agency=Egypt Independent|date=18 September 2012|access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>
|death_date =
⚫
| spouse = Leila Moussa
|death_place =
| children = {{unbulleted list|Hazem Moussa|Hania Moussa}}
|religion = [[Islam]]<!-- It is for religion, not for sects, PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE -->
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Cairo University]]
⚫
|party = [[Conference Party]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news|title='Civil' powers unite to form 'Conference Party'|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/civil-powers-unite-form-conference-party|agency=Egypt Independent|date=18 September 2012|accessdate=18 September 2012}}</ref>
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Order of the Nile|ON]]}}<br />{{small|[[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|ORE]]}}
⚫
|spouse = Leila Moussa
| children = {{unbulleted list|Hazem Moussa|Hania Moussa}}
| caption = Moussa in 2011
| native_name_lang = ar
⚫
|alma_mater = [[Cairo University]]
| native_name = {{nobold|عمرو موسى}}
}}
}}
'''Amr Moussa''' ({{lang-ar|عمرو محمد موسى}}, {{IPA-arz|ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ|IPA}}, '''Amr Muhammad Moussa'''; born 3 October 1936) is an [[Egypt]]ian [[politician]] and [[diplomat]] who was the Secretary-General of the [[Arab League]], a 22-member forum representing [[Arab World|Arab states]], from 1 June 2001 to 1 June 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the committee of 50 that will amend the [[Egyptian constitution]].<ref name="ao8sept">{{Cite news |title=Egypt liberals tighten grip on constitution drafting|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/81117.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=8 September 2013|accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>
'''Amr Moussa''' ({{lang-ar|عمرو موسى}}, {{IPA|arz|ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ|IPA}}, '''Amr Muhammad Moussa'''; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian [[politician]] and [[diplomat]] who was the [[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary-General]] of the [[Arab League]], a 22-member forum representing [[Arab World|Arab states]], from 1 June 2001 to 1 July 2011. Previously he served in the government of [[Egypt]] as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the [[committee]] of 50 that will amend the [[Egyptian constitution]].<ref name="ao8sept">{{Cite news |title=Egypt liberals tighten grip on constitution drafting|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/81117.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=8 September 2013|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
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== Diplomatic career ==
== Diplomatic career ==
Moussa then began his [[Diplomacy|diplomatic career]] between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in [[Switzerland]] and the Egyptian mission to the [[United Nations]]. From 1974 to 1977 he was an advisor to the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations]] in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to [[India]].<ref name=lat11>{{cite news|last=Phelps|first=Timothy M.|title=Diplomat seen as a solid leader, but too old to be Egypt's president|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/17/world/la-fg-egypt-moussa-20110217|accessdate=7 December 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the [[United Nations]]. He was named [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] by [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] [[Atef Sedki]] on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the [[Arab League]].
Moussa then began his [[Diplomacy|diplomatic career]] between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in [[Switzerland]] and the Egyptian mission to the [[United Nations]]. From 1974 to 1977, he was an advisor to the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations]] in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to [[India]].<ref name=lat11>{{cite news|last=Phelps|first=Timothy M.|title=Diplomat seen as a solid leader, but too old to be Egypt's president|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-feb-17-la-fg-egypt-moussa-20110217-story.html|access-date=7 December 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the [[United Nations]]. He was named [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] by [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] [[Atef Sedki]] on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the [[Arab League]].


Moussa has been heavily involved with [[Foreign relations of Egypt|Egypt's foreign policy]] since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.<ref>{{cite news|last=United|first=Nations|title=Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/amre-moussa-bio.pdf|newspaper=United Nations|date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Amre Moussa|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1766776.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=23 January 2002}}</ref> At the Forum for [[New Diplomacy]] in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 Palestinian election]] that brought [[Hamas]] into power.<ref name="Seale">{{cite news|last=Seale|first=Patrick|title=An Arab Voice|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/opinion/06iht-edseale.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=amrmoussa|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2010}}</ref> Like [[Mohamed El-Baradei]] and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], he supports opening the [[Gaza Strip]]/Egypt border.<ref name="Seale" /> His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
Moussa has been heavily involved with [[Foreign relations of Egypt|Egypt's foreign policy]] since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.<ref>{{cite news|last=United|first=Nations|title=Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/amre-moussa-bio.pdf|newspaper=United Nations|date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Amre Moussa|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1766776.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=23 January 2002}}</ref> At the Forum for [[new diplomacy]] in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 Palestinian election]] that brought [[Hamas]] into power.<ref name="Seale">{{cite news|last=Seale|first=Patrick|title=An Arab Voice|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/opinion/06iht-edseale.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=amrmoussa|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2010}}</ref> Like [[Mohamed El-Baradei]] and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], he supports opening the [[Gaza Strip]]/Egypt border.<ref name="Seale" /> His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}


==Secretary-General of the Arab League==
==Secretary-General of the Arab League==
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On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}


On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the [[Holy See]] and met with [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm|title=Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue|publisher=Catholic News|date=23 April 2009|first=Cindy|last=Wooden|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref>
On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the [[Holy See]] and met with [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427140433/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2009|title=Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue|publisher=Catholic News|date=23 April 2009|first=Cindy|last=Wooden|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>


On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in a move to pressure Israel to lift its [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|economic blockade]] over Hamas-ruled Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Franks|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10303301.stm |title=Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza|publisher=BBC|date=13 June 2010|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the [[Gaza flotilla raid]], Moussa said the Arab League would go to the [[UN Security Council]] to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, [[Nabil Elaraby]] was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15747941|title=Arab League, BBC|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</</ref>
On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in a move to pressure Israel to lift its [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|economic blockade]] over Hamas-ruled Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Franks|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10303301.stm |title=Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza|publisher=BBC|date=13 June 2010|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the [[Gaza flotilla raid]], Moussa said the Arab League would go to the [[UN Security Council]] to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, [[Nabil Elaraby]] was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15747941|title=Arab League, BBC|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2013|access-date=3 May 2014}}</</ref>


== Possible presidential candidacies ==
== Possible presidential candidacies ==
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{{Main|2005 Egyptian presidential election}}
{{Main|2005 Egyptian presidential election}}


In 2004 an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a ''Doha Debate'' Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |title=What the media say about the Doha debates |accessdate=2006-11-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043543/http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |archivedate=16 May 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
In 2004, an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a ''Doha Debate'' Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |title=What the media say about the Doha debates |access-date=2006-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043543/http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}


=== 2012 presidential election ===
=== 2012 presidential election ===
{{Main|2012 Egyptian presidential election}}
{{Main|2012 Egyptian presidential election}}
When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".<ref name="Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/ |title=Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt|work=CNN Arabic|date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=2 February 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307154216/http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/|archivedate=7 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to [[Gamal Mubarak]], son of Hosni Mubarak.<ref name="Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020|title=Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt|work=Reuters Arabia|date=20 October 2009|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".<ref name="Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president">[http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=143426 Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president].</ref>
When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".<ref name="Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/ |title=Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt|publisher=CNN|date=20 October 2009 |access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307154216/http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/|archive-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to [[Gamal Mubarak]], son of Hosni Mubarak.<ref name="Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021092352/http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2009|title=Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt|work=Reuters Arabia|date=20 October 2009|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".<ref name="Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president">[http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=143426 Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president].</ref>


Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. Many{{who|date=January 2011}} speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in [[Zurich]], Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf|title=Horasis Annual Meeting|accessdate=30 November 2011|author=Frank-Jurgen Richter}}</ref>
Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. Many{{who|date=January 2011}} speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in [[Zürich]], Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf|title=Horasis Annual Meeting|access-date=30 November 2011|author=Frank-Jurgen Richter}}</ref>


On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weaver|first=Matthew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates|title=Egypt protests |newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201234717/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates| archivedate=1 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On the 8 February broadcast of ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' English's Empire, well-connected American journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not."<ref>{{cite web|last=Hersh|first=Seymour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA |title=Empire |work=Al Jazeera|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=8 February 2011}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper ''Alwafd'' reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.<ref>[http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15975:ثوار-يلتقون-موسى-وزويل-لبحث-مرشح-الرئاسة&catid=98:محلية&Itemid=92 ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة"]. Alwafd</ref>
On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weaver|first=Matthew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates|title=Egypt protests |newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 February 2011|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201234717/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates| archive-date=1 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On the 8 February broadcast of ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' English's Empire, well-connected American journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gDp8TnY3IsA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603151212/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|last=Hersh|first=Seymour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA |title=Empire |work=Al Jazeera|date=8 February 2011|access-date=8 February 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper ''Alwafd'' reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.<ref>[http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15975:ثوار-يلتقون-موسى-وزويل-لبحث-مرشح-الرئاسة&catid=98:محلية&Itemid=92 ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة"]. Alwafd</ref>


Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Badawi|first=Rania|title=Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/335453|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Badawi|first=Rania|title=Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/335453|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
Line 76: Line 78:


== Criticisms ==
== Criticisms ==
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy,<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Moran|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|title=The Arab League and Iraq|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=20 October 2005|accessdate=2 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402104412/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|archivedate=2 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, ''The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it'', former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.<ref name=nasrawi>{{cite news|last=Nasrawi|first=Saif|title=Egypt’s opposition divided over counter-attack strategy|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egypt’s-opposition-divided-over-counter-attack-strategy|accessdate=15 July 2013|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=15 July 2013}}</ref>
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy,<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Moran|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|title=The Arab League and Iraq|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=20 October 2005|access-date=2 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402104412/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|archive-date=2 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, ''The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it'', former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.<ref name=nasrawi>{{cite news|last=Nasrawi|first=Saif|title=Egypt's opposition divided over counter-attack strategy|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egypt’s-opposition-divided-over-counter-attack-strategy|access-date=15 July 2013|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=15 July 2013}}</ref>


== Honours ==
== Honours ==
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| Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt]]
| Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt]]
|}
|}

===Foreign honors===
===Foreign honors===


Line 99: Line 102:
| [[File:ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Argentina}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Liberator General San Martín]]
| [[File:ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Argentina}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Liberator General San Martín]]
|-
|-
| [[File:BRA Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Brazil}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]]
| [[File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|Brazil}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]]
|-
|-
| [[File:National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Ecuador}} || Grand Cross of National Order of Merit
| [[File:National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Ecuador}} || Grand Cross of National Order of Merit
|-
|-
| [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|Germany}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
| [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|Germany}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
|-
| [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|70px|ribbon bar]] || {{Flag|Japan}} || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100497655.pdf|title= 令和5年春の外国人叙勲 受章者名簿|access-date= April 29, 2023|work= Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Grand Coron of the Order of the State of Palestine ribbon.svg|Grand Coron of the Order of the State of Palestine ribbon|70px]] || {{Flag|Palestine}} || Grand Cordon of the Order of the State of Palestine
|-
| [[File:Orden of Friendship.png|Orden of Friendship|70px]] || {{Flag|Russia}} || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Friendship]]
|-
|-
| [[File:Chain of Honor Sudan.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Sudan}} || Grand Cordon of the [[National Order of El-Nilein]]
| [[File:Chain of Honor Sudan.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Sudan}} || Grand Cordon of the [[National Order of El-Nilein]]
|-
|-
| [[File:Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Tunisia}} || Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Republic (Tunisia)|Order of the Republic]] of [[Tunisia]]
| [[File:Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Tunisia}} || Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Republic (Tunisia)|Order of the Republic]]
|}
|}


== Publications==
== Publications==
*{{in lang|ar}} ''Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy'' ({{rtl-lang|ar|كتابية : النشأة و سنوات الدبلوماسية}}), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/277204/Books/Review/A-diplomat-remembers-The-memoirs-of-Amr-Moussa.aspx|title=A diplomat remembers: The memoirs of Amr Moussa|date=2017-09-16}}</ref>
*{{in lang|ar}} ''Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy'' ({{lang|ar|كتابية : النشأة و سنوات الدبلوماسية}}), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/277204/Books/Review/A-diplomat-remembers-The-memoirs-of-Amr-Moussa.aspx|title=A diplomat remembers: The memoirs of Amr Moussa|date=2017-09-16}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 117: Line 126:


== External links ==
== External links ==

{{Commons category|Amr Moussa}}
{{Commons category|Amr Moussa}}
* [http://www.amremoussaforegypt.com Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website] (Arabic)
* [http://www.amremoussaforegypt.com Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website] (Arabic)
* [https://www.facebook.com/amre.moussa Amre Moussa Official Facebook Page] (Arabic)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316141424/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/arabic/categoryList.jsp?level_id=941 Secretary-General] at [[League of Arab States]] (Arabic)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316141424/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/arabic/categoryList.jsp?level_id=941 Secretary-General] at [[League of Arab States]] (Arabic)
* {{C-SPAN|amrmoussa}}
* {{C-SPAN|20843}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|845}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|845}}
* {{IMDb name|1969640}}
* {{IMDb name|1969640}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/amr-moussa}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/amr-moussa}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/m/amr_moussa}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/m/amr_moussa}}
* {{Worldcat id|np-moussa,%20amre}}
;Articles
;Articles
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/14/AR2011021406948.html Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts], Leila Fadel, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 15 February 2011
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/14/AR2011021406948.html Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts], Leila Fadel, ''The Washington Post'', 15 February 2011
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/7332/Egypt/Politics-/Amr-Moussa-launches-presidential-campaign.aspx Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign], Dina Ezzat, ''[[Ahram Online]]'', 9 March 2011
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/7332/Egypt/Politics-/Amr-Moussa-launches-presidential-campaign.aspx Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign], Dina Ezzat, ''Ahram Online'', 9 March 2011
* [http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/346447 Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech], staff, ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'', 9 March 2011
* [http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/346447 Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech], staff, ''Al-Masry Al-Youm'', 9 March 2011
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/21/amr-moussa-secretary-general-arab-league?intcmp=239 Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League], Jason Burke, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 March 2011, profile
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/21/amr-moussa-secretary-general-arab-league?intcmp=239 Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League], Jason Burke, ''The Guardian'', 21 March 2011, profile


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{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Secretaries General of the Arab League|Secretary-General of the Arab League]]|years=2001–2011}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary-General of the Arab League]]|years=2001–2011}}
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
⚫
[[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to Switzerland]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to Switzerland]]
[[Category:Cairo University alumni]]
[[Category:Cairo University alumni]]
⚫
[[Category:Egyptian diplomats]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Egypt]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Egypt]]
[[Category:Members of the Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012]]
[[Category:Members of the Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012]]
[[Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Egypt to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Egypt to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Secretaries General of the Arab League]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of the Arab League]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cairo]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Egyptian political party founders]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]]

Revision as of 19:54, 31 August 2024

Amr Moussa
ON
ORE
عمرو موسى
Moussa in 2011
6th Secretary-General of the Arab League
In office
1 June 2001 – 1 July 2011
Preceded byAhmed Abdel-Meguid
Succeeded byNabil Elaraby
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
20 May 1991 – 15 May 2001
Prime MinisterAtef Sedki
Kamal Ganzouri
Atef Ebeid
Preceded byAhmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
Succeeded byAhmed Maher
Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
1 January 1990 – 20 May 1991
PresidentHosni Mubarak
Preceded byAhmed Aboul Gheit
Succeeded byNabil Elaraby
Personal details
Born
Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid

(1936-10-03) 3 October 1936 (age 88)
Cairo, Egypt
Political partyCongress Party[1]
SpouseLeila Moussa
Children
  • Hazem Moussa
  • Hania Moussa
Alma materCairo University

Amr Moussa (Arabic: عمرو موسى, IPA: [ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ], Amr Muhammad Moussa; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 to 1 July 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the committee of 50 that will amend the Egyptian constitution.[2]

Early life

He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.[3]

Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.[citation needed]

Diplomatic career

Moussa then began his diplomatic career between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977, he was an advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India.[4] In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations. He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League.

Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.[5] Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.[6] At the Forum for new diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian election that brought Hamas into power.[7] Like Mohamed El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border.[7] His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.[citation needed]

Secretary-General of the Arab League

On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary-General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of former-President Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight, and so he would not compete as a candidate in the 2005 presidential elections.[citation needed]

On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.[citation needed]

On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.[8]

On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza.[9] The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil Elaraby was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.[10]

Possible presidential candidacies

Moussa during the World Economic Forum 2013

2005 presidential election

Main article: 2005 Egyptian presidential election

In 2004, an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,[11] Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.[citation needed]

2012 presidential election

Main article: 2012 Egyptian presidential election

When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".[12] He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of Hosni Mubarak.[13] He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".[14]

Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. Many[who?] speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zürich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.[15]

On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.[16] On the 8 February broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not."[17] On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt.[citation needed] On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.[18]

Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.[19]

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.[20]

Moussa placed fifth in the election with 11.13% of the first round vote. After the election, he formed the Conference Party with which a number of smaller opposition parties aligned.

Criticisms

Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy,[21] Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it, former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.[22]

Honours

Egyptian national honours

Ribbon bar Honour
Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt

Foreign honors

Ribbon bar Country Honour
 Argentina Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
 Brazil Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Ecuador Grand Cross of National Order of Merit
 Germany Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
ribbon bar  Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun[23]
Grand Coron of the Order of the State of Palestine ribbon  Palestine Grand Cordon of the Order of the State of Palestine
Orden of Friendship  Russia Grand Cordon of the Order of Friendship
 Sudan Grand Cordon of the National Order of El-Nilein
 Tunisia Grand Officer of the Order of the Republic

Publications

  • (in Arabic) Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy (كتابية : النشأة و سنوات الدبلوماسية), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017[24]

References

  1. ^ "'Civil' powers unite to form 'Conference Party'". Egypt Independent. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  2. ^ "Egypt liberals tighten grip on constitution drafting". Ahram Online. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  3. ^ Amr Moussa: No, I don’t have an Israeli half-brother, Times of Israel, by Elhanan Miller, dated 6 April 2012.
  4. ^ Phelps, Timothy M. (17 February 2011). "Diplomat seen as a solid leader, but too old to be Egypt's president". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  5. ^ United, Nations (4 March 2011). "Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa" (PDF). United Nations.
  6. ^ "Profile: Amre Moussa". BBC. 23 January 2002.
  7. ^ a b Seale, Patrick (5 February 2010). "An Arab Voice". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Wooden, Cindy (23 April 2009). "Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue". Catholic News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  9. ^ Tim Franks (13 June 2010). "Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza". BBC. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  10. ^ "Arab League, BBC". BBC. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2014.</
  11. ^ "What the media say about the Doha debates". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
  12. ^ "Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt". CNN. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  13. ^ "Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt". Reuters Arabia. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  14. ^ Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president.
  15. ^ Frank-Jurgen Richter. "Horasis Annual Meeting" (PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  16. ^ Weaver, Matthew (1 February 2011). "Egypt protests". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  17. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Hersh, Seymour (8 February 2011). "Empire". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  18. ^ ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة". Alwafd
  19. ^ Badawi, Rania (1 March 2011). "Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon". Al-Masry Al-Youm.
  20. ^ "Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria", Scribd Middle East Polls Archived 13 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Scribd, Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  21. ^ Moran, Michael (20 October 2005). "The Arab League and Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  22. ^ Nasrawi, Saif (15 July 2013). "Egypt's opposition divided over counter-attack strategy". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  23. ^ "令和5年春の外国人叙勲 受章者名簿" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  24. ^ "A diplomat remembers: The memoirs of Amr Moussa". 16 September 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amr Moussa.
Articles
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations
1990–1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary-General of the Arab League
2001–2011
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1991–2001 		Succeeded by
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