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Yomi or Yomi-no-kuni (黄泉, 黄泉の国, or 黄泉ノ国) is the Japanese word for the land of the dead (World of Darkness).^[1] According to Shinto mythology as related in Kojiki, this is where the dead go in the afterlife. Once one has eaten at the hearth of Yomi it is (mostly) impossible to return to the land of the living.^[2] Yomi is most commonly known for Izanami's retreat to that place after her death. Izanagi followed her there and upon his return he washed himself, creating Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto in the process.

This realm of the dead seems to have^{[clarification needed]} geographical continuity with this world and certainly cannot be thought of as a paradise to which one would aspire, nor can it appropriately be described as a hell in which one suffers retribution for past deeds; rather, all deceased carry on a gloomy and shadowy existence in perpetuity, regardless of their behavior in life. Scholars^{[citation needed]} believe that the image of Yomi was derived from ancient Japanese tombs in which corpses were left for some time to decompose.

The kanji that are sometimes used to transcribe Yomi actually refer to the mythological Chinese realm of the dead called Diyu or Huángquán (黄泉, lit. "Yellow Springs"), which appears in Chinese texts as early as the eighth century BCE.^[3] This dark and vaguely defined realm was believed to be located beneath the earth, but it was not until the Han dynasty that the Chinese had a clearly articulated conception of an underworld below in contrast with a heavenly realm above. The characters are jukujikun, i.e. were used without regard to the actual meaning of the word Yomi, which is unknown. With regard to Japanese mythology, Yomi is generally taken by commentators to lie beneath the earth and is part of a triad of locations discussed in Kojiki: Takamahara (高天原, also: Takamagahara, lit. "high heavenly plane", located in the sky), Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni (葦原の中つ国, lit. "central land of reed plane") located on earth, and Yomo-tsu-kuni (黄泉国) or Yomi-no-Kuni (黄泉の国, lit. "Land of Yomi") located underground.^[4] Yomi has also often been associated with the mythological realm of Ne-no-kuni (根の国, lit. "Root Land / Land of Origin"), also known as Ne-no-Katasukuni (根の堅洲国, lit. "firm/hard-packed shoal land of origin").

Yomi is ruled over by Izanami no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (Yomo-tsu-Ōkami 黄泉大神). According to Kojiki, the entrance to Yomi lies in Izumo province and was sealed off by Izanagi upon his flight from Yomi, at which time he permanently blocked the entrance by placing a massive boulder (Chigaeshi no ōkami 道反の大神) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (Yomotsu Hirasaka 黄泉平坂 or 黄泉比良坂).^[3] Upon his return to Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, Izanagi noted that Yomi is a "polluted land" (kegareki kuni).^[5] This opinion reflects the traditional Shinto association between death and pollution. Later Susanoo takes this position over.

Christian uses

Some Japanese Christian texts use 黄泉 to refer to what is called Hell in the English versions. For example, Revelation 6:8.,

そこで見ていると、見よ、青白い馬が出てきた。そして、それに乗っている者の名は「死」と言い、それに黄泉が従っていた。

And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him

Sometimes 黄泉 means Hades or Sheol, whereas 地獄 means Gehenna.

References

^ Basic Terms of Shinto, Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985
^ Akira, Ōmine; Unno, Taitetsu (1992). "The Genealogy of Sorrow: Japanese View of Life and Death". The Eastern Buddhist. 25 (2): 14–29. ISSN 0012-8708. JSTOR 44361962.
^ ^a ^b Heisig, James W.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Maraldo, John C. (2011-07-31). Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 510–515. ISBN 978-0-8248-3707-5.
^ Kōnoshi, Takamitsu (1984). "The Land of Yomi: On the Mythical World of the Kojiki". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 11 (1): 57–76. doi:10.18874/jjrs.11.1.1984.57-76. ISSN 0304-1042. JSTOR 30233312.
^ Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.

Bibliography

Ono, Sokyo (1992). Shinto: The Kami Way. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 4-8053-0189-9.

[1] Basic Terms of Shinto, Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985

[2] Akira, Ōmine; Unno, Taitetsu (1992). "The Genealogy of Sorrow: Japanese View of Life and Death". The Eastern Buddhist. 25 (2): 14–29. ISSN 0012-8708. JSTOR 44361962.

[:0-3] Heisig, James W.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Maraldo, John C. (2011-07-31). Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 510–515. ISBN 978-0-8248-3707-5.

[4] Kōnoshi, Takamitsu (1984). "The Land of Yomi: On the Mythical World of the Kojiki". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 11 (1): 57–76. doi:10.18874/jjrs.11.1.1984.57-76. ISSN 0304-1042. JSTOR 30233312.

[5] Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.

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+{{Short description|Japanese word for the land of the dead}}
 {{about|the location in Japanese mythology}}
 {{refimprove|date = November 2011}}
+[[Image:Yomotsu Hirasaka.JPG|250px|right|thumb|[[Yomotsu Hirasaka]] in [[Higashiizumo, Shimane|Higashiizumo]], [[Shimane Prefecture]]]]
+{{Nihongo|'''Yomi''' or '''Yomi-no-kuni'''|黄泉, 黄泉の国, or 黄泉ノ国|}} is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word for the [[underworld|land of the dead]] (World of Darkness).<ref>''Basic Terms of Shinto'', Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985</ref> According to [[Shinto]] mythology as related in ''[[Kojiki]]'', this is where the dead go in the [[afterlife]]. Once one has eaten at the hearth of Yomi it is (mostly) impossible to return to the land of the living.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akira |first1=Ōmine |last2=Unno |first2=Taitetsu |date=1992 |title=The Genealogy of Sorrow: Japanese View of Life and Death |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44361962 |journal=The Eastern Buddhist |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=14–29 |jstor=44361962 |issn=0012-8708}}</ref> Yomi is most commonly known for [[Izanami]]'s retreat to that place after her death. [[Izanagi]] followed her there and upon his return he washed himself, creating [[Amaterasu]], [[Susanoo-no-Mikoto|Susanoo]], and [[Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto]] in the process.
+This realm of the dead {{Clarify|text=seems to have|reason=Seems to? Is this unclear to believers or to researchers?|date=October 2023}} geographical continuity with this world and certainly cannot be thought of as a [[paradise]] to which one would aspire, nor can it appropriately be described as a [[hell]] in which one suffers retribution for past deeds; rather, all deceased carry on a gloomy and shadowy existence in perpetuity, regardless of their behavior in life. Scholars{{fact|date=April 2022}} believe that the image of Yomi was derived from ancient Japanese tombs in which corpses were left for some time to decompose.
-[[Image:Yomotsu Hirasaka.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Yomotsu Hirasaka in [[Higashiizumo]], [[Shimane Prefecture]]]]
+The [[kanji]] that are sometimes used to transcribe ''Yomi'' actually refer to the mythological Chinese realm of the dead called [[Diyu]] or Huángquán ({{lang|zh|黄泉}}, lit. "Yellow Springs"), which appears in Chinese texts as early as the eighth century BCE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Heisig |first1=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVgEEAAAQBAJ |title=Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook |last2=Kasulis |first2=Thomas P. |last3=Maraldo |first3=John C. |date=2011-07-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3707-5 |pages=510–515 |language=en}}</ref> This dark and vaguely defined realm was believed to be located beneath the earth, but it was not until the [[Han dynasty]] that the Chinese had a clearly articulated conception of an underworld below in contrast with a heavenly realm above. The characters are ''[[jukujikun]]'', i.e. were used without regard to the actual meaning of the word Yomi, which is unknown. With regard to Japanese mythology, Yomi is generally taken by commentators to lie beneath the earth and is part of a triad of locations discussed in [[Kojiki]]: {{Nihongo|''Takamahara''|高天原|also: [[Takamagahara]]|lit. "high heavenly plane", located in the sky}}, {{Nihongo|''[[Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni]]''|葦原の中つ国||lit. "central land of reed plane"|located on earth}}, and {{Nihongo|''Yomo-tsu-kuni''|黄泉国}} or {{Nihongo|''Yomi-no-Kuni''|黄泉の国||lit. "Land of Yomi"|located underground}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kōnoshi |first=Takamitsu |date=1984 |title=The Land of Yomi: On the Mythical World of the Kojiki |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233312 |journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=57–76 |doi=10.18874/jjrs.11.1.1984.57-76 |jstor=30233312 |issn=0304-1042|doi-access=free }}</ref> Yomi has also often been associated with the mythological realm of {{Nihongo|''[[Ne-no-kuni]]''|根の国||lit. "Root Land / Land of Origin"}}, also known as {{Nihongo|''Ne-no-Katasukuni''|根の堅洲国||lit. "firm/hard-packed shoal land of origin"}}.
-{{Nihongo|'''Yomi''' or '''Yomi-no-kuni'''|黄泉, 黄泉の国, or 黄泉ノ国|}} is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word for the land of the dead (World of Darkness).<ref>''Basic Terms of Shinto'', Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985</ref> According to [[Shinto]] mythology as related in [[Kojiki]], this is where the dead go in the [[afterlife]]. Once one has eaten at the hearth of Yomi it is (mostly) impossible to return to the land of the living. Yomi in [[Japanese mythology]] is comparable to [[Greek Underworld|Hades]] or [[Sheol]] and is most commonly known for [[Izanami]]'s retreat to that place after her death. [[Izanagi]] followed her there and upon his return he washed himself, creating [[Amaterasu]], [[Susanoo]], and [[Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto]] in the process.
+Yomi is ruled over by [[Izanami]] no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (''Yomo-tsu-Ōkami'' {{lang|ja|黄泉大神}}). According to [[Kojiki]], the entrance to Yomi lies in [[Izumo province]] and was sealed off by [[Izanagi]] upon his flight from Yomi, at which time he permanently blocked the entrance by placing a massive boulder (''Chigaeshi no ōkami'' {{lang|ja|道反の大神}}) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (''Yomotsu Hirasaka'' {{lang|ja|黄泉平坂}} or {{lang|ja|黄泉比良坂}}).<ref name=":0" /> Upon his return to Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, Izanagi noted that Yomi is a "polluted land" (''kegareki kuni'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q81DQAAQBAJ |title=Shinto: A History |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 |pages=50–51 |language=en}}</ref> This opinion reflects the traditional [[Shinto]] association between death and pollution. Later Susanoo takes this position over.
-This realm of the dead seems to have geographical continuity with this world and certainly cannot be thought of as a [[paradise]] to which one would aspire, nor can it appropriately be described as a [[hell]] in which one suffers retribution for past deeds; rather, all deceased carry on a gloomy and shadowy existence in perpetuity, regardless of their behavior in life. Many scholars believe that the image of Yomi was derived from ancient Japanese tombs in which corpses were left for some time to decompose.
-The [[kanji]] that are sometimes used to transcribe ''Yomi'' actually refer to the mythological Chinese realm of the dead called [[Diyu]] or Huángquán ({{lang|zh|黄泉}}, lit. "Yellow Springs"), which appears in Chinese texts as early as the eighth century BCE.  This dark and vaguely defined realm was believed to be located beneath the earth, but it was not until the [[Han Dynasty]] that the Chinese had a clearly articulated conception of an underworld below in contrast with a heavenly realm above. The characters are ''[[jukujikun]]'', i.e. were used without regard to the actual meaning of the word Yomi, which is unknown. With regard to [[Japanese mythology]], Yomi is generally taken by commentators to lie beneath the earth and is part of a triad of locations discussed in [[Kojiki]]: {{Nihongo|''Takamahara''|高天原|also: [[Takama-ga-hara]]|lit., "high heavenly plain", located in the sky}}, {{Nihongo|''[[Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni]]''|葦原の中つ国|lit. "central land of reed plains"|located on earth}}, and {{Nihongo|''Yomo-tsu-kuni''|黄泉国}} or {{Nihongo|''Yomi-no-Kuni''|黄泉の国| lit. "Land of Yomi"|located underground}}.  Yomi has also often been associated with the mythological realm of {{Nihongo|''[[Ne-no-Kuni]]''|根の国|lit. "Root Land / Land of Origin"}}, also known as {{Nihongo|''Ne-no-Katasukuni''|根の堅洲国|lit. "firm/hard-packed shoal land of origin"}}.
-Yomi is ruled over by [[Izanami]] no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (''Yomo-tsu-Ōkami'' {{lang|ja|黄泉大神}}).  According to [[Kojiki]], the entrance to Yomi lies in [[Izumo province]] and was sealed off by [[Izanagi]] upon his flight from Yomi, at which time he permanently blocked the entrance by placing a massive boulder (''Chigaeshi no ōkami'' {{lang|ja|道反の大神}}) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (''Yomotsu Hirasaka'' {{lang|ja|黄泉平坂}} or {{lang|ja|黄泉比良坂}}).  Upon his return to Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, [[Izanagi]] noted that Yomi is a "polluted land" (''kegareki kuni'').  This opinion reflects the traditional [[Shinto]] association between death and pollution. Later Susanoo takes this position over.
 ==Christian uses==
+Some [[Japanese Christian]] texts use {{lang|ja|黄泉}} to refer to what is called [[Hell]] in the English versions. For example, {{cite book|title=Revelation 6:8|url=https://ja.m.wikisource.org/wiki/ヨハネの黙示録(口語訳)#6:8}},
+{{Verse translation|そこで見ていると、見よ、青白い馬が出てきた。そして、それに乗っている者の名は「死」と言い、それに'''黄泉'''が従っていた。|And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him|lang=ja|italicsoff=yes}}
+Sometimes {{lang|ja|黄泉}} means [[Christian views on Hades|Hades]] or [[Sheol]], whereas {{lang|ja|地獄}} means [[Gehenna]].
+==See also==
-Some [[Japanese Christian]] texts use {{lang|ja|黄泉}} to refer to what is called [[Hell]] in the English versions. For example, [http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%BB%99%E7%A4%BA%E9%8C%B2(%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%B3)#6:8 Revelation 6:8],
+* [[Yomotsu Hirasaka]]
-{{Verse translation|そこで見ていると、見よ、青白い馬が出てきた。そして、それに乗っている者の名は「死」と言い、それに'''黄泉'''が従っていた|And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him|lang=ja|italicsoff=yes}}
 ==References==
-* Ono, Sokyo, ''Shinto: The Kami Way'', Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1992, {{ISBN|4-8053-0189-9}}
-*{{lang|ja|眞言引導要集便蒙}}
 {{Reflist}}
+=== Bibliography ===
+* {{cite book|last=Ono|first=Sokyo|author-link=|date=1992|title=Shinto: The Kami Way|url=|location=Tokyo|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|page=|isbn=4-8053-0189-9}}
 {{jmyth navbox long}}
 {{hell}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Afterlife places]]
-[[Category:Japanese mythology]]
+[[Category:Locations in Japanese mythology]]
 [[Category:Underworld]]
+[[Category:Mythological places]]

v t e Japanese mythology
Mythic texts	Kojiki Nihon Shoki Fudoki Kujiki Kogo Shūi Hotsuma Tsutae Nihon Ryōiki Konjaku Monogatarishū Shintōshū Butsuzōzui
Japanese creation myth	Kotoamatsukami (Hitorigami) Ame-no-Minakanushi Kamiyo (Kamiyonanayo) Kuniumi Kamiumi Izanami Izanagi
Takamagahara mythology	Amaterasu Susanoo Tsukuyomi Ame-no-Uzume
Izumo mythology	Yamata no Orochi Hare of Inaba Ōkuninushi Kuni-yuzuri Takeminakata
Hyūga mythology	Tenson kōrin Ninigi Konohanasakuya-hime Toyotama-hime
Human age	Emperor Jimmu Tagishimimi Kesshi Hachidai
Mythological locations	Ashihara no Nakatsukuni Ama-no-Iwato Onogoro Island Ne-no-kuni Ryūgū-jō Sanzu River Takamagahara Tokoyo no kuni Yomi
Mythological weapons	Amenonuhoko Kusanagi no Tsurugi Totsuka-no-Tsurugi Ame-no-ohabari Futsu-no-mitama [ja]
Major Buddhist figures	Amida Nyorai Daruma Five Tathagatas
Seven Lucky Gods	Benzaiten Bishamonten Daikokuten Ebisu Fukurokuju Hotei Jurōjin Kisshōten
Legendary creatures	Dragon Kappa Kitsune Oni Shinshi Tengu Yōkai Yūrei
Other	Shinigami Ryukyuan religion Amamikyu Tenson dynasty Ainu mythology Kamuy Kamuy-huci Hasinaw-uk-kamuy
Shinto deities Japanese deities Sacred objects Japanese religions Glossary of Shinto

v t e Underworlds
	Abrahamic	Christianity Abyss Hades Hell Lake of fire Limbo Outer darkness Purgatory Islam Barzakh Jahannam Sijjin Judaism Abaddon Azazel Bosom of Abraham Dudael Gehenna Sheol Tehom Tzoah Rotachat Mandaeism World of Darkness
	American	Aztec Mictlān Maya Xibalba
	East Asian	Chinese Diyu Gate of the Ghosts Youdu Shinto Yomi
	Indian	Buddhism Bardo Naraka Hinduism Naraka Patala Jainism Naraka
	Near East	Egyptian Duat Mesopotamian Irkalla Zoroastrianism Duzakh Hamistagan
	European	Norse Hel Náströnd Niflheim Niflhel Greek / Roman Asphodel Meadows Elysium Erebus Fortunate Isles Hades Orcus Tartarus Welsh Annwn Finnic Tuonela
	Others	Davy Jones's locker Hell Naraka Turkic Tamag