Lavo Kingdom

Lavo Kingdom
468–1388
Lavo Kingdom and mainland Southeast Asian polities, 700 CE
Map of mainland Southeast Asian polities c. 1000–1100 CE Cyan: Lavo Kingdom Red: Khmer Empire Green: Hariphunchai Kingdom Light green: Srivijaya Yellow: Champa Blue: Dai Viet Pink: Pagan Kingdom
Capital	Lopburi Ayutthaya
Common languages	Old Mon Old Khmer Old Thai
Religion	Buddhism (Mahayana, Theravada)
Government	Mandala kingdom
Monarch
• 648–700 CE (first)	Kalawandith
• 1052–1069	Chadachota
• 1340–1369	Ramathibodi I
• 1369–1388 (last)	Ramesuan
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Establishment	468
• Chenla influence	6th century
• Siridhammana influence	927
• Angkor influence	1002
• Ayodhya as seat	1082
• Secession of Sukhothai	1239
• Formation of Ayutthaya	1351
• Annexed into Ayutthaya	1388
Preceded by Succeeded by Dvaravati Sukhothai Ayutthaya Khmer Empire Hariphunchai

The Lavo Kingdom (Template:Lang-th) was a political entity (mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo.

Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with Si Thep and Sema, was the center of the mandala-style state, Dvaravati; however, due to the weather-induced migration, Si Thep and Sema lost its power, and Lavo became the only center of power in the area until it fell under Khmer hegemony during the 10th to 11th centuries.

History

Dvaravati and Mon domination

Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries

Main article: Dvaravati

The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by Mon people who had arrived and appeared centuries earlier. The foundations of Buddhism in central Southeast Asia were laid between the 6th and 9th centuries when a Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati.

The Mon people of Lavo

A plan of Narai's new capital complex of Lopburi ("Louvo" in French sources).

Further information: Mon people

According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila in 468 CE. According to Thai records, Phraya Kakabatr from Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Tak or Nakhon Chai Si) set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city a decade later.

The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language. However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people), with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during the time of the Lavo kingdom.

Theravada Buddhism remained a major belief in Lavo although Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire wielded considerable influence. Around the late 7th century, Lavo expanded to the north. In the Northern Thai Chronicles, including the Cāmadevivaṃsa, Camadevi, the first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king.

Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo. In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan Kingdom. By the Song dynasty, Lavo was known as Luówō (Chinese: 羅渦).

Wars of the Three Kings

Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas is likely to be the same ethnic group, the "Mon people," or any ethnic group that uses the Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained a good relationship for the first 300 years.

In the early 10th century, several battles between these two mandalas that happened from 925 to 927 were recorded. According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Template:Lang-th) of Haripuñjaya moved south aiming to seize the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Nakhon Si Thammarat of Srivijaya), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo. Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district). The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa.

After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapura (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost. He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath.

Later in 960, Lavapura was annexed by Siamese from Ayodhya, who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom in the south under the Srivijaya Empire. Kampoch possibly fled to Angkor, then back to sack Lavapura in 1002, and eventually merged Lavo into the Angkorian Empire in 1022 after claiming the Angkor and enthroned as Suryavarman I.

Khmer cultural vassalization

Prang Sam Yot, showing considerable Khmer influences on the architecture in late 11th century

Main article: Khmer Empire

Isanavarman I of the Chenla Kingdom expanded Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century but did not exercise political control over the region. Later in 1002, Suryavarman I who was born to a Khmer princess and Tambralinga prince, Kampoch, claimed the Khmer Empire throne and usurped Khmer's King, Udayadityavarman I, defeating his armies that year. After a protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be successor, Jayavirahvarman, Suryavarman I failed in the first attempt. He then marched back to Lavo and attacked the Ankor again four years later. He won and claimed the Khmer throne in 1010.

Due to long nine-year wars to claim the Khmer throne, the Lavapura lost its prosperity and was almost abandoned. The Khmer general Sri Lakshmi Pativarman was assigned the new Lavo ruler to revive the city in 1006 and Lavo was eventually merged into Khmer Empire in around 1022, which caused former Dvaravati cities on the east Chao Phraya plain fell under Khmer hegemony, while the western cities were spared from Khmer hegemony and formed Suvarnabhumi. Lavo was the center from which Khmer authority ruled over the Dvaravati.

Due to the diplomatic relations between the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty, established in 1012 during the reign of Suryavarman I, the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against those two dynasties and consequently lost control over the lower Chao Phraya River basin in present-day Central Thailand, which led to the emerging of the Siamese's Suvarnabhumi kingdom and the independence declaration of Tambralinga in 1230.

Around the 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand merged into two mandalas – Lavo (modern Lopburi) and Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri). Khmer lost power over Lavo around the 12th century after the former Lavo capital, Lopburi, was seized by Singhanavati's king, Phrom in 1106, as well as the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.

Arrival of the Tai peoples

Main article: Tai peoples

Modern Thai historians think the Tai peoples originated in northern Vietnam and Guangxi province in China. The origin of the Tai peoples were living in northern Southeast Asia by the 8th century. Five linguistic groups emerged: the northern Tai in China (ancestors of Zhuang); the upland Tai people in northern Vietnam (ancestors of the Black, White and Red Tai); the Tais in northeastern Laos and bordering Vietnam (ancestors of the Tai of Siang Khwang and the Siamese in Ayutthaya); the Tai in northern Laos; and the Tai west of Luang Prabang, northern Thailand and in the adjoining parts of Laos, Yunnan and Burma. The Tai people had emigrated in the area what is now Thailand around 11th century, the land was already inhabited by Mon and Khmer speaking peoples, who had arrived earlier.

Emergence of Tai city-states

Image of Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat. The Siamese would later form their own kingdom and become a major rival of Angkor.

Further information: Mueang

Tai peoples lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Village would combine to form a Mueang (Template:Lang-th), a group of villages governed by a Chao (Template:Lang-th) (lord). When Tai people settled in Central Plain of Thailand, the Cambodian ruler named them Siem (Template:Lang-km) in the Khmer language. The Tai lords adopted both Mon alphabet and Khmer alphabet, which the Tai developed into their own writing systems as Tai Tham alphabet, for the Thai Yuan people in the north, and Khom-Thai alphabet, for the Siamese Tai in the lower region. The Siamese also called themselves as Tai or Thai and called Lavo as "Lopburi" in Tai dialect language.

Settled in the rural fringes of the Khmer Empire and in upper Laos, the Tai peoples, united by their lords, were becoming a formidable threat to the Khmer Empire. Despite intermarriage between the Tai and the Khmer ruling families, the Tai people kept their distinct cultural and ethnic identity, retaining their own languages and units of social organisation.

Siamese Lavo (11th century)

Main article: History of Thailand

The formidable political control exercised by the Angkor Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok, the lower central plain and the upper Ping River in the Lamphun-Chiang Mai region.

The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Tai groups were probably assimilated into Khmer population. Historical records show that they maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Angkor Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo or Lopburi (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.

In the 11th century, Lavo was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of vassal state of the Khmer Empire of Angkor, However, Lavo wanted liberation and sought acknowledgement from China (Song dynasty) in 1001 and 1155 as an independent state. Lavo's large Tai population and its roots in the Dvaravati did not assimilate well with the Khmer civilisation, and in Khmer writings Lopburi was considered a province of Angkor that had a Syamese (Siamese) identity.

The Khmer influences on Lavo began to wane as a result of the growing influence of the emerging Burmese kingdom of Pagan. In 1087, Kyansittha of Pagan invaded Lavo, but King Narai of Lavo was able to repel the Burmese invasion and Lavo, emerging relatively stronger from the encounter, was thus spared from either Khmer or Burmese hegemony. King Narai moved the capital to Ayodhya, and Lavo was then able to exert pressure on Suvarnabhumi to the west and slowly to take its cities.

Yet another wave of Khmer invasions arrived under Jayavarman VII. This time, Lavo was assimilated into the religious cosmos of the Khmer Empire – Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. Khmer influence was great on Lavo arts and architecture as seen in the Prang Sam Yot.

In 1239, the Tai governor of Sukhothai rebelled and declared independence from Lavo – giving birth to the Sukhothai Kingdom. Lavo is called “Khom” In Northern Thai chronicles, and the Lavo kingdom shrank swiftly during the 13th century due to the expansion of Sukhothai under King Ram Khamhaeng the Great, retreating to its heartland around Lavo and Ayodhya.

The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, sent embassies to China between 1289 and 1299. in 1349 Xiān people of Sukhothai become united with the people of Lo-hu, the new kingdom named Xiānluó (暹羅) by the chinese. However, Xiān might refer to the Suphannaphum Kingdom of Suphanburi Province.

Merger with Ayutthaya Kingdom

In 1350, Uthong, who had been a post-Angkorian ruler of one of the cities in Lower Chao Phraya Valley and Borommarachathirat I of Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri) co-founded a Ayutthaya city, an island on intersection of three rivers; Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River and Pa Sak River, and Uthong became the king of the city. But Borommarachathirat I took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and then Ramesuan retreated back to Lavo. In 1388, Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, Thong Lan. Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharachathirat took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century.

There are many theories about Uthong's origin. According to HRH Prince Chula Chakrabongse, he was thought to have been a descendant of Mangrai. Van Vliet's chronicles, a seventeenth-century work, stated that King Uthong was a Chinese merchant who established himself at Phetchaburi before moving to Ayutthaya. Tamnan Mulla Satsana, a sixteenth-century Lanna literature, stated that King Uthong was from Lavo Kingdom.

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lavo was incorporated into a major stronghold of Ayutthaya Kingdom. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai in the mid-17th century, and the king resided there about eight months a year.

List of rulers

Before 11th century: Lavapura as seat

Name		Reign	Note
English	Thai
Kalawandith	กาฬวรรดิษฐ์	468–500
Unknown		500–9th century	Isanavarman I, the 3rd king of the Chenla Kingdom, expanded influence to the Chao Phraya valley in the 7th century, but Mon people took Lavo back in the early 10th century.
Uchitthaka Chakkawat	อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ	?–927
Due to the wars with Haripuñjaya and Siridhammana from 925–927, the capital Lavapura was almost left abandoned and was controlled by King of Siridhammana from Ligor (暹罗/六坤).
Kampoch	กัมโพช	927–?	Also older brother of Jayavarman IV. As a tributary state of Siridhammana (Ligor) of Srivijaya
Sri Mongkhon Arthit	ศรีมงคลอาทิตย์	960–961	In Song Huiyao Jigao called 积利胡大霡果境; as King of Siam-Lavo (暹羅國; under controlled of a mandala-style state of Sian [暹 in Song Huiyao Jigao])
Sri Chula	ศรีจุฬา	961–975	Also King of Sian-Lo
Sri Saw/Xià chí	ศรีซอ/แฮเตรีย/เซี่ยฉือ	975–991	In Song Huiyao Jigao called 夏池, also King of Sian-Lo
After the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty in the early 11 century, Srivijaya declined and lost control over the Chao Phraya River basin.
Unknown		991–1002	In 1002, Lavo was sacked by the Angkorian king, Suryavarman I, and Lavapura was abandoned.
Suryavarman I	สุริยวรมันที่ 1	1002–1006	Before claiming the throne of the Angkor
Sri Lakshmi Pativarman	ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน	1006–?	Appointed by Suryavarman I
Unknown		?–1052	Lavo was seized by Rampong Bandhit (r.1006–1046) of Mueang Uthong and became the Siamese's tributary state.
Chadachota	จันทรโชติ	1052–1069	Lavo began to resist the Ankorian control.
Regent		1069–1082
Around the 11th century, the capital was shifted southward and named Ayodhya by King Narai, the old capital was then renamed Lopburi

After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat

Ayodhya rulers		Reign		Lopburi rulers		Reign
English	Thai			English	Thai
Phra Narai	พระนารายณ์	1082–1087		Phra Narai	พระนารายณ์	1082–1087
Vacant		1087–1089		Vacant		1087–1106
Phra Chao Luang	พระเจ้าหลวง	1089–1111		King Prom of Yonok seized Lopburi in 1106 and appointed his son from Si Satchanalai, Kraisornrat, as a new ruler
Sai Nam Peung	สายน้ำผึ้ง	1111–1165		Kraisornrat	ไกรศรราช	1106–?
Dhammikaraja	พระเจ้าธรรมิกราชา	1165–1205		Sri Thammasokkarat	ศรีธรรมโศกราช	?–1191
Uthong	พระเจ้าอู่ทอง	1205–1253		Indravarman II[α]	นฤปตีนทรวรมัน	1191?–1218
Chaisen	พระเจ้าชัยเสน	1253–1289		Kraisornrat	ไกรศรราช	?–1283
Lavo sent tribute to China in 1289.
Suwanracha	พระเจ้าสุวรรณราชา	1289–1301		King of Phraek Si Racha (Name unidentified) (As a tributary state of Sukhothai)		1283–1319
Thammaracha	พระเจ้าธรรมราชา	1301–1310
Boromracha	พระบรมราชา	1310–1344		After King of Phraek Si Racha died in 1319, both Lopburi and the city of Ayodhya was considered royal inheritances for his daughter, Son Sai (สนไส้/ จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา), who later passed it to her son, Uthong (Ramathibodi I).[β]
Ramathibodi I (Uthong) (Also the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom)	พระรามาธิบดีที่ 1	1344-1369
After Ayutthaya Kingdom was established in 1351, Lavo was eventually annexed into Ayutthaya in 1388.
Note: [α] Appointed by Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218) [β] Some historical records indicates that King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) was the son of Lavo's princess, Sunantha Devi (สุนันทาเทวี), who married to prince of Si Satchanalai, Boromaraja (พระบรมราชา), not the descendent of King of Phraek Si Racha.

See also

• Locach
• History of Lopburi