Beryllium-10: Difference between revisions

Beryllium-10, ¹⁰Be
General
Symbol	10Be
Names	beryllium-10, 10Be, Be-10
Protons (Z)	4
Neutrons (N)	6
Nuclide data
Natural abundance	trace
Half-life (t1/2)	1.39×106 years
Spin	0+
Binding energy	64976.3±0.08 keV
Decay modes
Decay mode	Decay energy (MeV)
β−	0.5560
	Isotopes of beryllium ; Complete table of nuclides

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Beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) is a radioactive isotope of beryllium. It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen.^[3]^[4]^[5] Beryllium-10 has a half-life of 1.39 × 10⁶ years,^[6]^[7] and decays by beta decay to stable boron-10 with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction ¹⁰Be→¹⁰B + e⁻. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy galactic cosmic ray particles. The spallation of the reaction products is the source of ¹⁰Be (t, u particles like n or p):

¹⁴N(t,5u)¹⁰Be; Example: ¹⁴N(n,p α)¹⁰Be

¹⁶O(t,7u)¹⁰Be

Because beryllium tends to exist in solutions below about pH 5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the precipitation quickly becomes more alkaline, beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be thereby accumulates at the soil surface, where its relatively long half-life (1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to ¹⁰B.

¹⁰Be and its daughter product have been used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, the development of lateritic soils and the age of ice cores.^[8] It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of fast neutrons with ¹³C in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. ¹⁰Be decay is a significant isotope used as a proxy data measure for cosmogenic nuclides to characterize solar and extra-solar attributes of the past from terrestrial samples.^[9]

The rate of production of beryllium-10 depends on the activity of the sun. When solar activity is low (low numbers of sunspots and low solar wind), the barrier against cosmic rays that exists beyond the termination shock is weakened (see Cosmic ray#Cosmic-ray flux). This means more beryllium-10 is produced, and it can be detected millennia later. Beryllium-10 can thus serve as a marker of Miyake events, such as the 774-775 carbon-14 spike. There can be an effect on climate^[10] (see Homeric Minimum).

References

^ "Decay Radiation: ¹⁰Be". National Nuclear Data Center. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ Tilley, D.R.; Kelley, J.H.; Godwin, J.L.; Millener, D.J.; Purcell, J.E.; Sheu, C.G.; Weller, H.R. (2004). "Energy levels of light nuclei". Nuclear Physics A. 745 (3–4): 155–362. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.09.059.
^ G.A. Kovaltsov; I.G. Usoskin (2010). "A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide ¹⁰Be production in the atmosphere". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 291 (1–4): 182–199. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.291..182K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011.
^ J. Beer; K. McCracken; R. von Steiger (2012). Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments. Physics of Earth and Space Environments. Vol. 26. Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0. ISBN 978-3-642-14650-3. S2CID 55739885.
^ S.V. Poluianov; G.A. Kovaltsov; A.L. Mishev; I.G. Usoskin (2016). "Production of cosmogenic isotopes ⁷Be, ¹⁰Be, ¹⁴C, ²²Na, and ³⁶Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions". J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 (13): 8125–8136. arXiv:1606.05899. Bibcode:2016JGRD..121.8125P. doi:10.1002/2016JD025034. S2CID 119301845.
^ G. Korschinek; A. Bergmaier; T. Faestermann; U. C. Gerstmann (2010). "A new value for the half-life of ¹⁰Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (2): 187–191. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..187K. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020.
^ J. Chmeleff; F. von Blanckenburg; K. Kossert; D. Jakob (2010). "Determination of the ¹⁰Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (2): 192–199. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..192C. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012.
^ Balco, Greg; Shuster, David L. (2009). "²⁶Al-¹⁰Be–²¹Ne burial dating" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 (3–4): 570–575. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.286..570B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
^ Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.
^ Philip Ball (Dec 19, 2001). "Flickering sun switched climate". Nature. doi:10.1038/news011220-9.

[BNL-1] "Decay Radiation: ¹⁰Be". National Nuclear Data Center. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-10-16.

[2] Tilley, D.R.; Kelley, J.H.; Godwin, J.L.; Millener, D.J.; Purcell, J.E.; Sheu, C.G.; Weller, H.R. (2004). "Energy levels of light nuclei". Nuclear Physics A. 745 (3–4): 155–362. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.09.059.

[Kov10-3] G.A. Kovaltsov; I.G. Usoskin (2010). "A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide ¹⁰Be production in the atmosphere". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 291 (1–4): 182–199. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.291..182K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011.

[Beer12-4] J. Beer; K. McCracken; R. von Steiger (2012). Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments. Physics of Earth and Space Environments. Vol. 26. Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0. ISBN 978-3-642-14650-3. S2CID 55739885.

[Pol16-5] S.V. Poluianov; G.A. Kovaltsov; A.L. Mishev; I.G. Usoskin (2016). "Production of cosmogenic isotopes ⁷Be, ¹⁰Be, ¹⁴C, ²²Na, and ³⁶Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions". J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 (13): 8125–8136. arXiv:1606.05899. Bibcode:2016JGRD..121.8125P. doi:10.1002/2016JD025034. S2CID 119301845.

[Korschinek-6] G. Korschinek; A. Bergmaier; T. Faestermann; U. C. Gerstmann (2010). "A new value for the half-life of ¹⁰Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (2): 187–191. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..187K. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020.

[Chmeleff-7] J. Chmeleff; F. von Blanckenburg; K. Kossert; D. Jakob (2010). "Determination of the ¹⁰Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (2): 192–199. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..192C. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012.

[BalcoShuster2009-8] Balco, Greg; Shuster, David L. (2009). "²⁶Al-¹⁰Be–²¹Ne burial dating" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 (3–4): 570–575. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.286..570B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-12-10.

[Paleari-9] Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.

[10] Philip Ball (Dec 19, 2001). "Flickering sun switched climate". Nature. doi:10.1038/news011220-9.

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 |mass=
 |excess_energy =
+|binding_energy = {{val|64,976.3|0.08}}<!-- keV, per WD, ame2016 -->
-|error1 =
-|binding_energy = 6497.631''8''
-|error2 =
 |spin =0+
 |decay_mode1= β<sup>−</sup>
@@ Line 20: / Line 18: @@
 }}
-'''Beryllium-10''' (<sup>10</sup>Be) is a [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[Isotopes of beryllium|isotope]] of [[beryllium]]. It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by [[cosmic ray spallation]] of nitrogen and oxygen.<ref name="Kov10">{{cite journal|author1=G.A. Kovaltsov|author2=I.G. Usoskin|journal=Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.| volume=291|issue=1–4| year=2010| pages=182–199|title=A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide <sup>10</sup>Be production in the atmosphere|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011|bibcode=2010E&PSL.291..182K}}</ref><ref name="Beer12">{{cite book|author1=J. Beer|author2=K. McCracken|author3 = R. von Steiger|year=2012|journal = Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin |title=Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments| volume= 26| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0|series=Physics of Earth and Space Environments|isbn=978-3-642-14650-3|s2cid=55739885}}</ref><ref name="Pol16">{{cite journal|author1=S.V. Poluianov|author2=G.A. Kovaltsov|author3=A.L. Mishev|author4=I.G. Usoskin|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.| volume=121|issue=13| year=2016| pages=8125–8136|title= Production of cosmogenic isotopes <sup>7</sup>Be, <sup>10</sup>Be, <sup>14</sup>C, <sup>22</sup>Na, and <sup>36</sup>Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions|doi=10.1002/2016JD025034|arxiv=1606.05899|bibcode=2016JGRD..121.8125P|s2cid=119301845}}</ref> Beryllium-10 has a [[half-life]] of 1.39 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,<ref name="Korschinek">{{cite journal|author1=G. Korschinek|author2=A. Bergmaier|author3=T. Faestermann|author4=U. C. Gerstmann|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2|  year=2010| pages=187–191|title=A new value for the half-life of <sup>10</sup>Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..187K}}</ref><ref name="Chmeleff">{{cite journal|author1=J. Chmeleff|author2=F. von Blanckenburg|author3=K. Kossert|author4=D. Jakob|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2| year=2010| pages=192–199|title=Determination of the <sup>10</sup>Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting|  doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..192C|url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:239521}}</ref> and decays by [[beta decay]] to stable [[isotopes of boron|boron-10]] with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction <sup>10</sup>Be→<sup>10</sup>B + e<sup>−</sup>. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy [[galactic cosmic ray]] particles. The [[spallation]] of the reaction products is the source of <sup>10</sup>Be (t, u particles like n or p):
+'''Beryllium-10''' (<sup>10</sup>Be) is a [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[Isotopes of beryllium|isotope]] of [[beryllium]]. It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by [[cosmic ray spallation]] of nitrogen and oxygen.<ref name="Kov10">{{cite journal|author1=G.A. Kovaltsov|author2=I.G. Usoskin|journal=Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.| volume=291|issue=1–4| year=2010| pages=182–199|title=A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide <sup>10</sup>Be production in the atmosphere|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011|bibcode=2010E&PSL.291..182K}}</ref><ref name="Beer12">{{cite book|author1=J. Beer|author2=K. McCracken|author3 = R. von Steiger|year=2012|publisher = Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin |title=Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments| volume= 26| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0|series=Physics of Earth and Space Environments|isbn=978-3-642-14650-3|s2cid=55739885}}</ref><ref name="Pol16">{{cite journal|author1=S.V. Poluianov|author2=G.A. Kovaltsov|author3=A.L. Mishev|author4=I.G. Usoskin|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.| volume=121|issue=13| year=2016| pages=8125–8136|title= Production of cosmogenic isotopes <sup>7</sup>Be, <sup>10</sup>Be, <sup>14</sup>C, <sup>22</sup>Na, and <sup>36</sup>Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions|doi=10.1002/2016JD025034|arxiv=1606.05899|bibcode=2016JGRD..121.8125P|s2cid=119301845}}</ref> Beryllium-10 has a [[half-life]] of 1.39 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,<ref name="Korschinek">{{cite journal|author1=G. Korschinek|author2=A. Bergmaier|author3=T. Faestermann|author4=U. C. Gerstmann|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2|  year=2010| pages=187–191|title=A new value for the half-life of <sup>10</sup>Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..187K}}</ref><ref name="Chmeleff">{{cite journal|author1=J. Chmeleff|author2=F. von Blanckenburg|author3=K. Kossert|author4=D. Jakob|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268|issue=2| year=2010| pages=192–199|title=Determination of the <sup>10</sup>Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting|  doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012|bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..192C|url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:239521}}</ref> and decays by [[beta decay]] to stable [[isotopes of boron|boron-10]] with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction <sup>10</sup>Be→<sup>10</sup>B + e<sup>−</sup>. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy [[galactic cosmic ray]] particles. The [[spallation]] of the reaction products is the source of <sup>10</sup>Be (t, u particles like n or p):
 :<sup>14</sup>N(t,5u)<sup>10</sup>Be; Example: <sup>14</sup>N(n,p α)<sup>10</sup>Be
 :<sup>16</sup>O(t,7u)<sup>10</sup>Be
@@ Line 28: / Line 26: @@
 Because beryllium tends to exist in [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]s below about [[pH]] 5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] quickly becomes more [[alkaline]], beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic <sup>10</sup>Be thereby accumulates at the [[soil]] surface, where its relatively long [[half-life]] (1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to <sup>10</sup>[[boron|B]].
-<sup>10</sup>Be and its daughter product have been used to examine [[soil erosion]], [[soil formation]] from [[regolith]], the development of [[laterite|lateritic soils]] and the age of [[ice core]]s.<ref name="BalcoShuster2009">{{cite journal|last1= Balco|first1= Greg|last2= Shuster|first2= David L.|year= 2009|title= <sup>26</sup>Al-<sup>10</sup>Be–<sup>21</sup>Ne burial dating|journal= [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|volume= 286|issue= 3–4|pages= 570–575|doi= 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025|url= http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|bibcode= 2009E&PSL.286..570B|access-date= 2012-12-10|archive-date= 2015-09-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184215/http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of [[fast neutron]]s with [[carbon-13|<sup>13</sup>C]] in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. <sup>10</sup>Be decay is a significant isotope used as a [[proxy data]] measure for [[cosmogenic nuclide]]s to characterize solar and extra-solar attributes of the past from terrestrial samples.<ref name="Paleari">{{cite journal  | last = Paleari  | first = Chiara I.  | author2 = F. Mekhaldi  |author3 = F. Adolphi  |author4 = M. Christl  |author5 = C. Vockenhuber  |author6 = P. Gautschi  |author7 = J. Beer  |author8 = N. Brehm  |author9 = T. Erhardt  |author10 = H.-A. Synal  |author11 = L. Wacker  |author12 = F. Wilhelms  |author13 = R. Muscheler  | title = Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP  | journal = Nat. Commun.  | volume = 13  | issue = 214  | date = 2022  | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4 }}</ref>
+<sup>10</sup>Be and its daughter product have been used to examine [[soil erosion]], [[soil formation]] from [[regolith]], the development of [[laterite|lateritic soils]] and the age of [[ice core]]s.<ref name="BalcoShuster2009">{{cite journal|last1= Balco|first1= Greg|last2= Shuster|first2= David L.|year= 2009|title= <sup>26</sup>Al-<sup>10</sup>Be–<sup>21</sup>Ne burial dating|journal= [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|volume= 286|issue= 3–4|pages= 570–575|doi= 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025|url= http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|bibcode= 2009E&PSL.286..570B|access-date= 2012-12-10|archive-date= 2015-09-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184215/http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of [[fast neutron]]s with [[carbon-13|<sup>13</sup>C]] in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. <sup>10</sup>Be decay is a significant isotope used as a [[proxy data]] measure for [[cosmogenic nuclide]]s to characterize solar and extra-solar attributes of the past from terrestrial samples.<ref name="Paleari">{{cite journal  | last = Paleari  | first = Chiara I.  | author2 = F. Mekhaldi  |author3 = F. Adolphi  |author4 = M. Christl  |author5 = C. Vockenhuber  |author6 = P. Gautschi  |author7 = J. Beer  |author8 = N. Brehm  |author9 = T. Erhardt  |author10 = H.-A. Synal  |author11 = L. Wacker  |author12 = F. Wilhelms  |author13 = R. Muscheler  | title = Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP  | journal = Nat. Commun.  | volume = 13  | issue = 214  | date = 2022  | page = 214 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4 | pmid = 35017519 | pmc = 8752676 | bibcode = 2022NatCo..13..214P |doi-access = free  }}</ref>
+The rate of production of beryllium-10 depends on the activity of the sun. When solar activity is low (low numbers of [[sunspot]]s and low [[solar wind]]), the barrier against cosmic rays that exists beyond the [[termination shock]] is weakened (see [[Cosmic ray#Cosmic-ray flux]]). This means more beryllium-10 is produced, and it can be detected millennia later. Beryllium-10 can thus serve as a marker of [[Miyake event]]s, such as the [[774-775 carbon-14 spike]]. There can be an effect on climate<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Philip Ball |title=Flickering sun switched climate |journal=Nature |date=Dec 19, 2001 |doi=10.1038/news011220-9}}</ref> (see [[Homeric Minimum]]).
 ==See also==
 * [[Surface exposure dating]]
-{{Isotope|element=beryllium
+{{Isotope sequence
+|element=beryllium
 |lighter=[[Beryllium-9]]
 |heavier=[[Beryllium-11]]

Lighter: Beryllium-9	Beryllium-10 is an isotope of beryllium	Heavier: Beryllium-11
Decay product of: lithium-11 (β⁻, n)	Decay chain of beryllium-10	Decays to: boron-10