Baltasar Maldonado: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Tisquesusa (talk | contribs) extra |
Removing from Category:16th-century Spanish people Diffusing per WP:DIFFUSE and/or WP:ALLINCLUDED using Cat-a-lot |
||
| (47 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Spanish conquistador}} |
|||
{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
||
| honorific_prefix = |
| honorific_prefix = |
||
| Line 6: | Line 7: | ||
| alt = |
| alt = |
||
| caption = |
| caption = |
||
| birth_date = |
| birth_date = {{circa|1510}} |
||
| |
| death_date = {{death year and age|1552|1510}} |
||
| death_date = 1552 |
|||
| death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[New Kingdom of Granada]] |
| death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[New Kingdom of Granada]] |
||
| death_cause = |
| death_cause = |
||
| |
| burial_place = |
||
| |
| burial_coordinates = |
||
| burial_coordinates = |
|||
| monuments = |
|||
| residence = |
|||
| nationality = [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] |
| nationality = [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] |
||
| other_names = |
| other_names = |
||
| |
| occupation = [[List of conquistadors in Colombia|Conquistador]] |
||
| citizenship = |
|||
| education = |
|||
| alma_mater = |
|||
| occupation = [[Conquistador]] |
|||
| years_active = 1536-1552 |
| years_active = 1536-1552 |
||
| era = |
|||
| employer = [[Spanish Crown]] |
|||
| organization = |
|||
| known_for = [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]]<br>[[Tundama|Defeat of Tundama]]<br>Quest for ''[[El Dorado]]'' |
| known_for = [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]]<br>[[Tundama|Defeat of Tundama]]<br>Quest for ''[[El Dorado]]'' |
||
| notable_works = |
|||
| style = |
|||
| home_town = |
|||
| title = |
|||
| term = |
|||
| predecessor = |
|||
| successor = |
|||
| opponents = |
|||
| boards = |
|||
| religion = [[Catholicism|Catholic]] |
|||
| denomination = |
|||
| criminal_charge = |
|||
| criminal_penalty = |
|||
| criminal_status = |
|||
| spouse = Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza |
| spouse = Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza |
||
| |
| children = 4 |
||
| children = two sons: Alfonso Maldonado y Carvajal & Alonso Maldonado<br>two daughters: María & Ana Maldonado de Carvajal |
|||
| mother = |
| mother = |
||
| father = Francisco Maldonado |
| father = Francisco Maldonado |
||
| relatives = |
| relatives = [[Jorge Robledo (conquistador)|Jorge Robledo]] (brother-in-law) |
||
| footnotes = |
|||
| family = [[Jorge Robledo (conquistador)|Jorge Robledo]] (brother-in-law) |
|||
| signature = |
|||
| signature_size = |
|||
| signature_alt = |
|||
| footnotes = <center><ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado/><ref name=GeniBaltasarMaldonado/><ref name=Carnero_p88/></center> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Baltasar Maldonado''', also written as '''Baltazar Maldonado''',<ref name=BancoPobla>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/geografia/region1/cap1.htm Despoblamiento y repoblamiento del noroccidente] – [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref> (c.1510, [[Salamanca]], [[Spanish Empire|Castile]] – 1552, [[Santafé de Bogotá]], [[New Kingdom of Granada]]) was a Spanish [[conquistador]] who first served under [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]], and later in the army of [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]] in the [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]].<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus154.htm Biography Baltasar Maldonado] – [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]] – [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref><ref name=GeniBaltasarMaldonado/><ref name=Carnero_p88/> |
|||
[[File:Escudo Maldonado.png|thumb|right|330px|Shield of the Maldonado family]] |
|||
'''Baltasar Maldonado''', also written as '''Baltazar Maldonado''',<ref name=BancoPobla>{{es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/geografia/region1/cap1.htm Despoblamiento y repoblamiento del noroccidente] - [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref> (?, [[Salamanca]], [[Spanish Empire|Castile]] - 1552, [[Bogotá]], [[New Kingdom of Granada]]) was a Spanish [[conquistador]] who first served under [[Sebastian de Belalcázar]] in the conquest of Quito and Peru, the foundations of [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]] and [[Popayán]], and later in the army of [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]] in the [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]].<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado>{{es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus154.htm Biography Baltasar Maldonado] - [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]] - [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref> |
|||
In 1539, Maldonado defeated the last ruling ''[[Cacique]]'' (chieftain) of the [[Muisca]], [[Tundama|Saymoso]] (called "''Tundama''" by the Spaniards). Maldonado took part in a quest for ''[[El Dorado]]'' led by Hernán Pérez de Quesada in the southern regions of present-day Colombia. After this failed expedition, Maldonado went to Popayán and Cali and traveled back to [[Bogotá|Santafé de Bogotá]], the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada where he died in 1552.<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado/> |
|||
The adventures of |
The adventures of Maldonado during the first half of the 16th century have been described by [[List of Muisca scholars|scholars]] [[Juan de Castellanos]], and [[Juan Rodríguez Freyle]] in his work ''[[El Carnero]]''.<ref name=Carnero_p88/><ref name=Carnero_p93/><ref name=Carnero_p94/> |
||
==Early life == |
|||
== The Maldonado family == |
|||
The Maldonado family was a distinguished family in Salamanca, Spain. Notable is [[Francisco Maldonado]], who was a leader in the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]]. Various conquistadors and other people involved in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] of the Maldonado family are known in history; [[Rodrigo Arias de Maldonado]], conquistador in [[New Spain]], [[Arias de Maldonado|(Francisco) Arias Maldonado]], who also served under De Belálcazar and became [[encomienda|encomendero]] of [[Sora, Boyacá|Sora]] in Boyacá, [[Juan Maldonado (conquistador)|Juan Maldonado]], another conquistador in Colombia and son-in-law of [[Ortún Velázquez de Velasco]], [[Juan Prieto Maldonado]], conquistador in [[Tunja]], [[Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro]], serving under German conquistadors [[Georg von Speyer]] and [[Nikolaus Federmann]] and later encomendero of [[Sasaima]] and [[Bituíma]], Diego Carasquilla Maldonado, who became ''oídor'' for Santa Fe de Bogotá in Lima, Francisco de Grado Maldonado, son of Isabel Maldonado, was conquistador in Peru.<ref name=BancoAriasMaldonado>{{es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus153.htm Arias de Maldonado] - [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]] - [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref><ref name=BancoFranciscoDorado>{{es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus155.htm Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro] - [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] - [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]]</ref><ref name=GeneaFranciscoDeGrado>{{es}} [http://www.genealogiafamiliar.net/getperson.php?personID=I75991&tree=BVCZ Francisco de Grado Maldonado]</ref><ref name=Carnero_p126>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.126</ref><ref name=Carnero_p182>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.182</ref><ref name=Carnero_p183>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.183</ref><ref name=Carnero_p260>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.260</ref><ref name=Carnero_p415>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.415</ref><ref name=BancoList>{{es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/gennrgun/gennrgun9x.htm List of conquistadors led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada] - [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref> Another Isabel Maldonado was married to two conquistadors; [[Pedro Núñez Cabrera]] and after his death with [[Miguel Holguín y Figueroa]].<ref name=Carnero_p153>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.153</ref> Alonso Maldonado y Guzmán was the son-in-law of conquistador in Mexico [[Francisco de Montejo|Francisco de Montejo, the Elder]].<ref name=Oocities>{{es}} [http://www.oocities.org/aygfm/fm.htm Biography Francisco de Montejo]</ref> |
|||
Maldonado was born in [[Salamanca]] in a family of [[hidalgo (nobility)|hidalgo]]s, the son of Francisco Maldonado, who served under the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]].<ref name=Carnero_p88>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.88</ref> He married Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza, and the couple had four children; two sons: Alfonso Maldonado y Carvajal and Alonso Maldonado; and two daughters: María Maldonado y Carvajal and Ana Maldonado de Carvajal.<ref name=GeniBaltasarMaldonado>[https://www.geni.com/people/Baltasar-Maldonado-Conquistador/6000000018846780149 Baltasar Maldonado] – Geni</ref><ref name=Carnero_p52>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.52</ref> The sister of Leonor de Carvajal married successively [[Jorge Robledo (conquistador)|Jorge Robledo]], Pedro Briceño, and president of ''[[Audiencia Real|Audiencia]]'' [[Francisco Briceño]].<ref name="Carnero_p88"/> |
|||
== Biography == |
|||
Baltasar Maldonado was born in [[Salamanca]] in a family of [[hidalgo]]s as son of Francisco Maldonado, who served under [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]].<ref name=Carnero_p88>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.88</ref> He married Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza, and the couple got four children; two sons and two daughters: Alfonso Maldonado y Carvajal, Alonso Maldonado, María Maldonado y Carvajal and Ana Maldonado de Carvajal.<ref name=GeniBaltasarMaldonado>[https://www.geni.com/people/Baltasar-Maldonado-Conquistador/6000000018846780149 Baltasar Maldonado] - Geni</ref><ref name=Carnero_p52>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.52</ref> The sister of Leonor de Carvajal married successively [[Jorge Robledo (conquistador)|Jorge Robledo]], Pedro Briceño and president of the ''[[Audiencia]]'' [[Francisco Briceño]].<ref name=Carnero_p88>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.88</ref> |
|||
== Spanish conquest == |
== Spanish conquest == |
||
[[File:Armenia, Quindio, Colombia.jpg|thumb|upright|After the conquest of the Muisca groups, Maldonado led an expedition to explore the Nevado del Quindío]] |
|||
[[File:Armenia01.jpg|thumb|right|330px|Before reaching the Muisca Confederation, Baltasar Maldonado was active in the conquest of Quito, Popayán and the '''Central Ranges''' of the Colombian Andes, terrain of the [[Pijao people|Pijao]] and [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]]]] |
|||
[[File:Pantano de Vargas - panoramio.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Pantano de Vargas - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|The Vargas Swamp (''Pantano de Vargas''), was the location of the final battle against [[Tundama|Saymoso]], December 1539]] |
||
Baltasar Maldonado traveled from Spain to [[Santo Domingo]] and later to [[Santa Marta]].<ref name=Carnero_p88/> He was a soldier in the conquest expedition of [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]] who founded [[Kingdom of Quito|San Francisco de Quito]] on December 6, 1534, and [[Peru]] and was sent northwards into the later [[New Kingdom of Granada]] with his later brother-in-law [[Jorge Robledo (conquistador)|Jorge Robledo]] and [[Álvaro de Mendoza]].<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado/><ref name=BancoPobla/> They reached the central part of the [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central Ranges]] of the Colombian [[Andes]] in 1539, where the troops encountered resistance of the [[Pijao people|Pijao]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]] and other [[indigenous peoples of Colombia|indigenous groups]]. |
|||
In 1535, Maldonado traveled from Spain to [[Santo Domingo]] and then to [[Santa Marta]].,<ref name=Carnero_p88/> accompanying Santa Marta's interim governor, Rodrigo Infante. The army of the new governor, Pedro Fernández de Lugo, arrived on January 2, 1536, and punitive expeditions against the rebel natives of the area were conducted. Maldonado then joined the expedition led by Fernandez's de Lugo lieutenant, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, whose purpose was to explore the Magdalena River and to find a land path to Peru. The expedition discovered toward the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Ranges]] where later they encountered two other expeditions: an eastern expedition led by [[Nikolaus Federmann]], and another one led by Sebastián de Belalcázar. Immediately after [[Bogotá]] was established (August 6, 1538), the soldiers participated in the [[Battle of Tocarema]] in late August to over-power the [[Panche people|Panche]] who lived to the west of the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]]. |
|||
=== Conquest of Tundama === |
=== Conquest of Tundama === |
||
[[File:Muisca raft Legend of El Dorado Offerings of gold.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Muisca raft Legend of El Dorado Offerings of gold.jpg|thumb|upright|The mythical ''El Dorado'', depicted in the ''[[Muisca raft]]'', formed the motive for expedition leader Hernán Pérez de Quesada to travel to the Llanos Orientales, with Maldonado as his main captain.]] |
||
While most of the Muisca Confederation was submitted to the Spanish rule; first the ''[[zipa]]'' of [[Bacatá]] in April 1537, then the ''[[zaque]]'' of [[Hunza, Colombia|Hunza]] four months later and shortly after the ''[[iraca]]'' [[Sugamuxi]] in [[Sogamoso|Suamox]], the northernmost territories were still controlled by the ''[[cacique]]'' [[Tundama]], whose ''[[Muisca architecture|bohío]]'' was built on an island (the ''La Tolosa'' hill, north of the present-day twon centre) in the lake of the [[Duitama|settlement with the same name]], today known as Duitama. Tundama was the last ''cacique'' of Duitama and the ''caciques'' of [[Cerinza]], [[Paz de Río|Chitagoto]], Icabuco, Lupacoche, [[Sativasur|Sátiva]], [[Soatá]] and [[Susacón]] were loyal to him.<ref name=PueblosTundama>{{es}} [http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/tundama.html Biography Cacique Tundama] - Pueblos Originarios</ref> Tundama, other than the earlier ''caciques'' of the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] resisted heavily against the European invaders and punished one of his people who suggested to surrender by cutting off their ears and left hand.<ref name=Esencia>{{es}} [http://www.esencianativa.org/ Biography Tundama]</ref> Tundama declared a "death war" against the Spanish soldiers and gathered an army of 10,000 [[Muisca warfare|guecha warriors]].<ref name=PueblosTundama/> |
|||
The Muisca Confederation was separated into federations: The ''[[Zipa]]'' of [[Bacatá]] (the central federation), the ''[[Zaque]]'' of [[Hunza, Colombia|Hunza]] (the southern federation), and the ''[[Iraca]]'' [[Sugamuxi]] in [[Sogamoso|Suamox]] (the northern-most group). Before Fall 1537, the first two had submitted to Spanish rule: Bacatá in April 1537; and then Hunza four months later. The northernmost territories of Suamox were still controlled by the ''[[Cacique]]'' (or 'King') [[Tundama]], whose ''[[Muisca architecture|bohío]]'' was built on an island in the lake of the [[Duitama|settlement with the same name]], today known as Duitama. Tundama was the last ''cacique'' of Duitama and the ''caciques'' of [[Cerinza]], [[Paz de Río|Chitagoto]], Icabuco, Lupacoche, [[Sativasur|Sátiva]], [[Soatá]] and [[Susacón]] were loyal to him.<ref name=PueblosTundama>{{in lang|es}} [http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/tundama.html Biography Cacique Tundama] - Pueblos Originarios</ref> Tundama, other than the earlier ''caciques'' of the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] resisted heavily against the European invaders and punished one of his people who suggested to surrender by cutting off their ears and left hand.<ref name=Esencia>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.esencianativa.org/ Biography Tundama] {{Webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921143526/http://esencianativa.org/ |date=2017-09-21}}</ref> Tundama declared a "death war" against the Spanish soldiers and gathered an army of 10,000 [[Muisca warfare|guecha warriors]].<ref name=PueblosTundama/> |
|||
It was Baltasar Maldonado who was the conquistador to defeat Tundama and 4000 other Muisca in December 1539, a struggle that took two weeks, culminating in the Battle of the Vargas Swamp, close to [[Paipa]], where 280 years later the famous [[Vargas Swamp Battle]] by [[Simón Bolívar]] would be fought.<ref name=PueblosTundama/><ref name=Esencia/><ref name=TodoColombia>{{es}} [http://www.todacolombia.com/historia-de-colombia/pantano-de-vargas.html Battle of Vargas Swamp, 1819]</ref> Tundama was killed by Baltasar Maldonado with a large hammer.<ref name=PueblosTundama/> |
|||
Maldonado defeated Tundama and 4000 other Muisca in a December 1539 battle, a struggle that took two weeks, culminating in the Battle of Vargas Swamp, close to [[Paipa]], where 280 years later the famous [[Battle of Vargas Swamp]] by [[Simón Bolívar]] would be fought.<ref name=PueblosTundama/><ref name=Esencia/><ref name=TodoColombia>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.todacolombia.com/historia-de-colombia/pantano-de-vargas.html Battle of Vargas Swamp, 1819]</ref> Tundama was killed by Maldonado wielding a large hammer.<ref name=PueblosTundama/> |
|||
=== Quest for ''El Dorado'' === |
=== Quest for ''El Dorado'' === |
||
[[File:Altiplano Cundiboyacense.png|thumb| |
[[File:Altiplano Cundiboyacense.png|thumb|upright|Maldonado explored various parts of the ''[[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]]'', home to the Muisca]] |
||
[[File:Caqueta Topographic 2.png|thumb|right|330px|Maldonado crossed the western part of the department of '''Caquetá''' towards the south]] |
|||
The [[Muisca mythology|mythical]] city of gold ''[[El Dorado]]'' was a common legend in the early days of the conquest of what later would become Colombia; the troops of Gonzalo de Quesada were drawn from the relative safety of the Caribbean coast in [[Santa Marta]] towards the heart of the Andes, while around the same time the southern expedition led by De Belalcázar heard similar stories in Quito. After the establishment of the New Kingdom of Granada, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain with De Belalcázar and other soldiers who participated in the conquest and left the reign of the new colony in the hands of his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. Hernán organised an expedition to search for the mythical lands of [[gold]] towards the southeast of the Cundiboyacense; the vast flatlands of the [[Orinoquía Region|Llanos Orientales]]. The troops left Bogotá in September 1540 and passed through [[Pasca]], that had been founded by fellow conquistador [[Juan de Céspedes Ruiz|Juan de Céspedes]] three years earlier.<ref name=Carnero_p93>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.93</ref> |
|||
[[File:Putumayo Topographic 2.png|thumb|right|330px|The western region of the southern department of '''Putumayo''' was visited by Baltasar Maldonado in Mocoa and Sibundoy]] |
|||
The [[Muisca mythology|mythical]] city of gold ''[[El Dorado]]'' was a common legend in the early days of the conquest of what later would become Colombia; the troops of Gonzalo de Quesada were drawn from the relative safety of the Caribbean coast in [[Santa Marta]] towards the heart of the Andes, while around the same time the southern expedition led by De Belalcázar heard similar stories in Quito. After the establishment of the New Kingdom of Granada, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain with de Belalcázar and other soldiers who participated in the conquest and left the reign of the new colony in the hands of his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. Hernán organised an expedition to search for the mythical lands of [[gold]] towards the southeast of the Altiplano; the vast flatlands of the [[Orinoquía Region|Llanos Orientales]]. The troops left Bogotá in September 1540 and passed through [[Pasca]], that was founded by fellow conquistador [[Juan de Céspedes Ruiz|Juan de Céspedes]], three years earlier.<ref name=Carnero_p93>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.93</ref> |
|||
The conquistadors passed the mountains of the Eastern Ranges and crossed the [[Guaviare River|Guaviare]] and [[Papamene River]]s. While crossing one of the many rivers of the Llanos, a horserider of the expedition, Jorge Olmeda, drowned with his horse and an indigenous woman he had taken with him. The Spanish honoured him by naming this the [[Olmeda River]]. The soldiers reached [[San José de la Fragua|La Fragua]], a settlement populated by the [[Choque people|Choque]] in the present-day department of [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], where Hernán Pérez de Quesada decided to stay for a while to rest. He sent Maldonado ahead to search for other settlements in the area. Maldonado tried to cross a river but he was halted by the indigenous people living there, who shot [[poisoned dart|poisoned arrows]] at the conquistador, forcing him to retreat. At night, Maldonado and his men attempted to defeat the indigenous a second time—this time successfully—by ambushing them on a small island in the river. The hurt natives fled and many drowned in the waters. Hernán Pérez de Quesada with the other remaining soldiers joined the troops of Maldonado again in [[Mocoa]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]] to the south. From here, the expedition went back into the Andes to search for food.<ref name=Carnero_p93/> |
|||
Maldonado walked for three days, finally encountering a lush valley in [[Sibundoy]], terrain of the [[Inga people|Inga]] and [[Kamëntsá]]. This valley was part of the jurisdiction of the earlier founded [[Popayán]] and the colleagues of Maldonado from four years earlier lived in the area. Maldonado, however, was unaware of this and returned to his expedition leader Hernán to report the location of the valley. The troops marched back and found the conquistadors, among which were Molina and Cepeda.<ref name=Carnero_p93/> |
|||
The expedition to find ''El Dorado'' had failed because many of the Spanish soldiers died of diseases, poisoned arrows, and drowning in the numerous rivers of the [[Orinoquía Region|Llanos Orientales]] and western [[Amazon River|Amazon River basin]]. Maldonado's expedition returned to [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]] (formerly founded by De Belalcázar). |
|||
The conquistadors passed the mountains of the Eastern Ranges and crossed the [[Guaviare River|Guaviare]] and [[Papamene River]]s. While crossing one of the many rivers of the Llanos, a horserider of the expedition, Jorge Olmeda, drowned with his horse and an indigenous woman he had taken with him. The Spanish honoured him by naming this the [[Olmeda River]]. The soldiers reached [[San José de la Fragua|La Fragua]], a settlement populated by the [[Choque people|Choque]] in the present-day department of [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], where Hernán Pérez de Quesada decided to stay for a while to rest. He sent Baltasar Maldonado ahead to search for other settlements in the area. Maldonado tried to cross a river but he was halted by the indigenous people living there, who shot [[poisoned dart|poisoned arrows]] at the conquistador, forcing him to retreat. At night, Baltasar Maldonado and his men attempted to defeat the indigenous a second time, this time successfully by ambushing them on a small island in the river. The hurt natives fled and many drowned in the waters. Hernán Pérez de Quesada with the other remaining soldiers joined the troops of Maldonado again in [[Mocoa]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]] to the south. From here, the expedition went back into the Andes to search for food.<ref name=Carnero_p93/> |
|||
==Later life and death== |
|||
Baltasar Maldonado walked for three days, finally encountering a lush valley in [[Sibundoy]], terrain of the [[Inga people|Inga]] and [[Kamëntsá]]. This valley was part of the jurisdiction of the earlier founded [[Popayán]] and the colleagues of Maldonado from four years earlier lived in the area. Maldonado, however, was unaware of this and returned to his expedition leader Hernán to report the location of the valley. The troops marched back and found the conquistadors, among which Molina, Cepeda and others.<ref name=Carnero_p93/> From here, the expedition that failed to find ''El Dorado'' returned to [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]], formerly founded by De Belalcázar. Baltasar Maldonado, who had spent years in the conquest of Colombian terrain, returned to Bogotá via [[Pensilvania, Caldas|Pensilvania]].<ref name=Carnero_p94>Rodríguez Freyle, 1979 (1638), p.94</ref> He died in the capital in 1552.<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado/> |
|||
Maldonado, who had spent years in the conquest of Colombian terrain, returned to Bogotá via [[Pensilvania, Caldas|Pensilvania]].<ref name=Carnero_p94>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.94</ref> He died in the capital in 1552.<ref name=BancoBaltasarMaldonado/> |
|||
=== |
=== Maldonado's expeditions of conquest === |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
|||
[[File:Cauca Topographic 2.png|thumb|right|330px|Popayán, the city he helped founding with De Belalcázar, is located in the heart of the '''Cauca''' Department]] |
|||
[[File:Caldas_Topographic_2.png|thumb|right|330px|Maldonado passed through '''Caldas''' twice; in 1539 traveling north towards the Muisca Confederation and between 1541 and 1550 again back to Bogotá, the former Muisca capital, where he died in 1552]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
! scope="col" | Name |
! scope="col" | Name |
||
! scope="col" | [[Departments of Colombia|Department]] |
! scope="col" | [[Departments of Colombia|Department]] |
||
| Line 126: | Line 96: | ||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | 1539 |
| align=center | 1539 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=websiteFalan>{{es}} [http://www.falan-tolima.gov.co/tramites.shtml?apc=Itxx1-&x=1365821 Official website Falán]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=websiteFalan>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.falan-tolima.gov.co/tramites.shtml?apc=Itxx1-&x=1365821 Official website Falán]{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Tolima - |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Tolima - Falán.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| align=center | [[Mariquita, Tolima|Mariquita]] |
| align=center | [[Mariquita, Tolima|Mariquita]] |
||
| Line 133: | Line 103: | ||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | 1539 |
| align=center | 1539 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=Mariquita>{{es}} [http://amigosdelpasadohistoricolibano.jimdo.com/historia/primeros-pobladores/ Mariquita - los primeros pobladores]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=Mariquita>{{in lang|es}} [http://amigosdelpasadohistoricolibano.jimdo.com/historia/primeros-pobladores/ Mariquita - los primeros pobladores]</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Tolima - Mariquita.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Tolima - Mariquita.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Line 139: | Line 109: | ||
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | 1539 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=BancoPobla/><ref name=websiteManzanares>{{es}} [http://www.manzanares-caldas.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Manzanares]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=BancoPobla/><ref name=websiteManzanares>{{in lang|es}} [https://archive.today/20140318160824/http://www.manzanares-caldas.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Manzanares]</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Manzanares.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Manzanares.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Line 146: | Line 116: | ||
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | 1539 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=BancoPobla/> |
| align=center | <ref name=BancoPobla/> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Marquetalia.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Marquetalia.svg|100px|center]] |
||
| Line 154: | Line 124: | ||
| align=center | 15 December |
| align=center | 15 December |
||
| align=center | 1539 |
| align=center | 1539 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=PueblosTundama |
| align=center | <ref name="PueblosTundama"/> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Boyaca - Duitama.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Boyaca - Duitama.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Line 175: | Line 145: | ||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | 1540 |
| align=center | 1540 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=websiteSanMartin>{{es}} [http://www.sanmartin-meta.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website San Martín]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=websiteSanMartin>{{in lang|es}} [https://archive.today/20140318160812/http://www.sanmartin-meta.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website San Martín]</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Meta - San Martín.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Meta - San Martín.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Line 182: | Line 152: | ||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | 1540 |
| align=center | 1540 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=websiteFlorencia>{{es}} [http://www.florencia-caqueta.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Florencia]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=websiteFlorencia>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.florencia-caqueta.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Florencia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503205803/http://www.florencia-caqueta.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml |date=2016-05-03 }}</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caquetá - Florencia.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caquetá - Florencia.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Line 195: | Line 165: | ||
| align=center | [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]] |
| align=center | [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]] |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | 1540–41 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=Carnero_p93/> |
| align=center | <ref name=Carnero_p93/> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Putumayo - Mocoa.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Putumayo - Mocoa.svg|100px|center]] |
||
| Line 223: | Line 193: | ||
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
| align=center | [[Caldas Department|Caldas]] |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | |
||
| align=center | |
| align=center | 1541–1550 |
||
| align=center | <ref name=websitePensilvania>{{es}} [http://www.pensilvania-caldas.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Pensilvania]</ref> |
| align=center | <ref name=websitePensilvania>{{in lang|es}} [https://archive.today/20150525205711/http://www.pensilvania-caldas.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Pensilvania]</ref> |
||
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Pensilvania.svg|100px|center]] |
| align=center | [[File:Colombia - Caldas - Pensilvania.svg|100px|center]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{{ |
{{clear}} |
||
== The Maldonado family == |
|||
[[File:Escudo familia Maldonado.svg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Shield of the Maldonado family]] |
|||
The Maldonado family lived in [[Salamanca|Salamanca, Spain]]. Notable is [[Francisco Maldonado]], who was a leader in the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]]. Various conquistadors and other people involved in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] from the Maldonado family are known in history.<ref name=BancoAriasMaldonado>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus153.htm Arias de Maldonado] – [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]] – [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref><ref name=BancoFranciscoDorado>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus155.htm Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro] – [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] – [[Soledad Acosta|Soledad Acosta Samper]]</ref><ref name=Carnero_p126>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.126</ref><ref name=Carnero_p182>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.182</ref><ref name=Carnero_p183>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.183</ref><ref name=Carnero_p260>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.260</ref><ref name=Carnero_p415>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.415</ref><ref name=BancoList>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/gennrgun/gennrgun9x.htm List of conquistadors led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada] – [[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]]</ref> |
|||
* [[Bituima]], Diego Carasquilla Maldonado — became an ''oídor'' for Santa Fe de Bogotá in Lima; |
|||
* (Francisco) Arias Maldonado — who also served under De Belálcazar and became [[encomienda|encomendero]] of [[Sora, Boyacá|Sora]] in Boyacá; |
|||
* Francisco de Grado Maldonado – son of Isabel Maldonado, was a conquistador in Peru. |
|||
* [[Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro]] — served under German conquistadors [[Georg von Speyer]] and [[Nikolaus Federmann]], and was later made encomendero of [[Sasaima]]; and |
|||
* Isabel Maldonado, married to two conquistadors: [[Pedro Núñez Cabrera]] and, following his death, [[Miguel Holguín y Figueroa]].<ref name=Carnero_p153>Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.153</ref> |
|||
* Juan Maldonado — another conquistador in Colombia and son-in-law of [[Ortún Velázquez de Velasco]]; |
|||
* Juan Prieto Maldonado — conquistador in [[Tunja]]; |
|||
* Rodrigo Arias de Maldonado — conquistador in [[New Spain]]; |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
*[[List of conquistadors in Colombia]] |
|||
{{portal|Biography|Colombia|Colonialism|Spain}} |
|||
:{{icon|List}} [[List of conquistadors in Colombia]] |
|||
:{{icon|A}} [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] |
|||
:{{icon|B}} ''[[El Dorado]]'' |
|||
:{{icon|C}} [[Duitama]], [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]] |
|||
:{{icon|Start}} [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]], [[Tundama]] |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
||
== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
||
* {{ |
* {{citation |last1=Rodríguez Freyle |first1=Juan |last2=Achury Valenzuela |first2=Darío |year=1979 |orig-year=1859 (1638) |title=El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota |url=http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211557.pdf |publisher=Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch |pages=1–598 |language=es |accessdate=2016-11-21 |author1-link=Juan Rodríguez Freyle }} |
||
== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
||
* {{ |
* {{citation |last=[[Joaquín Acosta|Acosta]] |first=Joaquín |year=1848 |title=Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto – Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfmJ48NHzDEC |publisher=Beau Press |location=Paris |pages=1–460 |oclc=23030434 |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
||
* {{citation |last=[[Juan de Castellanos|De Castellanos]] |first=Juan |year=1857 |orig-year=1589 |title=Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8hL1TPQoa8C&pg=PA400 |pages=1–567 |publisher=Pontificia Universidad Javeriana |isbn=978-958-683-677-7 |language=es |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
* {{citation |last=[[Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita|Fernández de Piedrahita]] |first=Lucas |year=1676 |title=Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada |url=http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/fantiguo/rg_973.pdf |chapter=VI |language=es |accessdate=2017-03-01 |archive-date=2014-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611170330/http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/fantiguo/rg_973.pdf |url-status=dead }} |
|||
* {{citation |last=[[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada|Jiménez de Quesada]] |first=Gonzalo |year=1576 |title=Memoria de los descubridores, que entraron conmigo a descubrir y conquistar el Reino de Granada |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoriasobrelasa00uric/memoriasobrelasa00uric_djvu.txt |language=es |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
* {{citation |last=[[Javier Ocampo López|Ocampo López]] |first=Javier |year=1996 |title=Leyendas populares colombianas - Popular Colombian legends |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdYrQfMRLrcC&pg=PA103 |publisher=Plaza y Janes Editores |pages=1–384 |isbn=9789581402670 |language=es |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
* {{citation |last=De Plaza |first=José Antonio |year=1810 |title=Memorias para la historia de la Nueva Granada desde su descubrimiento el 20 de julio de 1810 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJ8vFjSWjzsC&pg=PA61|publisher=Imprenta del Neo-Granadino |pages=1–464 |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
* {{citation |last=[[Pedro Simón|Simón]] |first=Pedro |year=1892 |orig-year=1626 |title=Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias occidentales (1882-92) vol.1-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/tierrafirmeindias01simbrich |language=es |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
* {{citation |last= |first= |year=1979 |orig-year=1889 (1539) |title=Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada |journal= Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico|volume= 16|issue= 3|url=http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/3679/3806 |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |pages=81–97 |accessdate=2017-03-01}} |
|||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
* {{es}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtAsqL6KrSA The conquest of Tundama] |
* {{in lang|es}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtAsqL6KrSA The conquest of Tundama] |
||
{{Portal bar|Biography|Colombia|History|Spain}} |
|||
{{Muisca navbox|Conquest}} |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
{{Muisca navbox|state=collapsed}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maldonado, Baltasar}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maldonado, Baltasar}} |
||
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
||
[[Category:1552 deaths]] |
[[Category:1552 deaths]] |
||
[[Category:16th-century Spanish |
[[Category:16th-century Spanish explorers]] |
||
[[Category:16th-century explorers]] |
|||
[[Category:Spanish conquistadors]] |
[[Category:Spanish conquistadors]] |
||
[[Category:Castilian-Leonese conquistadors]] |
[[Category:Castilian-Leonese conquistadors]] |
||
[[Category:People from Salamanca]] |
[[Category:People from Salamanca]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Explorers of Amazonia]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] |
||
[[Category:Duitama]] |
[[Category:Duitama]] |
||
Latest revision as of 04:47, 13 August 2024
Baltasar Maldonado | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1510 |
| Died | 1552 (aged 41–42) |
| Nationality | Castilian |
| Occupations | Conquistador |
| Years active | 1536-1552 |
| Known for | Spanish conquest of the Muisca Defeat of Tundama Quest for El Dorado |
| Spouse | Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza |
| Children | 4 |
| Father | Francisco Maldonado |
| Relatives | Jorge Robledo (brother-in-law) |
Baltasar Maldonado, also written as Baltazar Maldonado,[1] (c.1510, Salamanca, Castile – 1552, Santafé de Bogotá, New Kingdom of Granada) was a Spanish conquistador who first served under Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and later in the army of Hernán Pérez de Quesada in the Spanish conquest of the Muisca.[2][3][4]
In 1539, Maldonado defeated the last ruling Cacique (chieftain) of the Muisca, Saymoso (called "Tundama" by the Spaniards). Maldonado took part in a quest for El Dorado led by Hernán Pérez de Quesada in the southern regions of present-day Colombia. After this failed expedition, Maldonado went to Popayán and Cali and traveled back to Santafé de Bogotá, the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada where he died in 1552.[2]
The adventures of Maldonado during the first half of the 16th century have been described by scholars Juan de Castellanos, and Juan Rodríguez Freyle in his work El Carnero.[4][5][6]
Early life
[edit]Maldonado was born in Salamanca in a family of hidalgos, the son of Francisco Maldonado, who served under the Duke of Alba.[4] He married Leonor de Carvajal y Mendoza, and the couple had four children; two sons: Alfonso Maldonado y Carvajal and Alonso Maldonado; and two daughters: María Maldonado y Carvajal and Ana Maldonado de Carvajal.[3][7] The sister of Leonor de Carvajal married successively Jorge Robledo, Pedro Briceño, and president of Audiencia Francisco Briceño.[4]
Spanish conquest
[edit]
In 1535, Maldonado traveled from Spain to Santo Domingo and then to Santa Marta.,[4] accompanying Santa Marta's interim governor, Rodrigo Infante. The army of the new governor, Pedro Fernández de Lugo, arrived on January 2, 1536, and punitive expeditions against the rebel natives of the area were conducted. Maldonado then joined the expedition led by Fernandez's de Lugo lieutenant, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, whose purpose was to explore the Magdalena River and to find a land path to Peru. The expedition discovered toward the Eastern Ranges where later they encountered two other expeditions: an eastern expedition led by Nikolaus Federmann, and another one led by Sebastián de Belalcázar. Immediately after Bogotá was established (August 6, 1538), the soldiers participated in the Battle of Tocarema in late August to over-power the Panche who lived to the west of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense.
Conquest of Tundama
[edit]
The Muisca Confederation was separated into federations: The Zipa of Bacatá (the central federation), the Zaque of Hunza (the southern federation), and the Iraca Sugamuxi in Suamox (the northern-most group). Before Fall 1537, the first two had submitted to Spanish rule: Bacatá in April 1537; and then Hunza four months later. The northernmost territories of Suamox were still controlled by the Cacique (or 'King') Tundama, whose bohío was built on an island in the lake of the settlement with the same name, today known as Duitama. Tundama was the last cacique of Duitama and the caciques of Cerinza, Chitagoto, Icabuco, Lupacoche, Sátiva, Soatá and Susacón were loyal to him.[8] Tundama, other than the earlier caciques of the Muisca resisted heavily against the European invaders and punished one of his people who suggested to surrender by cutting off their ears and left hand.[9] Tundama declared a "death war" against the Spanish soldiers and gathered an army of 10,000 guecha warriors.[8]
Maldonado defeated Tundama and 4000 other Muisca in a December 1539 battle, a struggle that took two weeks, culminating in the Battle of Vargas Swamp, close to Paipa, where 280 years later the famous Battle of Vargas Swamp by Simón Bolívar would be fought.[8][9][10] Tundama was killed by Maldonado wielding a large hammer.[8]
Quest for El Dorado
[edit]
The mythical city of gold El Dorado was a common legend in the early days of the conquest of what later would become Colombia; the troops of Gonzalo de Quesada were drawn from the relative safety of the Caribbean coast in Santa Marta towards the heart of the Andes, while around the same time the southern expedition led by De Belalcázar heard similar stories in Quito. After the establishment of the New Kingdom of Granada, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain with De Belalcázar and other soldiers who participated in the conquest and left the reign of the new colony in the hands of his brother, Hernán Pérez de Quesada. Hernán organised an expedition to search for the mythical lands of gold towards the southeast of the Cundiboyacense; the vast flatlands of the Llanos Orientales. The troops left Bogotá in September 1540 and passed through Pasca, that had been founded by fellow conquistador Juan de Céspedes three years earlier.[5]
The conquistadors passed the mountains of the Eastern Ranges and crossed the Guaviare and Papamene Rivers. While crossing one of the many rivers of the Llanos, a horserider of the expedition, Jorge Olmeda, drowned with his horse and an indigenous woman he had taken with him. The Spanish honoured him by naming this the Olmeda River. The soldiers reached La Fragua, a settlement populated by the Choque in the present-day department of Caquetá, where Hernán Pérez de Quesada decided to stay for a while to rest. He sent Maldonado ahead to search for other settlements in the area. Maldonado tried to cross a river but he was halted by the indigenous people living there, who shot poisoned arrows at the conquistador, forcing him to retreat. At night, Maldonado and his men attempted to defeat the indigenous a second time—this time successfully—by ambushing them on a small island in the river. The hurt natives fled and many drowned in the waters. Hernán Pérez de Quesada with the other remaining soldiers joined the troops of Maldonado again in Mocoa, Putumayo to the south. From here, the expedition went back into the Andes to search for food.[5]
Maldonado walked for three days, finally encountering a lush valley in Sibundoy, terrain of the Inga and Kamëntsá. This valley was part of the jurisdiction of the earlier founded Popayán and the colleagues of Maldonado from four years earlier lived in the area. Maldonado, however, was unaware of this and returned to his expedition leader Hernán to report the location of the valley. The troops marched back and found the conquistadors, among which were Molina and Cepeda.[5]
The expedition to find El Dorado had failed because many of the Spanish soldiers died of diseases, poisoned arrows, and drowning in the numerous rivers of the Llanos Orientales and western Amazon River basin. Maldonado's expedition returned to Cali (formerly founded by De Belalcázar).
Later life and death
[edit]Maldonado, who had spent years in the conquest of Colombian terrain, returned to Bogotá via Pensilvania.[6] He died in the capital in 1552.[2]
Maldonado's expeditions of conquest
[edit]| Name | Department | Date | Year | Notes | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quito | Pichincha | 6 December | 1534 | [2] |  |
| Cali (1) | Valle del Cauca | 1536 |  | ||
| Popayán (1) | Cauca | 1537 |  | ||
| Falán | Tolima | 1539 | [11] |  | |
| Mariquita | Tolima | 1539 | [12] |  | |
| Manzanares | Caldas | 1539 | [1][13] |  | |
| Marquetalia | Caldas | 1539 | [1] |  | |
| Duitama | Boyacá | 15 December | 1539 | [8] |  |
| Pasca | Cundinamarca | Early September | 1540 | [5] |  |
| Nevado del Sumapaz | Cundinamarca | 1540 |  | ||
| San Martín | Meta | 1540 | [14] |  | |
| Florencia | Caquetá | 1540 | [15] |  | |
| San José de la Fragua | Caquetá | 1540 | [5] |  | |
| Mocoa | Putumayo | 1540–41 | [5] |  | |
| Sibundoy | Putumayo | 1541 | [5] |  | |
| Popayán (2) | Cauca | 1541 | [5] | | |
| Cali (2) | Valle del Cauca | 1541 | [6] | | |
| Pensilvania | Caldas | 1541–1550 | [16] |  |
The Maldonado family
[edit]
The Maldonado family lived in Salamanca, Spain. Notable is Francisco Maldonado, who was a leader in the Revolt of the Comuneros. Various conquistadors and other people involved in the Spanish colonization of the Americas from the Maldonado family are known in history.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
- Bituima, Diego Carasquilla Maldonado — became an oídor for Santa Fe de Bogotá in Lima;
- (Francisco) Arias Maldonado — who also served under De Belálcazar and became encomendero of Sora in Boyacá;
- Francisco de Grado Maldonado – son of Isabel Maldonado, was a conquistador in Peru.
- Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro — served under German conquistadors Georg von Speyer and Nikolaus Federmann, and was later made encomendero of Sasaima; and
- Isabel Maldonado, married to two conquistadors: Pedro Núñez Cabrera and, following his death, Miguel Holguín y Figueroa.[25]
- Juan Maldonado — another conquistador in Colombia and son-in-law of Ortún Velázquez de Velasco;
- Juan Prieto Maldonado — conquistador in Tunja;
- Rodrigo Arias de Maldonado — conquistador in New Spain;
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c (in Spanish) Despoblamiento y repoblamiento del noroccidente – Banco de la República
- ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Biography Baltasar Maldonado – Soledad Acosta Samper – Banco de la República
- ^ a b Baltasar Maldonado – Geni
- ^ a b c d e Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.88
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.93
- ^ a b c Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.94
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.52
- ^ a b c d e (in Spanish) Biography Cacique Tundama - Pueblos Originarios
- ^ a b (in Spanish) Biography Tundama Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish) Battle of Vargas Swamp, 1819
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Falán[permanent dead link]
- ^ (in Spanish) Mariquita - los primeros pobladores
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Manzanares
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website San Martín
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Florencia Archived 2016-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Pensilvania
- ^ (in Spanish) Arias de Maldonado – Soledad Acosta Samper – Banco de la República
- ^ (in Spanish) Francisco Maldonado Dorado del Hierro – Banco de la República – Soledad Acosta Samper
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.126
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.182
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.183
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.260
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.415
- ^ (in Spanish) List of conquistadors led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada – Banco de la República
- ^ Rodríguez Freyle, 1638, p.153
Bibliography
[edit]- Rodríguez Freyle, Juan; Achury Valenzuela, Darío (1979) [1859 (1638)], El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota (PDF) (in Spanish), Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch, pp. 1–598, retrieved 2016-11-21
Further reading
[edit]- Acosta, Joaquín (1848), Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto – Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century, Paris: Beau Press, pp. 1–460, OCLC 23030434, retrieved 2017-03-01
- De Castellanos, Juan (1857) [1589], Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (in Spanish), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, pp. 1–567, ISBN 978-958-683-677-7, retrieved 2017-03-01
- Fernández de Piedrahita, Lucas (1676), "VI", Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada (PDF) (in Spanish), archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11, retrieved 2017-03-01
- Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo (1576), Memoria de los descubridores, que entraron conmigo a descubrir y conquistar el Reino de Granada (in Spanish), retrieved 2017-03-01
- Ocampo López, Javier (1996), Leyendas populares colombianas - Popular Colombian legends (in Spanish), Plaza y Janes Editores, pp. 1–384, ISBN 9789581402670, retrieved 2017-03-01
- De Plaza, José Antonio (1810), Memorias para la historia de la Nueva Granada desde su descubrimiento el 20 de julio de 1810, Imprenta del Neo-Granadino, pp. 1–464, retrieved 2017-03-01
- Simón, Pedro (1892) [1626], Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias occidentales (1882-92) vol.1-5 (in Spanish), retrieved 2017-03-01
- "Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada", Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico, 16 (3), Banco de la República: 81–97, 1979 [1889 (1539)], retrieved 2017-03-01
External links
[edit]- (in Spanish) The conquest of Tundama
