Stepan Krasheninnikov: Difference between revisions

Stepan Krasheninnikov
Stepan Krasheninnikov
Степан Крашенинников
	Stepan Krasheninnikov
Born	Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov; November 11, 1711; Moscow, Tsardom of Russia
Died	March 8, 1755 (aged 43); Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Nationality	Russian
Other names	Stephan Krascheninnikow
Occupation(s)	Naturalist and geographer
Known for	Exploring Kamchatka and Siberia

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Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (Russian: Степа́н Петро́вич Крашени́нников; November 11 [O.S. October 31] 1711 – March 8 [O.S. February 25] 1755) was a Russian explorer of Siberia, naturalist and geographer who gave the first full description of Kamchatka in the early 18th century. He was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1745. The Krasheninnikov Volcano on Kamchatka is named in his honour.

Early life

Krasheninnikov was educated in the Slavic Greek Latin Academy of Moscow (1724–32), where Lomonosov was his class-mate. As part of Vitus Bering’s extensive preparations for the Second Kamchatka Expedition, 12 students from the academy were selected as potential student interns or assistants for the professors – Krasheninnikov being one of them. Thus, he furthered his education in St Petersburg before embarking upon the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1731–42).^[1]

The Second Kamchatka Expedition

Krasheninnikov studied plants, animals and minerals, but in addition he developed a strong interest in Siberian history and geography.^[1] During the early part of the expedition, he accompanied professor Gmelin on the travel through the Ural Mountains and western Siberia to Yeniseysk. He made numerous observations of natural history, ethnology and linguistics, e.g. records of Evenki (tungus) and Buryat vocabulary. From Bering’s headquarters at Yakutsk, the expedition professors Gmelin and Gerhard Friedrich Müller sent Krasheninnikov ahead to Okhotsk and Kamchatka to build house and make preliminary observations. Thus, he became the member of the expedition with the most extensive knowledge of the peninsula. He published his observations in 1755 ("Описание земли Камчатки";^[2]^[3] English translation by James Grieve (1764) as History of Kamtschatka^[4]^[5]). However, he drew extensively on the manuscripts of the deceased Georg Wilhelm Steller. Apart from detailed accounts of the plants and animals of the region, there also were reports on the language and culture of the indigenous Itelmen and Koryak peoples, with whom he is said to have got along extremely well.

Later life

Krasheninnikov spent ten years on the Second Kamchatka Expedition. On his return to St Petersburg, he wrote and defended his doctoral thesis on ichthyology in 1745. He was appointed adjunct at the Academy of Sciences, and later head of the Academy's Botanic Garden and professor of natural history at the university. He was one of only 26 Russians to become Academy members in the 18th century.^[1] In 1752, Krasheninnikov went on his last expedition to the tracts of Lake Ladoga and Novgorod to investigate the flora. He died before being able to publish his observations, which instead were published by David de Gorter.^[6]

Plant species named for S. P. Krasheninnikov

More than 20 species have been named in his honour,^[7] e.g.

The sedge species Carex krascheninnikovii Komarov ex Hultén, which was collected by V. L. Komarov in 1909 on the same hillock that Krasheninnikov had found it on during the Second Kamchatka Expedition.
The genus Krascheninnikovia Gueldenst. (Chenopodiaceae)

The standard author abbreviation S.Krasch. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Egerton, Frank N. (2008). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 27: Naturalists Explore Russia and the North Pacific During the 1700s". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[39:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2.
^ Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1755). Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 1. St petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
^ Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1755). Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 2. St petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
^ Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1764). History of Kamtchatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the countries adjacent. J. Grieve transl. London: T.Jefferys.
^ Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1972). Exploration of Kamtchatka. E.A.P. Crowhart-Vaughan transl. Unabridged edn. Portland OR, U.S.A.: Oregon Historical Society.
^ de Gorter, David (1761). Flora Ingrica ex schedis Stephani Krascheninnikow confecta et propriis observationibus. Petropoli: Typis Academiae Scientiarum.
^ IPNI query
^ International Plant Names Index. S.Krasch.

External links

(in Russian) Крашенинников, Степан Петрович.

[Egerton_(2008)-1] Egerton, Frank N. (2008). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 27: Naturalists Explore Russia and the North Pacific During the 1700s". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[39:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2.

[2] Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1755). Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 1. St petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.

[3] Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1755). Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 2. St petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.

[4] Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1764). History of Kamtchatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the countries adjacent. J. Grieve transl. London: T.Jefferys.

[5] Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1972). Exploration of Kamtchatka. E.A.P. Crowhart-Vaughan transl. Unabridged edn. Portland OR, U.S.A.: Oregon Historical Society.

[6] Gorter, David (1761). Flora Ingrica ex schedis Stephani Krascheninnikow confecta et propriis observationibus. Petropoli: Typis Academiae Scientiarum.

[7] IPNI query

[8] International Plant Names Index. S.Krasch.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Russian explorer, naturalist, and geographer (1711–1755)}}
 {{Infobox person
+| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ru|Степан Крашенинников}}}}
-| name        = Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov
+| birth_name  = Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov
 | image       = Stepan Krasheninnikov.jpg
 | image_size  = 150px
 | caption     = Stepan Krasheninnikov
 | birth_date  = {{birth date|1711|11|11}}
-| birth_place = [[Moscow]]
+| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Tsardom of Russia]]
 | death_date  = {{death date and age|1755|3|8|1711|11|11}}
-| death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]]
+| death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
 | other_names = Stephan Krascheninnikow
 | known_for   = Exploring [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] and [[Siberia]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-'''Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov''' ({{lang-ru|Степа́н Петро́вич Крашени́нников}}) ({{OldStyleDate|November 11|1711|October 31}} – {{OldStyleDate|March 8|1755|February 25}}) was a [[Russia]]n explorer of [[Siberia]], [[natural history|naturalist]] and [[geographer]] who gave the first full description of [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] in the early 18th century. He was elected to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] in 1745. The [[Krasheninnikov (volcano)|Krasheninnikov Volcano]] on Kamchatka is named in his honour.
+'''Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov''' ({{lang-ru|Степа́н Петро́вич Крашени́нников}}; {{OldStyleDate|November 11|1711|October 31}} – {{OldStyleDate|March 8|1755|February 25}}) was a Russian explorer of [[Siberia]], [[natural history|naturalist]] and [[geographer]] who gave the first full description of [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] in the early 18th century. He was elected to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] in 1745. The [[Krasheninnikov (volcano)|Krasheninnikov Volcano]] on Kamchatka is named in his honour.
 == Early life ==
-Krasheninnikov was educated in the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] of [[Moscow]] (1724–32), where [[Mikhail Lomonosov|Lomonosov]] was his class-mate. As part of [[Vitus Bering]]’s extensive preparations for the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]], 12 students from the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy|academy]] were selected as potential student interns or assistants for the professors – Krasheninnikov being one of them. Thus, he furthered his education in [[St Petersburg]] before embarking upon the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]] (1731-42).<ref name="Egerton (2008)">{{Cite journal | last = Egerton | first = Frank N. | title = A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 27: Naturalists Explore Russia and the North Pacific During the 1700s | journal = Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–60 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[39:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
+Krasheninnikov was educated in the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] of [[Moscow]] (1724–32), where [[Mikhail Lomonosov|Lomonosov]] was his class-mate. As part of [[Vitus Bering]]’s extensive preparations for the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]], 12 students from the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy|academy]] were selected as potential student interns or assistants for the professors – Krasheninnikov being one of them. Thus, he furthered his education in [[St Petersburg]] before embarking upon the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]] (1731–42).<ref name="Egerton (2008)">{{Cite journal | last = Egerton | first = Frank N. | title = A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 27: Naturalists Explore Russia and the North Pacific During the 1700s | journal = Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–60 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[39:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2| doi-access = free }}</ref>
 == The Second Kamchatka Expedition ==
-Krasheninnikov was to study plants, animals and minerals, but in addition he developed a strong interest in [[Siberia]]n history and geography.<ref name="Egerton (2008)"/> During the early part of the expedition, he accompanied professor [[Johann Georg Gmelin|Gmelin]] on the travel through the [[Ural mountains|Urals]] and western [[Siberia]] to [[Yeniseysk]]. He made numerous observations of [[natural history]], [[ethnology]] and [[linguistics]], e.g. records of [[Evenki language|Evenki]] (tungus) and [[Buryat language|Buryat]] vocabulary. From [[Vitus Bering|Bering]]’s headquarters at [[Yakutsk]], the expedition professors [[Johann Georg Gmelin|Gmelin]] and [[Gerhard Friedrich Müller]] sent Krasheninnikov ahead to [[Okhotsk]] and [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] to build house and make preliminary observations. Thus, he became the member of the expedition with the most extensive knowledge of the peninsula. He published his observations in 1755 ("Описание земли Камчатки";<ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 1 | publisher =  Imperial Academy of Sciences | year = 1755 | location = St petersburg | url = http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN33096285X | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 2 | publisher =  Imperial Academy of Sciences | year = 1755 | location = St petersburg | url = http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN330963163 | isbn = }}</ref> English translation by [[James Grieve (translator)|James Grieve]] (1764) as ''History of Kamtschatka''<ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = History of Kamtchatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the countries adjacent. J. Grieve transl. | publisher =  T.Jefferys | year = 1764 | location = London | url = http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtfxtx&fileName=txg/g330822152//mtfxtxg330822152.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?intldl/mtfront:@field(NUMBER+@od1(mtfxtx+g330822152))&linkText=0 | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Exploration of Kamtchatka. E.A.P. Crowhart-Vaughan transl. Unabridged edn | publisher = Oregon Historical Society | year = 1972 | location = Portland OR, U.S.A. | url =  | isbn = }}</ref>). However, he drew extensively on the manuscripts of the deceased [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]. Apart from detailed accounts of the plants and animals of the region, there also were reports on the language and culture of the indigenous [[Itelmen]] and [[Koryaks|Koryak]] peoples, who he reportedly got along extremely well with.
+Krasheninnikov studied plants, animals and minerals, but in addition he developed a strong interest in [[Siberia]]n history and geography.<ref name="Egerton (2008)"/> During the early part of the expedition, he accompanied professor [[Johann Georg Gmelin|Gmelin]] on the travel through the [[Ural Mountains]] and western [[Siberia]] to [[Yeniseysk]]. He made numerous observations of [[natural history]], [[ethnology]] and [[linguistics]], e.g. records of [[Evenki language|Evenki]] (tungus) and [[Buryat language|Buryat]] vocabulary. From [[Vitus Bering|Bering]]’s headquarters at [[Yakutsk]], the expedition professors [[Johann Georg Gmelin|Gmelin]] and [[Gerhard Friedrich Müller]] sent Krasheninnikov ahead to [[Okhotsk]] and [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] to build house and make preliminary observations. Thus, he became the member of the expedition with the most extensive knowledge of the peninsula. He published his observations in 1755 ("Описание земли Камчатки";<ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 1 | publisher = Imperial Academy of Sciences | year = 1755 | location = St petersburg | url = http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN33096285X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Описание земли Камчатки, vol. 2 | publisher = Imperial Academy of Sciences | year = 1755 | location = St petersburg | url = http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN330963163 }}</ref> English translation by [[James Grieve (Scottish translator)|James Grieve]] (1764) as ''History of Kamtschatka''<ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = History of Kamtchatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the countries adjacent. J. Grieve transl. | publisher = T.Jefferys | year = 1764 | location = London | url = http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtfxtx&fileName=txg/g330822152//mtfxtxg330822152.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?intldl/mtfront:@field(NUMBER+@od1(mtfxtx+g330822152))&linkText=0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Krasheninnikov | first = S.P. | title = Exploration of Kamtchatka. E.A.P. Crowhart-Vaughan transl. Unabridged edn | publisher = Oregon Historical Society | year = 1972 | location = Portland OR, U.S.A. }}</ref>). However, he drew extensively on the manuscripts of the deceased [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]. Apart from detailed accounts of the plants and animals of the region, there also were reports on the language and culture of the indigenous [[Itelmen]] and [[Koryaks|Koryak]] peoples, with whom he is said to have got along extremely well.
 [[File:Der Berg Kamtschatka (aus Krascheninnikow, Opisanie Zemli Kamcatki).jpg|thumb|upright=2|"Volcanoes on Kamtchatka. From: ''Описание земли Камчатки'', St Petersburg 1755."]]
 == Later life ==
-Krasheninnikov spent ten years on the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]]. On his return to [[St Petersburg]], he wrote and defended his [[doctorate degree|doctoral thesis]] on [[ichtyology]] in 1745. He was appointed adjunct at the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]], and later head of the Academy’s [[Botanic Garden]] and [[professor]] of [[natural history]] at the [[Saint Petersburg State University#History|university]]. He was one of only 26 [[Russia]]ns to become [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy]] members in the 18th century.<ref name="Egerton (2008)"/> In 1752, Krasheninnikov went on his last expedition to the tracts of [[Ladoga]] and [[Novgorod]] to investigate the [[flora]]. He died before being able to publish his observations, which instead were published by [[David de Gorter]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = de Gorter | first = David | title = Flora Ingrica ex schedis Stephani Krascheninnikow confecta et propriis observationibus | publisher =  Typis Academiae Scientiarum | year = 1761 | location = Petropoli | url = http://www.archive.org/details/floraingricaexsc00gort | isbn = }}</ref>
+Krasheninnikov spent ten years on the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]]. On his return to [[St Petersburg]], he wrote and defended his [[doctorate degree|doctoral thesis]] on [[ichthyology]] in 1745. He was appointed adjunct at the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]], and later head of the Academy's [[Botanic Garden]] and [[professor]] of [[natural history]] at the [[Saint Petersburg State University#History|university]]. He was one of only 26 [[Russia]]ns to become [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy]] members in the 18th century.<ref name="Egerton (2008)"/> In 1752, Krasheninnikov went on his last expedition to the tracts of [[Lake Ladoga]] and [[Novgorod]] to investigate the [[flora]]. He died before being able to publish his observations, which instead were published by [[David de Gorter]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = de Gorter | first = David | title = Flora Ingrica ex schedis Stephani Krascheninnikow confecta et propriis observationibus | publisher = Typis Academiae Scientiarum | year = 1761 | location = Petropoli | url = https://archive.org/details/floraingricaexsc00gort }}</ref>
 [[File:Stepan Petrowitsch Krascheninnikow.jpg|210px|"Stepan Krasheninnikov, St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Professor of botany and natural history."]]
 == Plant species named for S. P. Krasheninnikov ==
-More than 20 species have been named to his honour,<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=EC7509E490993716A18D3C05EE87F772?find_family=&find_genus=&find_species=Krascheninnikovii&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch IPNI query]</ref> e.g.
+More than 20 species have been named in his honour,<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=EC7509E490993716A18D3C05EE87F772?find_family=&find_genus=&find_species=Krascheninnikovii&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch IPNI query]</ref> e.g.
 *The [[Cyperaceae|sedge]] species ''Carex krascheninnikovii'' [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov|Komarov]] ex [[Eric Hultén|Hultén]], which was collected by [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov|V. L. Komarov]] in 1909 on the same hillock that Krasheninnikov had found it on during the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]].
 *The [[genus]] ''[[Krascheninnikovia]]'' [[Anton Johann von Gueldenstaedt|Gueldenst.]] ([[Chenopodiaceae]])
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 == External links ==
-*{{ru icon}} [http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/krasheninnikov.shtm Крашенинников, Степан Петрович].
+*{{in lang|ru}} [https://archive.today/20120707151333/http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/krasheninnikov.shtm Крашенинников, Степан Петрович].
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Authority control|VIAF=84242347}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Krasheninnikov, Stepan
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = November 11, 1711
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Moscow]]
-| DATE OF DEATH     = March 8, 1755
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Saint Petersburg]]
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Krasheninnikov, Stepan}}
 [[Category:1711 births]]
 [[Category:1755 deaths]]
 [[Category:Botanists active in Siberia]]
-[[Category:Kamchatka]]
+[[Category:History of the Kamchatka Peninsula]]
-[[Category:Russian explorers]]
+[[Category:Explorers from the Russian Empire]]
-[[Category:Russian geographers]]
+[[Category:Geographers from the Russian Empire]]
-[[Category:Russian anthropologists]]
+[[Category:Anthropologists from the Russian Empire]]
-[[Category:Russian botanists]]
+[[Category:18th-century botanists from the Russian Empire]]
 [[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
-[[Category:Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
+[[Category:Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
-[[Category:18th-century Russian people]]
-[[Category:18th-century botanists]]
 [[Category:18th-century geographers]]
+[[Category:18th-century explorers]]
+[[Category:Great Northern Expedition]]
-[[af:Stepan Krasjeninnikof]]
+[[Category:Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)]]
-[[be:Сцяпан Крашаніннікаў]]
-[[bg:Степан Крашенинников]]
-[[de:Stepan Petrowitsch Krascheninnikow]]
-[[es:Stepán Krashenínnikov]]
-[[fr:Stepan Kracheninnikov]]
-[[he:סטפן קרשניניקוב]]
-[[nl:Stepan Krasjeninnikov]]
-[[pl:Stiepan Kraszeninnikow]]
-[[pt:Stephan Petrovich Krascheninnikov]]
-[[ru:Крашенинников, Степан Петрович]]
-[[sah:Крашенинников Степан Петрович]]
-[[sl:Stepan Petrovič Krašeninikov]]
-[[sv:Stepan Krasjeninnikov]]

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal
Academics	International Plant Names Index CiNii
People	Deutsche Biographie Trove
Other	IdRef