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This timeline of prehistory covers the time from the appearance of Homo sapiens approximately 315,000 years ago in Africa to the invention of writing, over 5,000 years ago, with the earliest records going back to 3,200 BC. Prehistory covers the time from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the beginning of ancient history.

All dates are approximate and subject to revision based on new discoveries or analyses.

Middle Paleolithic

Postulated reconstruction of a Terra Amata hut^[1])

320 kya - 305 kya: Populations at Olorgesailie in Southern Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool making and engage in long-distance trade.^[2]
315 kya: Approximate date of appearance of Homo sapiens (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).^[3]
270 kya: Age of Y-DNA haplogroup A00 ("Y-chromosomal Adam").^[4]
250 kya: First appearance of Homo neanderthalensis (Saccopastore skulls).^[5]
230 kya: Latest proposed date for the Terra Amata site, home of the first confirmed purpose-built structure and probably made by Homo heidelbergensis.^[6]
230 kya - 150 kya: Age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").
210 kya: Modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).^[7]
200 kya: Oldest known grass bedding, including insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).^[8]^[9]^[10]
195 kya: Omo remains (Ethiopia).^[11]
194 kya - 177 kya: Modern human presence in West Asia (Misliya cave in Israel).^[12]^[13]
170 kya: Humans are wearing clothing by this date.^[14]
164 kya: Humans diet expands to include marine resources^[15]
160 kya: Homo sapiens idaltu.^[16]
150 kya: Peopling of Africa: Khoisanid separation, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0.
130 kya: Oldest evidence of ancient seafaring, from Crete (an island isolated from land for millions of years prior to human arrival).^[17]
125 kya: The peak of the Eemian interglacial period.
120 kya: Possibly the earliest evidence of use of symbols etched onto bone.^[18]^[19]
120 kya: Use of marine shells for personal decoration by humans, including Neandertals.^[20]^[21]^[22]
120 kya - 90 kya: Abbassia Pluvial in North Africa—the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.
120 kya - 75 kya: Khoisanid back-migration from Southern Africa to East Africa.^[23]
100 kya: Earliest structures in the world (sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with an oval foundation) built in Egypt close to Wadi Halfa near the modern border with Sudan.^[24]
80 kya - 70 kya: Recent African origin: separation of sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans.
75 kya: Eruption of the Toba supervolcano. It was originally thought that this event led to a genetic bottleneck in humans and perhaps other species, but more recent evidence makes this doubtful.^[25]
70 kya: Earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art from Blombos Cave, South Africa—stones engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns.^[26]

Upper Paleolithic

"Epipaleolithic" or "Mesolithic" are terms for a transitional period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution in Old World (Eurasian) cultures.

80 kya - 40 kya: Evidence of Australian Aboriginal Culture.^[27]^[28]
67 kya - 40 kya: Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians.
50 kya: Earliest evidence of a sewing needle. Made and used by Denisovans.^[29]
50 kya - 30 kya: Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region is wet and fertile. Late Stone Age begins in Africa.
45 kya: The earliest known representational art: a painting of three Celebes warty pigs in Leang Tedongnge cave, Sulawesi.^[30]
45 kya - 43 kya: The first waves of Homo sapiens arrive in Europe, comprising the Early European modern humans.^[31]^[32]
45 kya - 40 kya: Châtelperronian cultures in France.^[33]
42 kya: Time frame of the Laschamps event, the first geomagnetic excursion studied and one of the few full global magnetic field reversals known. Although many effects upon life on Earth and human evolution from the increase in cosmic rays have been tentatively proposed, the effects are not considered to have been strong enough (further refuted by paleoecological evidence) to have significantly affected natural or human history.^[34]
42 kya: Paleolithic flutes in Germany.^[35]
42 kya: Earliest evidence of advanced deep sea fishing technology at the Jerimalai cave site in East Timor—demonstrates high-level maritime skills and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna.^[36]^[37]
41 kya: Denisova hominin lives in the Altai Mountains.^[38]^{[chronology citation needed]}
40 kya: Extinction of Homo neanderthalensis.^[33]

Lion-man sculpture (Aurignacian, 40,000–35,000 years old)

40 kya: Aurignacian culture begins in Europe.^[39]
40 kya: Oldest known figurative art the zoomorphic Löwenmensch figurine.^[40]

40 kya - 30 kya: First human settlements formed by Aboriginal Australians in several areas that are today the cities of Sydney,^[41]^[42] Perth^[43] and Melbourne.^[44]
40 kya - 20 kya: Oldest known ritual cremation, the Mungo Lady, in Lake Mungo, Australia.^[45]^[46]
37 kya: A population of Basal Eurasians migrate to Europe. Unlike the Early European modern humans that inhabited Europe earlier, these populations form part of the ancestry of modern Europe.^[32]
36 kya: Evidence of humans using fibers in a cave in present-day Georgia.^[47]^[48]
35 Kya: Oldest known figurative art of a human figure as opposed to a zoomorphic figure (Venus of Hohle Fels).^[49]
33 kya: Earliest evidence of humanoids in Ireland.^[50]
33 kya - 22 kya: Gravettian period in Europe.^[51]^[52]
31 kya: Earth ovens in Central Europe.^[53]
31 kya - 16 kya: Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 26,500 years ago).^[54]
30 kya: Rock paintings tradition begins in Bhimbetka rock shelters in India, which presently as a collection is the densest known concentration of rock art. In an area about 10 km², there are about 800 rock shelters of which 500 contain paintings.^[55]
28.5 kya: New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia.^[56]
28 kya: Oldest known twisted rope.^[57]
28 kya - 24 kya: Oldest known pottery—used to make figurines rather than cooking or storage vessels (Venus of Dolní Věstonice).^[58]
25 kya: A hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of mammoth bones is founded in what is now Dolní Věstonice in Moravia in the Czech Republic. Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site) is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists.^[59]
25 kya: Ancient North Eurasians migrate into eastern Siberia, intermixing with the local Ancient East Asian populations. Their descendants migrated into Beringia, where they became (or helped form) the Ancestral Native Americans.^[60]
24 kya - 15 kya: General time frame for the Mal'ta–Buret' culture near Lake Baikal,^[61] the archaeological culture whose human remains serve as the type for the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population which appeared some time prior. Mal'ta-Buret' sites consisted of temporary mammoth-bone huts for reindeer hunters, yet their art is among the most sophisticated of their time, having many parallels with carvings elsewhere in Eurasia (for example, their Venus figurines), indicative of long-distance exchange of ideas. Both Europeans and American Indians share significant ANE ancestry.
24 kya: The cave bear is thought to have become extinct.^[62]
24 kya: Evidence suggests humans living in Alaska and Yukon North America.^[63]
23 kya: A population of wolves are hypothesized to have begun cohabiting with Ancient North Eurasians for shared food, protection, and (possibly later) hunting success. This commensal relationship is thought to have led to the domestication of the dog, which genetic studies show their ancestry diverging from wolves at this time along with an increase in population.^[64]^[65] At the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, smaller wolf-like canids with neotenous features and signs of being cared for have been observed.^[66]
23 kya - 21 kya: The earliest known human footprints in North America are left at what is now White Sands National Park, New Mexico.^[67]
21 kya: Artifacts suggest early human activity occurred in Canberra, the capital city of Australia.^[68]
20 kya: Kebaran culture in the Levant: beginning of the Epipalaeolithic in the Levant.^[69]
20 kya: Theorized earliest date of development of traditional Arctic clothing like those used by Arctic Eurasians and Inuit.^[70]
20 kya - 19 kya: Earliest pottery use, in Xianren Cave, China.^[71]
20 kya - 18 kya: Minatogawa Man (Proto-Mongoloid phenotype) in Okinawa, Japan.^[72]^[73]
20 kya - 10 kya: Khoisanid expansion to Central Africa.^[23]
18 kya - 12 kya: Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars that Afro-Asiatic was spoken as a single language around this time period.^[74]
18 kya: The Magdalenian culture appears in Europe. They are responsible for some of the most complex and famous artistic traditions of Ice Age Europe, creating the cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira, as well as numerous carvings in ivory and stone.^[75]
17 kya: The earliest gene for blond hair is found among Ancient North Eurasians at the Afontova Gora site in Siberia.^[76]
16 kya - 11 kya: Caucasus hunter-gatherer expansion to Europe.^{[chronology citation needed]}
16 kya: Wisent (European bison) sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of Spain.^[77]^[78]
14.2 kya: The oldest agreed domestic dog remains belongs to the Bonn-Oberkassel dog that was buried with two humans.^[79]
14 kya: Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b, normally associated with the Near East at this time, appears in Italy.^[32]
14 kya: Western Hunter Gatherers (descended from Ancient North Eurasians) of the Epigravettian culture expand into Europe and replace the Magdalenian culture.^[80]
14 kya - 12 kya: Oldest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture).^[81]
13 kya - 10 kya: End of the Last Glacial Period, climate warms, glaciers recede.
13 kya: A major water outbreak occurs on Lake Agassiz in central North America, which at the time could have been the size of the current Black Sea and the largest lake on Earth. Much of the lake is drained in the Arctic Ocean through the Mackenzie River.^[82]^[83]^[84]
13 kya - 11 kya: Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of the sheep, in Mesopotamia.^[85]
12.9 kya - 11.7 kya: The Younger Dryas, a period of sudden cooling and return to glacial conditions.
12 kya: Volcanic eruptions in the Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward and the Nile system, diverting the water to Lake Tanganyika. Nile's total length is shortened and Lake Tanganyika's surface is increased.

Holocene

The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of select parts of the Old World, namely Europe, Western and South Asia. Chronological periodizations typically base their periods on one or more identifiable and unique markers associated with a culturally distinct era (within a given interaction sphere), but these markers are not necessarily intrinsic to the cultural evolution of the era's people.

As such, the terms become less applicable when their markers correlate less with cultural evolution. Therefore, the Neolithic and the Neolithic Revolution have little to do with the Americas, where several different chronologies are used instead depending on the area (e.g. the Andean Preceramic, the North American Archaic and Formative periods). Similarly, since there is no appreciable cultural shift between the use of stone, bronze, and iron in East and Southeast Asia, the term "Bronze Age" is not considered to apply to this region the same as western Eurasia, and "Iron Age" is essentially never used.^[86]^[87] In sub-Saharan Africa, iron metallurgy was developed prior to any knowledge of bronze and possibly before iron's adoption in Eurasia^[88] and despite Postclassic Mesoamerica developing and using bronze,^[89]^[90]^[91] it did not have a significant bearing on its continued cultural evolution in the same way as western Eurasia.

9600 BC: An abrupt period of global warming accelerates the glacial retreat; taken as the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch.
9600 BC: Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 9,600 BC. Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent microlith tools behind them.^[93]
9400 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the pig.^[94]
9200 BC - 9000 BC: Meltwater pulse 1B, a sudden rise of sea level by 7.5 m (25 ft) within about 160 years.
9000 BC: Earliest date recorded for construction of temenoi ceremonial structures at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, as possibly the oldest surviving proto-religious site on Earth.^[95]
9000 BC: Giant short-faced bears and giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct in North America.
8900 BC - 8300 BC: The Indigenous peoples of the southwestern Amazon basin domesticate cassava, the first domestic crop in the New World, followed by squash and dozens of tree species. They also begin intensively modifying the Amazonian landscape, foresting open savannahs and permanently increasing the biomass and biodiversity of the modern Amazon rainforest.^[96]^[97]^[98]
8800 BC - 7000 BC: Byblos appears to have been settled during the PPNB period. Neolithic remains of some buildings can be observed at the site.^[99]^[100]
8500 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of cattle.^[101]
8000 BC: Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of the goat.^[102]
8000 BC: The Quaternary extinction event, which has been ongoing since the mid-Pleistocene, concludes. Many of the ice age megafauna go extinct, including the megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of the sabre-toothed cats. The mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.
8000 BC - 7000 BC: In northern Mesopotamia, now northern Iraq, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for beer, gruel, and soup, eventually for bread.^[103] In early agriculture at this time, the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive plow in subsequent centuries.^[104] Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and 8.5 metres (28 ft) in diameter is built in Jericho.^[105]
8000 BC - 6000 BC: The post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing the submersion of landmasses that had taken place over the previous 10,000 years.
8000 BC - 3000 BC: Identical ancestors point: sometime in this period lived the latest subgroup of human population consisting of those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, the rest having no present day descendants.^[106]
7500 BC - 3500 BC: Neolithic Subpluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region supports a savanna-like environment. Lake Chad is larger than the current Caspian Sea. An African culture develops across the current Sahel region.
7500 BC: Çatalhöyük urban settlement founded in Anatolia.^[107]
7500 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the cat.^[108]
7200 BC: First human settlement in Amman, Jordan; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built spanning over an area of 15 hectares (37 acres).^[109]
7176 BC: Earliest confirmed Miyake event, an extreme peak of solar activity which showers the solar system with cosmic rays and radiation.
7000 BC - 6000 BC: Early European Farmers arrive in Europe through Anatolia. They replace Western Hunter Gatherer populations in many areas, intermix in others, and introduce agriculture into Europe.^[110]^[111]^[112]
7000 BC: Maize is domesticated in southern Mexico from the wild (and significantly different) teosinte and quickly becomes the dominant staple of Mesoamerica, heralding the beginning of agriculture and further domestications in the region.^[113]
7000 BC: The Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea becomes a cradle of agriculture. Early farmers dig canals that transform the swamp into arable land. They domesticate bananas, sugarcane, taro, lesser yam, and raise cassowaries from captured eggs (which had been done as early as 18,000 years ago).^[114]^[115]
7000 BC: Jiahu culture begins in China.
7000 BC: First large-scale fish fermentation in southern Sweden.^[116]
7000 BC: Human settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia. In April 2006, Nature note that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.^[117]
6200 BC - 6000 BC: The 8.2-kiloyear event, a sudden decrease of global temperatures, probably caused by the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which leads to drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia.
6200 BC - 5600 BC: Sudden rise in sea level (Meltwater pulse 1C) by 6.5 m (21 ft) in less than 140 years; this concludes the early Holocene sea level rise and sea level remains largely stable throughout the Neolithic.^[118]
6000 BC - 3000 BC: Development of proto-writing in China,^[119] Southeast Europe (Vinca symbols),^[120] and West Asia (proto-literate cuneiform).
6000 BC: Evidence of habitation at the current site of Aleppo dates to about c. 8,000 years ago, although excavations at Tell Qaramel, 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the city show the area was inhabited about 13,000 years ago,^[121] Carbon-14 dating at Tell Ramad, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC.^[122] However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists.^[123]
6000 BC - 5000 BC: The earliest New World ceramics are created in the Amazon basin.^[124]
5700 BC - 4500 BC: Vinča culture.
5500 BC: Copper smelting in evidence in Pločnik and Belovode.^[125]^[126]
5259 BC: Confirmed Miyake event, with high amount of cosmic radiation from the Sun hitting the Earth.
4500 BC: The oldest known gold hoard deposited at Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria.
4300 BC: Akahoya eruption creates the Kikai Caldera and ends the earliest homogeneous Jomon culture in Japan. When the Jomon culture recovers, it shows regional differences.^[127]^{[verification needed]}
4050 BC - 4000 BC: Trypillian build in Nebelivka (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,000–18,000 inhabitants.^[128]^[129]
4130 BC: Toggling harpoons are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the Inuit and later European whalers.^[130]
4000 BC: Civilizations develop in the Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent region (around the location of modern-day Iraq).
4000 BC: Earliest supposed dates for the domestication of the horse, the domestication of the chicken, and the invention of the potter's wheel.

4th millennium BC

4000 BC - 2000 BC: The Dene-Yeniseian languages split into Na-Dene in North America and Yeniseian languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early American Indians in Beringia back into Siberia, forming the Yeniseian peoples that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.^[131] However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the Common Era make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.^[132]
3840 BC - 3800 BC: The Post Track and Sweet Track causeways are constructed in the Somerset Levels.
3800 BC: Trypillian build in Talianki (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,600–21,000 inhabitants.^[133]
3700 BC: Mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria.
3700 BC: Trypillian build in Maidanets (Ukraine) settlement which reached 12,000–46,000 inhabitants,^[134] and built three-story building.^[135]
3600 BC: The first monumental buildings are constructed in Sechin Bajo, an urban center in what is now coastal Peru. It belonged to the Casma–Sechin culture, possibly the oldest civilization in the Americas.^[136]
3500 BC: Uruk period in Sumer.
3500 BC: First evidence of mummification in Egypt.^[137]^[138]
3500 BC: Earliest conjectured date for the still-undeciphered Indus script.
3500 BC: End of the African humid period possibly linked to the Piora Oscillation: a rapid and intense aridification event, which probably started the current Sahara Desert dry phase and a population increase in the Nile Valley due to migrations from nearby regions. It is also believed this event contributed to the end of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia.
3400 BC: Oldest known depiction of a wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot, Funnelbeaker culture).^[139]^[140]^[141]
3400 BC: Waun Mawn is built in West Wales.^[142]
3300 BC: Bronze Age begins in the Near East.^[143] Hakra Phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins in the Indian subcontinent.^{[citation needed]}
3300 BC: Newgrange is built in Ireland.^[144] Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney^[145]
3200 BC - 2500 BC: The Norte Chico or Caral–Supe civilization begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas.^[146]
3200 BC: The Yamnaya culture appears on the Pontic–Caspian steppe.^[147] They most likely spoke the Proto-Indo-European language and may have been responsible for domesticating the horse, initiating the Indo-European migrations after a period of European population decline opened up areas for settlement,^[148] and both evolving and spreading the European alleles for lactase persistence.^[149]
3200 BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system is first used, triggering the beginning of recorded history.^[150]

Research

Researchers deduced in a scientific review that "no specific point in time can currently be identified at which modern human ancestry was confined to a limited birthplace" and that current knowledge about long, continuous and complex – e.g. often non-singular, parallel, nonsimultaneous and/or gradual – emergences of characteristics is consistent with a range of evolutionary histories.^[151]^[152] A timeline dating first occurrences and earliest evidence may therefore be an often inadequate approach for describing humanity's (pre-)history.

Post-historical prehistories

3,800 years ago (1800 BC): Currently undeciphered Minoan script (Linear A) and Cypro-Minoan script developed on Crete and Cyprus.
3,450 years ago (1450 BC): Mycenaean Greece, first deciphered writing in Europe
3,200 years ago (1200 BC): Oracle bone script, first written records in Old Chinese
3,050–2,800 years ago (1050 BC to 800 BC): Alphabetic writing; the Phoenician alphabet spreads around the Mediterranean
2,300 years ago (300 BC): Maya script, the only known full writing system developed in the Americas, emerges.
2,260 years ago (260 BC): Earliest deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan)
1800s AD: Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark the latest independent development of writing.

References

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|None}}
+{{About|human prehistory|timelines of recorded history|Timelines of world history}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
 {{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
-{{About|human prehistory|timelines of recorded history|Timelines of world history}}
 {{Human history and prehistory}}
 This '''timeline of prehistory''' covers the time from the appearance of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' approximately 315,000 years ago in Africa to the [[History of writing|invention of writing]], over 5,000 years ago, with the earliest records going back to 3,200 BC. [[Prehistory]] covers the time from the [[Paleolithic]] (Old Stone Age) to the beginning of [[ancient history]].
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 {{main|Middle Paleolithic}}
-{{see|Timeline of human evolution#Homo sapiens|List of human evolution fossils#Middle Paleolithic|List of first human settlements#Middle Paleolithic}}
+{{further|Timeline of human evolution#Homo sapiens|List of human evolution fossils#Middle Paleolithic|List of first human settlements#Middle Paleolithic}}
 {{for|earlier evolutionary history|Timeline of human evolution|Timeline of natural history}}[[Image:Terra-Amata-Hut.gif|thumb|right|250px|Postulated reconstruction of a Terra Amata hut<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musee-terra-amata.org/musee/le-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata/ |title=Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata |language=fr |trans-title=The Acheulean site of Terra Amata |author=Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata |website=Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>)]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 * '''250 kya:''' First appearance of ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' ([[Saccopastore skulls]]).<ref name="endicott">{{cite journal |last1=Endicott |first1=P. |last2=Ho |first2=S. Y. W. |last3=Stringer |first3=C. |author3-link=Chris Stringer |year=2010 |title=Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins |url=http://materiais.dbio.uevora.pt/MA/Artigos/The_timing_of_Neanderthal_and_modern_human_origins.pdf |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005 |pmid=20510437}}</ref>
 * '''230 kya:''' Latest proposed date for the [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]] site, home of the first confirmed purpose-built structure and probably made by [[Homo heidelbergensis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Villa |first=Paola |year=1983 |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-09662-2 |page=303 pages}}</ref>
 * '''230 kya - 150 kya:''' Age of [[Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)|mt-DNA haplogroup L]] ("[[Mitochondrial Eve]]").
 * '''210 kya:''' Modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).<ref>Harvati, K., Röding, C., Bosman, A. M., Karakostis, F. A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., ... & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2019). Apidima Cave fossils provide the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. ''Nature'', 571(7766), 500–504.</ref>
-* '''200 kya:''' Oldest known grass [[bed|bedding]], including [[List of pest-repelling plants|insect-repellent plants]] and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).<ref>{{cite news |title=200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-grass-beds-insect-repellent |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=Science News |date=13 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Esteban |first2=Irene |last3=Peña |first3=Paloma de la |last4=Wojcieszak |first4=Marine |last5=Stratford |first5=Dominic |last6=Lennox |first6=Sandra |last7=d'Errico |first7=Francesco |last8=Rosso |first8=Daniela Eugenia |last9=Orange |first9=François |last10=Backwell |first10=Lucinda |last11=Sievers |first11=Christine |title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa |journal=Science |date=14 August 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6505 |pages=863–866 |doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |pmid=32792402 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |s2cid=221113832 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc7239 |access-date=6 September 2020 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
+* '''200 kya:''' Oldest known grass [[bed]]ding, including [[List of pest-repelling plants|insect-repellent plants]] and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).<ref>{{cite news |title=200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-grass-beds-insect-repellent |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=Science News |date=13 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Esteban |first2=Irene |last3=Peña |first3=Paloma de la |last4=Wojcieszak |first4=Marine |last5=Stratford |first5=Dominic |last6=Lennox |first6=Sandra |last7=d'Errico |first7=Francesco |last8=Rosso |first8=Daniela Eugenia |last9=Orange |first9=François |last10=Backwell |first10=Lucinda |last11=Sievers |first11=Christine |title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa |journal=Science |date=14 August 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6505 |pages=863–866 |doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |pmid=32792402 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |s2cid=221113832 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc7239 |access-date=6 September 2020 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
 * '''195 kya:''' [[Omo remains]] (Ethiopia).<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human |author=Erin Wayman |publisher=smithsonian.com |date=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-the-contenders-for-earliest-modern-human-17801455/}}</ref>
 * '''194 kya - 177 kya:''' Modern human presence in West Asia ([[Misliya cave]] in Israel).<ref name="SCI-20180126">{{cite journal |author=Herschkovitz, Israel |display-authors=etal |date=26 January 2018 |title=The earliest modern humans outside Africa |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6374 |pages=456–459 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..456H |doi=10.1126/science.aap8369 |pmid=29371468 |doi-access=free|hdl=10072/372670 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180125">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |date=25 January 2018 |title=In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/science/jawbone-fossil-israel.html |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 * '''130 kya:''' Oldest evidence of ancient seafaring, from [[Crete]] (an island isolated from land for millions of years prior to human arrival).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strasser, Thomas |title=Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete |journal=Hesperia |date=2010 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=145–190 |doi=10.2972/hesp.79.2.145 |jstor=40835484 |s2cid=162408338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40835484 |access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>
 * '''125 kya:''' The peak of the [[Eemian]] interglacial period.
-* '''120 kya:''' Possibly the earliest evidence of [[Symbolic culture|use]] of [[Origin of language#Homo_sapiens|symbols]] etched onto bone.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-prehistoric-bone-etchings-believed-oldest.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prévost |first1=Marion |last2=Groman-Yaroslavski |first2=Iris |last3=Crater Gershtein |first3=Kathryn M. |last4=Tejero |first4=José-Miguel |last5=Zaidner |first5=Yossi |title=Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel |journal=Quaternary International |date=20 January 2021 |volume=624 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002 |s2cid=234236699 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618221000021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en |issn=1040-6182}}</ref>
+* '''120 kya:''' Possibly the earliest evidence of [[Symbolic culture|use]] of [[Origin of language#Homo sapiens|symbols]] etched onto bone.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-prehistoric-bone-etchings-believed-oldest.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prévost |first1=Marion |last2=Groman-Yaroslavski |first2=Iris |last3=Crater Gershtein |first3=Kathryn M. |last4=Tejero |first4=José-Miguel |last5=Zaidner |first5=Yossi |title=Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel |journal=Quaternary International |date=20 January 2021 |volume=624 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002 |s2cid=234236699 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618221000021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |language=en |issn=1040-6182}}</ref>
 * '''120 kya:''' Use of marine shells for personal decoration by humans, including [[Neandertals]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Dirk L. |last2=Angelucci |first2=Diego E. |last3=Villaverde |first3=Valentín |last4=Zapata |first4=Josefina |last5=Zilhão |first5=João |title=Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago |journal=Science Advances |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=eaar5255 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar5255 |pmid=29507889 |pmc=5833998 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.5255H |language=en |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vanhaeren |first1=Marian |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=James |first4=Sarah L. |last5=Todd |first5=Jonathan A. |last6=Mienis |first6=Henk K. |title=Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria |journal=Science |date=23 June 2006 |volume=312 |issue=5781 |pages=1785–1788 |doi=10.1126/science.1128139 |pmid=16794076 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1785V |s2cid=31098527 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1128139 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayer |first1=Daniella E. Bar-Yosef |last2=Groman-Yaroslavski |first2=Iris |last3=Bar-Yosef |first3=Ofer |last4=Hershkovitz |first4=Israel |last5=Kampen-Hasday |first5=Astrid |last6=Vandermeersch |first6=Bernard |last7=Zaidner |first7=Yossi |last8=Weinstein-Evron |first8=Mina |title=On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 July 2020 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e0234924 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234924 |pmid=32640002 |pmc=7343129 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534924B |language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 * '''120 kya - 90 kya:''' [[Abbassia Pluvial]] in North Africa—the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 * '''100 kya:''' Earliest structures in the world (sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with an oval foundation) built in Egypt close to [[Wadi Halfa]] near the modern [[Egypt–Sudan border|border with Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/paleolithic.html |title=Ancient Egypt Online – Lower Paleolithic |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>
 * '''80 kya - 70 kya:''' [[Recent African origin]]: [[Southern Dispersal|separation]] of [[Genetic history of Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africans]] and non-Africans.
-* '''75 kya:''' [[Toba catastrophe theory|Toba Volcano]] supereruption that may have contributed to human populations being lowered to about 15,000 people.<ref>{{cite news | title=Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims | url=http://anthropology.net/2007/07/06/mount-toba-eruption-ancient-humans-unscathed-study-claims/ | access-date=2008-04-20 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708135026/https://anthropology.net/2007/07/06/mount-toba-eruption-ancient-humans-unscathed-study-claims/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
+* '''75 kya:''' [[Youngest Toba eruption#Possible effects on Homo|Eruption of the Toba supervolcano]]. It was originally thought that this event led to a genetic bottleneck in humans and perhaps other species, but more recent evidence makes this doubtful.<ref>{{cite news | title=Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims | url=http://anthropology.net/2007/07/06/mount-toba-eruption-ancient-humans-unscathed-study-claims/ | access-date=2008-04-20 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708135026/https://anthropology.net/2007/07/06/mount-toba-eruption-ancient-humans-unscathed-study-claims/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
 * '''70 kya:''' Earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art from [[Blombos Cave]], South Africa—stones engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1753326.stm | publisher=BBC News | title='Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed | date=10 January 2002}}</ref>
 ==Upper Paleolithic==
 {{main|Upper Paleolithic|Late Stone Age}}
-{{see|List of human evolution fossils#Upper Paleolithic|List of first human settlements#Upper Paleolithic}}
+{{further|List of human evolution fossils#Upper Paleolithic|List of first human settlements#Upper Paleolithic}}
 "Epipaleolithic" or "Mesolithic" are terms for a transitional period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution in Old World (Eurasian) cultures.
 * '''80 kya - 40 kya:''' Evidence of Australian Aboriginal Culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rockartaustralia.org.au/australian-dig-finds-evidence-aboriginal-habitation-80000-years-ago/|title=Australian dig finds evidence of Aboriginal habitation up to 80,000 years ago – Rock Art Australia|first=Rock At Australia|last=Admin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2013/04/burrup-peninsula-rock-art-among-worlds-oldest/|title=Burrup Peninsula rock art among world's oldest|date=18 April 2013|website=Australian Geographic}}</ref>
@@ Line 50: / Line 49: @@
 * '''50 kya:''' Earliest evidence of a [[sewing needle]]. Made and used by [[Denisovan]]s.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 August 2016|title=World's oldest needle found in Siberian cave that stitches together human history|work=Siberian Times|url=http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/news/n0711-worlds-oldest-needle-found-in-siberian-cave-that-stitches-together-human-history/}}</ref>
 * '''50 kya - 30 kya:''' [[Mousterian Pluvial]] in North Africa. The [[Sahara desert]] region is wet and fertile. [[Late Stone Age]] begins in Africa.
-* '''45 kya:''' The earliest known [[Representation (arts)|representational art]]: a painting of three [[Celebes warty pig|Celebes warty pigs]] in Leang Tedongnge cave, [[Sulawesi]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+* '''45 kya:''' The earliest known [[Representation (arts)|representational art]]: a painting of three [[Celebes warty pig]]s in Leang Tedongnge cave, [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B }}</ref>
 * '''45 kya - 43 kya:''' The first waves of ''Homo sapiens'' arrive in Europe, comprising the [[Early European modern humans]].<ref>{{cite news|author=John Noble Wilford|date=3 November 2011|title=Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought|page=A4|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html}}</ref><ref name="IceAgeEurope">Fu, Qiaomei, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler et al. "The genetic history of ice age Europe." ''Nature'' 534, no. 7606 (2016): 200-205.</ref>
 * '''45 kya - 40 kya:''' [[Châtelperronian]] cultures in France.<ref name="Nature timing of Neantherthal disappearance">{{cite journal |title=The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance |author=Tom Higham |author2=Katerina Douka |author3=Rachel Wood |author4=Christopher Bronk Ramsey |author5=Fiona Brock |author6=Laura Basell |author7=Marta Camps |author8=Alvaro Arrizabalaga |author9=Javier Baena |author10=Cecillio Barroso-Ruíz |author11=Christopher Bergman |author12=Coralie Boitard |author13=Paolo Boscato |author14=Miguel Caparrós |author15=Nicholas J. Conard |author16=Christelle Draily |author17=Alain Froment |author18=Bertila Galván |author19=Paolo Gambassini |author20=Alejandro Garcia-Moreno |author21=Stefano Grimaldi |author22=Paul Haesaerts |author23=Brigitte Holt |author24=Maria-Jose Iriarte-Chiapusso |author25=Arthur Jelinek |journal=Nature |issue=7514 |pages=306–09 |date=21 August 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature13621 |display-authors=etal |pmid=25143113 |volume=512|bibcode=2014Natur.512..306H |s2cid=205239973 }}</ref>
@@ Line 66: / Line 65: @@
 * '''40 kya - 30 kya:''' First human settlements formed by [[Aboriginal Australians]] in several areas that are today the cities of [[Sydney]],<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=15 September 2007 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place">{{cite web|publisher=Sydney Barani|date=2013|url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/|title=Aboriginal people and place|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |title=The Pleistocene Pacific |author=Sandra Bowdler |chapter=Human settlement|editor=D. Denoon|series=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|pages= 41–50|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |via=University of Western Australia |access-date=26 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> and [[Melbourne]].<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-33150-7}}. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the [[Maribyrnong River]] valley, near present day [[Keilor, Victoria|Keilor]], about 40,000 years ago."</ref>
 * '''40 kya - 20 kya:''' Oldest known ritual [[cremation]], the [[Mungo Lady]], in [[Lake Mungo]], Australia.<ref name="pmid16468208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG |year=1970 |title=Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales. |journal=World Archaeol. |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=39–60 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463 |pmid=16468208}}</ref><ref>Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.</ref>
-* '''37 kya:''' A population of [[Basal Eurasian|Basal Eurasians]] migrate to Europe. Unlike the [[Early European modern humans]] that inhabited Europe earlier, these populations form part of the ancestry of modern Europe.<ref name="IceAgeEurope"/>
+* '''37 kya:''' A population of [[Basal Eurasian]]s migrate to Europe. Unlike the [[Early European modern humans]] that inhabited Europe earlier, these populations form part of the ancestry of modern Europe.<ref name="IceAgeEurope"/>
 * '''36 kya:''' Evidence of humans using [[Natural fiber|fibers]] in a cave in present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="z7j8v">{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=M |year=2009 |title=Clothes Make the (Hu) Man |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |page=1329 |doi=10.1126/science.325_1329a |pmid=19745126}}</ref><ref name="90SHV">{{cite journal |last1=Kvavadze |first1=E |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=O |last3=Belfer-Cohen |first3=A |last4=Boaretto |first4=E |last5=Jakeli |first5=N |last6=Matskevich |first6=Z |last7=Meshveliani |first7=T |year=2009 |title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521 |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |page=1359 |bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K |doi=10.1126/science.1175404 |pmid=19745144 |s2cid=206520793}}</ref>
 * '''35 Kya:''' Oldest known [[paleolithic art|figurative art]] of a human figure as opposed to a zoomorphic figure ([[Venus of Hohle Fels]]).<ref>{{cite web |date=July 22, 2016 |title="It must be a woman" - The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago... |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145105/https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |publisher=Universität Tübingen |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 * '''33 kya:''' Earliest evidence of humanoids in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/reindeer-bone-rewrites-irish-human-history-b5cbp3l2m|title=Reindeer bone rewrites Irish human history|last1=Roseingrave|first1=Louise}}</ref>
 * '''33 kya - 22 kya:''' [[Gravettian]] period in Europe.<ref name="Jacobi2009">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobi |first1=R.M. |last2=Higham |first2=T.F.G. |last3=Haesaerts |first3=P. |last4=Jadin |first4=I. |last5=Basell |first5=L.S. |year=2015 |title=Radiocarbon chronology for the Early Gravettian of northern Europe: New AMS determinations for Maisières-Canal, Belgium |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=323 |pages=26–40 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00099749 |s2cid=163089681}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=A. W. G. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=D. L. |last3=Garcia-Diez |first3=M. |last4=Pettitt |first4=P. B. |last5=Alcolea |first5=J. |last6=De Balbin |first6=R. |last7=Gonzalez-Sainz |first7=C. |last8=De Las Heras |first8=C. |last9=Lasheras |first9=J. A. |last10=Montes |first10=R. |last11=Zilhao |first11=J. |year=2012 |title=U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6087 |pages=1409–13 |bibcode=2012Sci...336.1409P |doi=10.1126/science.1219957 |pmid=22700921 |s2cid=7807664}}</ref>
-* '''31 kya:''' [[Earth oven|Earth ovens]] in Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-03 |title=Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31085915 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
+* '''31 kya:''' [[Earth oven]]s in Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-03 |title=Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31085915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129233834/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31085915 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
 * '''31 kya - 16 kya:''' [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (peak at 26,500 years ago).<ref name="BarrellEtAl2013QSR">{{cite journal |last1=Barrell |first1=David J. A. |last2=Almond |first2=Peter C. |last3=Vandergoes |first3=Marcus J. |last4=Lowe |first4=David J. |last5=Newnham |first5=Rewi M. |date=15 August 2013 |title=A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-Intimate project) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379113001339 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=74 |pages=4–20 |bibcode=2013QSRv...74....4B |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.002 |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>
 * '''30 kya:''' Rock paintings tradition begins in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in [[India]], which presently as a collection is the densest known concentration of rock art. In an area about 10&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, there are about 800 rock shelters of which 500 contain paintings.<ref>{{cite web
@@ Line 83: / Line 82: @@
 * '''28 kya - 24 kya:''' Oldest known pottery—used to make figurines rather than cooking or storage vessels ([[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]]).<ref>The body used is the local [[loess]], with only traces of clay; there is no trace of surface burnishing or applied pigment. Pamela B. Vandiver, Olga Soffer, Bohuslav Klima and Jiři Svoboda, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", ''Science'', New Series, '''246''', No. 4933 (November 24, 1989: pp. 1002–1008).</ref>
 * '''25 kya:''' A hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of [[mammoth]] bones is founded in what is now [[Dolní Věstonice]] in [[Moravia]] in the [[Czech Republic]]. [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site)]] is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Gene S.|title=Mysteries of the Ancient World|year=1979|publisher=National Geographic Society|page=19 |chapter=Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages}}</ref>
-* '''25 kya:''' [[Ancient North Eurasians]] migrate into eastern Siberia, intermixing with the local [[Ancient East Asian]] populations. Their descendants migrated into [[Beringia]], where they became (or helped form) the [[Ancestral Native American|Ancestral Native Americans]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raff |first1=Jennifer |title=Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas |date=8 February 2022 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-1-5387-4970-8 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5jrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188 |language=en}}</ref>
+* '''25 kya:''' [[Ancient North Eurasians]] migrate into eastern Siberia, intermixing with the local [[Ancient East Asian]] populations. Their descendants migrated into [[Beringia]], where they became (or helped form) the [[Ancestral Native American]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raff |first1=Jennifer |title=Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas |date=8 February 2022 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-1-5387-4970-8 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5jrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188 |language=en}}</ref>
 * '''24 kya - 15 kya:''' General time frame for the [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture]] near [[Lake Baikal]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bednarik |first1=Robert G. |title=Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia |journal=Arts |date=2013 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=48 |doi=10.3390/arts2020046 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307759436 |doi-access=free }}</ref> the archaeological culture whose human remains serve as the type for the [[Ancient North Eurasians|Ancient North Eurasian]] (ANE) population which appeared some time prior. Mal'ta-Buret' sites consisted of temporary mammoth-bone huts for reindeer hunters, yet their art is among the most sophisticated of their time, having many parallels with carvings elsewhere in Eurasia (for example, [[Venus figurines of Mal'ta|their Venus figurines]]), indicative of long-distance exchange of ideas. Both [[Europeans]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] share significant ANE ancestry.
-* '''24 kya:''' The [[cave bear]] is thought to have become extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Terlato|first1=Gabriele|last2=Bocherens|first2=Hervé|last3=Romandini|first3=Matteo|last4=Nannini|first4=Nicola|last5=Hobson|first5=Keith A.|last6=Peresani|first6=Marco|date=2019-04-21|title=Chronological and Isotopic data support a revision for the timing of cave bear extinction in Mediterranean Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395|journal=Historical Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=474–484|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395|s2cid=90029163|issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
+* '''24 kya:''' The [[cave bear]] is thought to have become extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Terlato|first1=Gabriele|last2=Bocherens|first2=Hervé|last3=Romandini|first3=Matteo|last4=Nannini|first4=Nicola|last5=Hobson|first5=Keith A.|last6=Peresani|first6=Marco|date=2019-04-21|title=Chronological and Isotopic data support a revision for the timing of cave bear extinction in Mediterranean Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395|journal=Historical Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=474–484|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395|bibcode=2019HBio...31..474T |s2cid=90029163|issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
 * '''24 kya:''' Evidence suggests humans living in Alaska and Yukon North America.<ref>Lauriane Bourgeon, Ariane Burke, Thomas Higham (January 6, 2017). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0169486 "Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada"]. ''PLOS One''.</ref>
 * '''23 kya:''' A population of [[Wolf|wolves]] are hypothesized to have begun cohabiting with [[Ancient North Eurasians]] for shared food, protection, and (possibly later) hunting success. This commensal relationship is thought to have led to the [[domestication of the dog]], which genetic studies show their ancestry diverging from wolves at this time along with an increase in population.<ref>Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. 118 (6): e2010083118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810083P . doi:10.1073/pnas.2010083118 . PMC 8017920. PMID 33495362</ref><ref>Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris". ''Forensic Science International: Genetics''. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.</ref> At the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site]], smaller wolf-like canids with [[Neoteny|neotenous]] features and signs of being cared for have been observed.<ref>Nikolskiy, P. A.; Sotnikova, M.V.; Nikolskii, A.A.; Pitulko, V.V. (2018). "Predomestication and Wolf-Human Relationships in the Arctic Siberia of 30,000 Years Ago: Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic Site" . Stratum Plus (1): 231–262.</ref>
@@ Line 100: / Line 99: @@
 * '''16 kya - 11 kya:''' [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer]] expansion to Europe.{{Chronology citation needed|date=November 2023}}
 * '''16 kya:''' [[Wisent]] (European bison) sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as [[Le Tuc d'Audoubert]] in the [[French Pyrenees]] near what is now the [[France–Spain border|border of Spain]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Gene S.|title=Mysteries of the Ancient World|year=1979|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=8–10|chapter=Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=15,000-Year-Old Bison Sculptures Are Perfectly Preserved in a French Cave|url=https://mymodernmet.com/bison-sculpture-tuc-daudoubert/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=My Modern Met|language=en}}</ref>
-* '''14.2 kya:''' The oldest agreed domestic dog remains belongs to the [[Origin of the domestic dog#Bonn-Oberkassel dog|Bonn-Oberkassel dog]] that was buried with two humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssens |first=Luc |last2=Giemsch |first2=Liane |last3=Schmitz |first3=Ralf |last4=Street |first4=Martin |last5=Van Dongen |first5=Stefan |last6=Crombé |first6=Philippe |date=2018-04-01 |title=A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440318300049 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=92 |pages=126–138 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004 |issn=0305-4403|hdl=1854/LU-8550758 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
+* '''14.2 kya:''' The oldest agreed domestic dog remains belongs to the [[Origin of the domestic dog#Bonn-Oberkassel dog|Bonn-Oberkassel dog]] that was buried with two humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janssens |first1=Luc |last2=Giemsch |first2=Liane |last3=Schmitz |first3=Ralf |last4=Street |first4=Martin |last5=Van Dongen |first5=Stefan |last6=Crombé |first6=Philippe |date=2018-04-01 |title=A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440318300049 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=92 |pages=126–138 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004 |bibcode=2018JArSc..92..126J |issn=0305-4403|hdl=1854/LU-8550758 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
 * '''14 kya:''' [[Haplogroup R1b|Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b]], normally associated with the [[Near East]] at this time, appears in Italy.<ref name="IceAgeEurope" />
 * '''14 kya:''' [[Western Hunter Gatherers]] (descended from [[Ancient North Eurasians]]) of the [[Epigravettian]] culture expand into Europe and replace the [[Magdalenian]] culture.<ref>Posth, Cosimo, He Yu, Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer et al. "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers." ''Nature'' 615, no. 7950 (2023): 117-126.</ref>
-* '''14 kya - 12 kya:''' Oldest evidence for [[prehistoric warfare]] ([[Jebel Sahaba]], [[Natufian culture]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crevecoeur |first1=Isabelle |last2=Dias-Meirinho |first2=Marie-Hélène |last3=Zazzo |first3=Antoine |last4=Antoine |first4=Daniel |last5=Bon |first5=François |date=2021 |title=New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89386-y/MediaObjects/41598_2021_89386_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y}}</ref>
+* '''14 kya - 12 kya:''' Oldest evidence for [[prehistoric warfare]] ([[Jebel Sahaba]], [[Natufian culture]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crevecoeur |first1=Isabelle |last2=Dias-Meirinho |first2=Marie-Hélène |last3=Zazzo |first3=Antoine |last4=Antoine |first4=Daniel |last5=Bon |first5=François |date=2021 |title=New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89386-y/MediaObjects/41598_2021_89386_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |page=9991 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y|pmid=34045477 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.9991C }}</ref>
 * '''13 kya - 10 kya:''' End of the [[Last Glacial Period]], climate warms, glaciers recede.
 * '''13 kya:''' A major water outbreak occurs on [[Lake Agassiz]] in central North America, which at the time could have been the size of the current [[Black Sea]] and the largest lake on Earth. Much of the lake is drained in the Arctic Ocean through the [[Mackenzie River]].<ref name="Perkins">{{cite journal |author=Perkins S |year=2002 |title=Once Upon a Lake |url=http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/PerkinsOnceDuring.html |url-status=dead |journal=Science News |volume=162 |issue=18 |pages=283–284 |doi=10.2307/4014064 |jstor=4014064 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228144357/http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/PerkinsOnceDuring.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |access-date=2012-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murton, J. B., Bateman MD, Dallimore SR, Teller JT, Yang Z |date=2010-04-01 |title=Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=464 |issue=7289 |pages=740–743 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..740M |doi=10.1038/nature08954 |pmid=20360738 |s2cid=4425933}}</ref><ref name="folio">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Michael |date=5 August 2021 |title=Massive ancient lake across Prairies emptied quickly enough to set off an ice age, study suggests |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/folio/2021/08/massive-ancient-lake-across-prairies-emptied-quickly-enough-to-set-off-an-ice-age-study-suggests.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=Folio |publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref>
-* '''13 kya - 11 kya:''' Earliest dates suggested for the [[History of the domestic sheep#In Asia|domestication of the sheep]], in [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ensminger |first=M.E. |title=Sheep and Goat Science |last2=Parker |first2=R.O. |publisher=The Interstate Printers and Publishers |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8134-2464-4 |edition=5th |location=Danville, Illinois |pages=4}}</ref>
+* '''13 kya - 11 kya:''' Earliest dates suggested for the [[History of the domestic sheep#In Asia|domestication of the sheep]], in [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ensminger |first1=M.E. |title=Sheep and Goat Science |last2=Parker |first2=R.O. |publisher=The Interstate Printers and Publishers |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8134-2464-4 |edition=5th |location=Danville, Illinois |pages=4}}</ref>
 * '''12.9 kya - 11.7 kya:''' The [[Younger Dryas]], a period of sudden cooling and return to glacial conditions.
 * '''12 kya:''' Volcanic eruptions in the [[Virunga Mountains]] blocked [[Lake Kivu]] outflow into [[Lake Edward]] and the [[Nile]] system, diverting the water to [[Lake Tanganyika]]. Nile's total length is shortened and Lake Tanganyika's surface is increased.
 ==Holocene==
-{{see|Epipalaeolithic|Mesolithic|Neolithic|Neolithic Revolution|Chalcolithic|Bronze Age|Iron Age|List of first human settlements#Holocene|Pre-modern human migration#Prehistory|Urheimat}}
+{{further|Epipalaeolithic|Mesolithic|Neolithic|Neolithic Revolution|Chalcolithic|Bronze Age|Iron Age|List of first human settlements#Holocene|Pre-modern human migration#Prehistory|Urheimat}}
-The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of select parts of the [[Old World]], namely [[Europe]], [[West Asia|Western]] and [[South Asia]]. Chronological [[Periodization|periodizations]] typically base their periods on one or more identifiable and unique markers associated with a culturally distinct era (within a given interaction sphere), but these markers are not necessarily intrinsic to the cultural evolution of the era's people.
+The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of select parts of the [[Old World]], namely [[Europe]], [[West Asia|Western]] and [[South Asia]]. Chronological [[periodization]]s typically base their periods on one or more identifiable and unique markers associated with a culturally distinct era (within a given interaction sphere), but these markers are not necessarily intrinsic to the cultural evolution of the era's people.
 As such, the terms become less applicable when their markers correlate less with cultural evolution. Therefore, the Neolithic and the [[Neolithic Revolution]] have little to do with the [[Americas]], where several different chronologies are used instead depending on the area (e.g. the Andean [[Cotton Pre-Ceramic|Preceramic]], the North American [[Archaic Period (Americas)|Archaic]] and [[Formative stage|Formative]] periods). Similarly, since there is no appreciable cultural shift between the use of stone, bronze, and iron in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the term "Bronze Age" is not considered to apply to this region the same as western Eurasia, and "Iron Age" is essentially never used.<ref>Podjanok Kanjanajuntorn, "The Three-Age System: A Struggle for Southeast Asian Prehistoric Periodisation," ''SPAFA Journal 4'' (December 4, 2020), https://doi.org/10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.623.</ref><ref>Roderick B. Campbell, ''Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age: From Erlitou to Anyang'', 2014, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9df4w6kn.</ref> In sub-Saharan Africa, [[Iron metallurgy in Africa|iron metallurgy was developed]] prior to any knowledge of bronze and possibly before iron's adoption in Eurasia<ref name="Nok">Augustin F. C. Holl, "The Origins of African Metallurgies," in ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology'', 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63.</ref> and despite [[Mesoamerican chronology#Postclassic Period|Postclassic Mesoamerica]] developing and using bronze,<ref>Dorothy Hosler and Andrew Macfarlane, "Copper Sources, Metal Production, and Metals Trade in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica," ''Science'' 273, no. 5283 (September 27, 1996): 1819–24, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5283.1819.</ref><ref>Dorothy Hosler and Guy Stresser-Pean, "The Huastec Region: A Second Locus for the Production of Bronze Alloys in Ancient Mesoamerica," Science 257, no. 5074 (August 28, 1992): 1215–20, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5074.1215.</ref><ref>Jennifer L. Meanwell et al., "Metallurgical Ceramics from Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico," Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 4306–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.024.</ref> it did not have a significant bearing on its continued cultural evolution in the same way as western Eurasia.
@@ Line 131: / Line 130: @@
 * '''8000 BC - 3000 BC:''' [[Identical ancestors point]]: sometime in this period lived the latest subgroup of human population consisting of those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, the rest having no present day descendants.<ref name=Rohde>https://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024033723/http://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf |date=24 October 2019 }} On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans</ref>
 * '''7500 BC - 3500 BC:''' [[Neolithic Subpluvial]] in North Africa. The [[Sahara desert]] region supports a savanna-like environment. [[Lake Chad]] is larger than the current [[Caspian Sea]]. An African culture develops across the current [[Sahel]] region.
-* '''7500 BC:''' [[Çatalhöyük]] urban settlement founded in [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Renfrew |first=Colin |date=2006 |title=Inception of agriculture and rearing in the Middle East |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S163106830500134X |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |volume=5 |pages=395–404}}</ref>
+* '''7500 BC:''' [[Çatalhöyük]] urban settlement founded in [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Renfrew |first=Colin |date=2006 |title=Inception of agriculture and rearing in the Middle East |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S163106830500134X |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=395–404|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.012 |bibcode=2006CRPal...5..395R }}</ref>
 * '''7500 BC:''' Earliest supposed date for the [[domestication of the cat]].<ref>Wade, Nicholas, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East]'', The New York Times, June 29, 2007, archived from the original on 9 May 2015, retrieved 4 October 2012</ref>
-* '''7200 BC:''' First human settlement in [[Amman]], Jordan; [[ʿAin Ghazal]] [[Neolithic]] settlement was built spanning over an area of {{convert|15|ha}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Past |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2005 |editor1-last=Scarre |editor1-first=Chris |page=222}}</ref>
+* '''7200 BC:''' First human settlement in [[Amman]], Jordan; [[Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)|ʿAin Ghazal]] [[Neolithic]] settlement was built spanning over an area of {{convert|15|ha}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Past |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2005 |editor1-last=Scarre |editor1-first=Chris |page=222}}</ref>
 * '''7176 BC:''' Earliest confirmed [[Miyake event]], an extreme peak of solar activity which showers the solar system with cosmic rays and radiation.
-* '''7000 BC - 6000 BC:''' [[Early European Farmers]] arrive in Europe through [[Anatolia]]. They replace [[Western Hunter Gatherer]] populations in many areas, intermix in others, and introduce agriculture into Europe. <ref>Fernández, Eva, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Gamba, Eva Prats, Pedro Cuesta, Josep Anfruns, Miquel Molist, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo, and Daniel Turbón. "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands." ''PLoS genetics'' 10, no. 6 (2014): e1004401.</ref><ref>Lipson, Mark, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Victoria Keerl, Nadin Rohland et al. "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers." ''Nature'' 551, no. 7680 (2017): 368-372.</ref><ref>Lazaridis, Iosif, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant et al. "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans." ''Nature'' 513, no. 7518 (2014): 409-413.</ref>
+* '''7000 BC - 6000 BC:''' [[Early European Farmers]] arrive in Europe through [[Anatolia]]. They replace [[Western Hunter Gatherer]] populations in many areas, intermix in others, and introduce agriculture into Europe.<ref>Fernández, Eva, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Gamba, Eva Prats, Pedro Cuesta, Josep Anfruns, Miquel Molist, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo, and Daniel Turbón. "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands." ''PLoS genetics'' 10, no. 6 (2014): e1004401.</ref><ref>Lipson, Mark, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Victoria Keerl, Nadin Rohland et al. "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers." ''Nature'' 551, no. 7680 (2017): 368-372.</ref><ref>Lazaridis, Iosif, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant et al. "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans." ''Nature'' 513, no. 7518 (2014): 409-413.</ref>
 * '''7000 BC:''' [[Maize]] is domesticated in southern [[Mexico]] from the wild (and significantly different) [[teosinte]] and quickly becomes the dominant staple of Mesoamerica, heralding the beginning of agriculture and further domestications in the region.<ref>Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Yves Vigouroux, Major M. Goodman, Jesus Sanchez G, Edward Buckler, and John Doebley. "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 99, no. 9 (2002): 6080-6084.</ref>
 * '''7000 BC:''' The [[Kuk Swamp]] in the highlands of [[Papua New Guinea]] becomes a [[Vavilov center|cradle of agriculture]]. Early farmers dig canals that transform the swamp into arable land. They domesticate [[bananas]], [[sugarcane]], [[taro]], [[lesser yam]], and raise [[Cassowary|cassowaries]] from captured eggs (which had been done as early as 18,000 years ago).<ref>Denham, T. P.; Haberle, S. G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N.; Winsborough, B. (2003-07-11). "Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea". Science. 301 (5630): 189–193. doi:10.1126/science.1085255. ISSN 0036-8075.</ref><ref>Douglass, Kristina, Dylan Gaffney, Teresa J. Feo, Priyangi Bulathsinhala, Andrew L. Mack, Megan Spitzer, and Glenn R. Summerhayes. "Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (2021): e2100117118.</ref>
@@ Line 142: / Line 141: @@
 * '''7000 BC:''' Human settlement of [[Mehrgarh]], one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia. In April 2006, ''Nature'' note that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Coppa |author2=L. Bondioli |author3=A. Cucina |author4=D. W. Frayer |author5=C. Jarrige |author6=J. -F. Jarrige |author7=G. Quivron |author8=M. Rossi |author9=M. Vidale |author10=R. Macchiarelli|title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry |journal=Nature |volume=440 |pages=755–756 |date=5 April 2006 |issue=7085 |doi=10.1038/440755a |pmid=16598247 |s2cid=6787162 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/440755a}}</ref>
 * '''6200 BC - 6000 BC:''' The [[8.2-kiloyear event]], a sudden decrease of global temperatures, probably caused by the final collapse of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]], which leads to drier conditions in East Africa and [[Mesopotamia]].
 * '''6200 BC - 5600 BC:''' Sudden rise in sea level ([[Meltwater pulse 1C]]) by {{cvt|6.5|m}} in less than 140 years; this concludes the [[early Holocene sea level rise]] and sea level remains largely stable throughout the Neolithic.<ref name="Blanchon 2011b">Blanchon, P. (2011b) "Backstepping". In: Hopley, D. (Ed), ''Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process''. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, pp. 77–84. {{ISBN|978-90-481-2638-5}}. Blanchon, P., and Shaw, J. (1995) "Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and icesheet collapse". ''Geology'', 23:4–8.</ref>
 * '''6000 BC - 3000 BC:''' Development of [[proto-writing]] in [[Neolithic signs in China|China]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Houston |first=Stephen D. |title=The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83861-0 |pages=245–6}}</ref> Southeast Europe ([[Vinca symbols]]),<ref>Haarmann, Harald: "Geschichte der Schrift", C.H. Beck, 2002, {{ISBN|3-406-47998-7}}, p. 20</ref> and West Asia ([[Cuneiform script#Sumerian pictographs (circa 3300 BC)|proto-literate cuneiform]]).
@@ Line 151: / Line 149: @@
 * '''5259 BC:''' Confirmed [[Miyake event]], with high amount of cosmic radiation from the Sun hitting the Earth.
 * '''4500 BC:''' The oldest known gold hoard deposited at [[Varna Necropolis]], Bulgaria.
-* '''4300 BC:''' [[Akahoya eruption]] creates the [[Kikai Caldera]] and ends the earliest homogeneous Jomon culture in Japan. When the Jomon culture recovers, it shows regional differences.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaqua1957/30/5/30_5_427/_article/-char/en|title=The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Human Society from an Archaeological Perspective|first=Shizuo|last=Oda|date=26 October 1991|journal=The Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu)|volume=30|issue=5|pages=427–433|via=J-Stage|doi=10.4116/jaqua.30.427|s2cid=132042986 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{vs|date=November 2019}}
+* '''4300 BC:''' [[Akahoya eruption]] creates the [[Kikai Caldera]] and ends the earliest homogeneous Jomon culture in Japan. When the Jomon culture recovers, it shows regional differences.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaqua1957/30/5/30_5_427/_article/-char/en|title=The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Human Society from an Archaeological Perspective|first=Shizuo|last=Oda|date=26 October 1991|journal=The Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu)|volume=30|issue=5|pages=427–433|via=J-Stage|doi=10.4116/jaqua.30.427|s2cid=132042986 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{verify source|date=November 2019}}
-* '''4050 BC - 4000 BC:''' [[Trypillian]] build in [[Nebelivka (archaeological site)|Nebelivka]] ([[Ukraine]]) settlement which reached 15,000–18,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf|author=Thomas K. Harper|title=The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements|website=Chronikajournal.com|access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3twCwAAQBAJ&q=Taljanky+15%2C600%E2%80%9321%2C000&pg=PT347 |title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE |page=347 |date=2016-01-22 |access-date=2016-11-14|isbn=978-1317247913 |last1=Müller |first1=Johannes |last2=Rassmann |first2=Knut |last3=Videiko |first3=Mykhailo}}</ref>
+* '''4050 BC - 4000 BC:''' [[Trypillian]] build in [[Nebelivka (archaeological site)|Nebelivka]] ([[Ukraine]]) settlement which reached 15,000–18,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf|author=Thomas K. Harper|title=The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements|website=Chronikajournal.com|access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3twCwAAQBAJ&q=Taljanky+15%2C600%E2%80%9321%2C000&pg=PT347 |title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE |page=347 |date=2016-01-22 |access-date=2016-11-14|isbn=978-1317247913 |last1=Müller |first1=Johannes |last2=Rassmann |first2=Knut |last3=Videiko |first3=Mykhailo|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
-* '''4130 BC:''' [[Toggling harpoon|Toggling harpoons]] are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the [[Inuit]] and later European [[whaling|whalers]].<ref>Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory." ''Arctic Anthropology'' (1998): 321-334.</ref>
+* '''4130 BC:''' [[Toggling harpoon]]s are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the [[Inuit]] and later European [[whaling|whalers]].<ref>Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory." ''Arctic Anthropology'' (1998): 321-334.</ref>
-* '''4000 BC:''' [[Civilization|Civilizations]] develop in the [[Mesopotamia]]/[[Fertile Crescent]] region (around the location of modern-day Iraq).
+* '''4000 BC:''' [[Civilization]]s develop in the [[Mesopotamia]]/[[Fertile Crescent]] region (around the location of modern-day Iraq).
 * '''4000 BC:''' Earliest supposed dates for the [[domestication of the horse]], the [[chicken|domestication of the chicken]], and the invention of the [[potter's wheel]].
 ===4th millennium BC===
-{{see|4th millennium BC}}
+{{further|4th millennium BC}}
-* '''4000 BC - 2000 BC:''' The [[Dene-Yeniseian]] languages split into [[Na-Dene]] in North America and [[Yeniseian language|Yeniseian]] languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] in [[Beringia]] back into Siberia, forming the [[Yeniseian people|Yeniseian peoples]] that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.<ref>Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory." ''The Dene-Yeniseian Connection'' 5 (2010): 324-334.</ref> However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the [[Common Era]] make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |year=2023 |title=Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History |journal=Humans |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=177–192 |doi=10.3390/humans3030015|s2cid=260154176 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+* '''4000 BC - 2000 BC:''' The [[Dene-Yeniseian]] languages split into [[Na-Dene]] in North America and [[Yeniseian language|Yeniseian]] languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] in [[Beringia]] back into Siberia, forming the [[Yeniseian people]]s that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.<ref>Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory." ''The Dene-Yeniseian Connection'' 5 (2010): 324-334.</ref> However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the [[Common Era]] make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |year=2023 |title=Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History |journal=Humans |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=177–192 |doi=10.3390/humans3030015|s2cid=260154176 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 * '''3840 BC - 3800 BC:''' The [[Post Track]] and [[Sweet Track]] [[causeway]]s are constructed in the [[Somerset Levels]].
 * '''3800 BC:''' [[Trypillian]] build in [[Talianki]] ([[Ukraine]]) settlement which reached 15,600–21,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3twCwAAQBAJ&q=Taljanky+15%2C600%E2%80%9321%2C000&pg=PT347|title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE|first1=Johannes|last1=Müller|first2=Knut|last2=Rassmann|first3=Mykhailo|last3=Videiko|date=22 January 2016|publisher=Routledge|access-date=13 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1317247913|doi=10.4324/9781315630731}}</ref>
@@ Line 164: / Line 163: @@
 * '''3700 BC:''' [[Trypillian]] build in [[Maidanets]] ([[Ukraine]]) settlement which reached 12,000–46,000 inhabitants,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rassmann |first1=Knut |last2=Ohlrau |first2=René |last3=Hofmann |first3=Robert |last4=Mischka |first4=Carsten |last5=Burdo |first5=Nataliia |last6=Videjko |first6=Michail Yu. |last7=Müller |first7=Johannes |title=High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization |journal=Journal of Neolithic Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=16 |pages=96–134 |doi=10.12766/jna.2014.3|doi-access=free}}</ref> and built three-story building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/files/11/07chaban.pdf |title=ДОСЛІДИ З ТРИПІЛЬСЬКОГО ДОМОБУДІВНИЦТВА
 |website=Inst-ukr.lviv.ua |access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref>
-* '''3600 BC:''' The first monumental buildings are constructed in [[Sechin Bajo]], an urban center in what is now coastal [[Peru]]. It belonged to the [[Casma–Sechin culture]], possibly the oldest civilization in the Americas. <ref>Moore, Jerry D. (2014), ''A Prehistory of South America'', Boulder: University of Colorado Press, p. 231. Downloaded from Project Muse.</ref>
+* '''3600 BC:''' The first monumental buildings are constructed in [[Sechin Bajo]], an urban center in what is now coastal [[Peru]]. It belonged to the [[Casma–Sechin culture]], possibly the oldest civilization in the Americas.<ref>Moore, Jerry D. (2014), ''A Prehistory of South America'', Boulder: University of Colorado Press, p. 231. Downloaded from Project Muse.</ref>
 * '''3500 BC:''' [[Uruk period]] in [[Sumer]].
 * '''3500 BC:''' First evidence of [[mummification]] in Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Mindy Weisberger |date=16 August 2018 |title=This Ancient Mummy Is Older Than the Pharaohs |url=https://www.livescience.com/63351-mummy-older-than-pharaohs.html |website=livescience.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2018 |title=Mummy Helps Confirm Earliest Egyptian Embalming Recipe |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news-egyptian-prehistoric-mummy-embalming-recipe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105150122/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news%2Degyptian%2Dprehistoric%2Dmummy%2Dembalming%2Drecipe |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2022 |website=Science}}</ref>
@@ Line 176: / Line 175: @@
 * '''3200 BC:''' The [[Yamnaya culture]] appears on the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]].<ref>Morgunova, Nina L., and O. S. Khokhlova. "Chronology and periodization of the Pit-Grave culture in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers based on radiocarbon dating and paleopedological research." ''Radiocarbon'' 55, no. 3 (2013): 1286-1296.</ref> They most likely spoke the [[Proto-Indo-European]] language and may have been responsible for domesticating the [[horse]], initiating the [[Indo-European migrations]] after a period of European population decline opened up areas for settlement,<ref>Librado, Pablo, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato et al. "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes." Nature 598, no. 7882 (2021): 634-640.</ref> and both evolving and spreading the European alleles for [[lactase persistence]].<ref>Callaway, Ewen. "DNA deluge reveals Bronze Age secrets." Nature 522, no. 11 (2015): 140-141.</ref>
 * '''3200 BC:''' Sumerian cuneiform writing system is first used, triggering the beginning of [[recorded history]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1989 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15 7]-9 |language=en}}</ref>
 {{For|later events|Timeline of ancient history|Timelines of world history}}
@@ Line 206: / Line 204: @@
 {{Column}}
 ;Prehistory by world region
-{{see|Prehistory#By_region}}
+{{further|Prehistory#By_region}}
 * [[Ancient Near East#Prehistory|Near East]]
 ** [[Prehistoric Mesopotamia]] (before 3000 BC)

v t e Millennia
CE / AD	1st 2nd 3rd 4th and later
BCE / BC	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th and earlier