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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Essen, Germany.

Prior to 19th century

845 – Essen Abbey founded (approximate date).
971 – Mathilde, granddaughter of Otto I becomes abbess of Essen Abbey.
1012 – Sophia, daughter of Otto II becomes abbottess of the Essen Stift.
1041 – Essen receives rights to a market.
1244 – The association of the ministeriales of the Essen Abbey and the citizens of the town of Essen arrange for the Essen town walls [de] to be erected.
1316 – Essen Minster (church) dedicated.
1390 – Essener Schützenverein (militia) formed.^[1]
1598 – Borbeck Castle rebuilt.^{[citation needed]}
1736 – Neueste Essendische Nachrichten von Staats- und Gelehrten Sachen (Newest Essen News of State and Learned Matters) newspaper begins publication.
1797 – G. D. Baedeker Verlag [de] bookseller in business.^[2]

19th century

1802 – Area occupied by Prussian troops.
1803
- Essen Abbey secularized.^[3]
- Franz Dinnendahl builds steam engine.
1810 – Krupp foundry in business.
1814 – Town becomes part of Prussia.^[3]
1822 – Town becomes part of the Rhine Province.
1841 – Simon Hirschland Bank in business.
1847 – Essen-Bergeborbeck station opens.
1849 – Population: 8,813.^[3]
1851 – Zollverein Coal Mine begins operating.
1862 – Essen Hauptbahnhof and Essen-Borbeck station open.
1866 – Fredebeul & Koenen booksellers in business.^[2]
1870 – Synagogue consecrated.^[4]
1871 – Town becomes part of the German Empire.
1872 – Neu-Westend developed.^[5]
1873 – Villa Hügel (Krupp residence) built.
1875 – Population: 54,790.^[3]
1880 – Historical Society for the City and Convent of Essen founded.
1881
- Essener Turnerbund athletic club formed.
- Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen (journal of city history) begins publication.^[6]
1886 – Photographische Genossenschaft von Essen (photography group) founded.^[7]

1892 – City Theatre opens.^[8]^[9]
1893
- Electric tram begins operating.
- Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate headquartered in Essen.
1898 – Krupp's Essener Hof (hotel) built.
1899 – Essen Philharmonic Orchestra founded.^[10]

20th century

1900s–1940s

1901
- Folkwang Museum founded.
- Heinrich Koppers AG in business.
1905 – Population: 229,270.^[3]
1906
- Essen Art Museum founded.
- Gartenstadt Margarethenhöhe developed.
1908 – Moltkeviertel development begins.
1913
- New Synagogue built.^[4]
- Albrecht's shop in business (later Aldi chain supermarket).
1920 – Consulate of Poland opens.^[11]
1922 – Uhlenkrugstadion (stadium) built.

1923
- Rot-Weiss Essen football club active.
- French troops enter the city.
1924 – Filmstudio Glückauf (cinema) opens.
1925 – Essen/Mülheim Airport opens.^{[citation needed]}
1927 – Grugapark Botanical Garden^[12]^[13] and Folkwang School for the arts open.
1928 – Lichtburg Playhouse (cinema) opens.^[14]
1929 – Werden becomes part of city.
1932 – Zollverein Mine Shaft 12 built.
1933 – Theodor Reismann-Grone becomes mayor.
1936 – Consulate of Poland relocated to Düsseldorf.^[11]
1937 – Just Dillgardt becomes mayor.
1939 – Stadion an der Hafenstraße (stadium) built.
1942 – March: Bombing of Essen by Allied forces begins.
1944
- 2 January: Schwarze Poth forced labour camp established by the SS. Its prisoners were mostly Russians and Poles.^[15]
- 17 May: Schwarze Poth forced labour camp converted into a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp.^[15]
- August: Humboldtstraße subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established. Its prisoners were mostly Jewish women.^[16]
1945
- March: Schwarze Poth and Humboldtstraße subcamps of Buchenwald dissolved. Prisoners deported to the main Buchenwald camp.^[15]^[16]
- March: Bombing of Essen by Allied forces ends.
1946 – City becomes part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
1948
- Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) begins publication.
- Labour strike.^{[citation needed]}
1949
- Essen I, Essen II, and Essen III parliamentary districts created.
- Hans Toussaint becomes mayor.

1950s–1990s

1951 – Amerikahaus built.
1957 – Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen founded.^[17]
1958 – Grugahalle sports arena opens.
1961 – Sammlung Industrieform (museum) opens.^[18]
1962 – City hosts the 1962 European Judo Championships.
1965
- City hosts Bundesgartenschau (national horticulture biennial).^[19]
- Little Theatre founded.
1968 – Essen Motor Show begins.

1975 – Kettwig becomes part of city.
1979 – Essen City Hall built.
1983 – Spiel, world's biggest non-electronic game trade fair begins.
1988 – Aalto Theatre opens.^[20]
1989 – Annette Jäger becomes mayor.
1991 – Offener Kanal Essen television begins broadcasting.
1993 – City hosts the 1993 World Fencing Championships.
1994 – Stratmanns Theater Europahaus opens.
1996 – GOP Varieté Essen theatre opens.
1997 – Red Dot Design Museum active.
1999
- ThyssenKrupp conglomerate headquartered in city.
- Wolfgang Reiniger becomes mayor.
2000 – SGS Essen football club formed.

21st century

2001 – Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2002 – Abu Ali group, a jihadist cell with plans to bomb Jewish sites in Germany was arrested by the authorities
2003 – University of Duisburg-Essen established.
2009 – Reinhard Paß elected mayor.
2010 – City designated that year's European Capital of Culture on behalf of the entire Ruhr area.
2012
- Stadion Essen (stadium) opens.
- Population: 566,862.
2014 – June: Storm.
2017 - City designated that year's European Green Capital.

References

^ Hermann Tallau (2008). "Alteste (100) Schützenvereinigungen 799-1392". Ein Kaleidoskop zum Schützenwesen (in German). Duderstadt: Mecke Druck und Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936617-85-6.
^ ^a ^b Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 (in German). Leipzig: O.A. Schulz. 1870.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Essen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 778–779.
^ ^a ^b Shmuel Spector, ed. (2001). "Essen". Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust. USA: NYU Press. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-8147-9376-3.
^ Samuel M. Lindsay (1892). "Social Work at the Krupp Foundries, Essen, A. R., Germany". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 3: 74–106. JSTOR 1008598.
^ Historischer Verein für Stadt und Stift Essen, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen (in German), ISSN 0341-9088
^ Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
^ Neuer Theater Almanach (in German). Berlin: Gunther & Sohn. 1909. hdl:2027/uva.x030515383.
^ Almanach 1919 der vereinigten Stadttheater Essens (in German), Essen: Fredebeul & Koenen, 1919
^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
^ ^a ^b Chałupczak, Henryk (2004). "Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)". In Kaczmarek, Ryszard; Masnyk, Marek (eds.). Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939 (in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 20.
^ "History". Grugapark Essen. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ "Garden Search: Germany". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^ "Movie Theaters in Essen, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Essen (Schwarze Poth)". aussenlager-buchenwald.de (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Essen (Humboldtstraße)". aussenlager-buchenwald.de (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^ Paul Betts (2004). The Authority of Everyday Objects: A Cultural History of West German Industrial Design. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94135-9.
^ "Bisherige Gartenschauen" [Previous Garden Shows] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Don Rubin, ed. (2001). World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. Vol. 1: Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9780415251570.

Bibliography

in English

"Essen". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
"Essen", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1896
"Essen", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
"Essen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 778–779.
Eric D. Weitz (1985). "Social Continuity and Political Radicalization: Essen in the World War I Era". Social Science History. 9 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1017/s0145553200020307. JSTOR 1170918.
John M. Jeep, ed. (2001). "Essen". Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3.
K. James-Chakraborty (2008). "Inventing Industrial Culture in Essen". In Gavriel David Rosenfeld; Paul B. Jaskot (eds.). Beyond Berlin: Twelve German Cities Confront the Nazi Past. USA: University of Michigan Press. pp. 116+. ISBN 978-0-472-11611-9 – via HathiTrust. (fulltext)

in German

F. Ph. Funcke (1848), Geschichte des Fürstenthums und der Stadt Essen [History of the principality and the city of Essen] (in German), H. Kamp, OCLC 38688441, OL 20454145M
Paul Clemen, ed. (1893). Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt und des Kreises Essen. Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz [de] (in German). Vol. 2. Dusseldorf: Schwann.
T. Kellen (1902). Industriestadt Essen in Wort und Bild (in German). Essen-Ruhr: Fredebeul & Koenen.
P. Krauss; E. Uetrecht, eds. (1913). "Essen". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
Essen, Deutscher Städteatlas (in German), vol. 4, Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte [de], 1989, ISBN 3891150008

External links

Media related to Essen at Wikimedia Commons
Europeana. Items about Essen, various dates.

51°27′03″N 7°00′47″E / 51.450833°N 7.013056°E / 51.450833; 7.013056

[Tallau2008-1] Hermann Tallau (2008). "Alteste (100) Schützenvereinigungen 799-1392". Ein Kaleidoskop zum Schützenwesen (in German). Duderstadt: Mecke Druck und Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936617-85-6.

[schulz1870-2] Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 (in German). Leipzig: O.A. Schulz. 1870.

[brit1910-3] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Essen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 778–779.

[Spector2001-4] Shmuel Spector, ed. (2001). "Essen". Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust. USA: NYU Press. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-8147-9376-3.

[5] Samuel M. Lindsay (1892). "Social Work at the Krupp Foundries, Essen, A. R., Germany". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 3: 74–106. JSTOR 1008598.

[6] Historischer Verein für Stadt und Stift Essen, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen (in German), ISSN 0341-9088

[kunsthandbuch1904-7] Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.

[8] Neuer Theater Almanach (in German). Berlin: Gunther & Sohn. 1909. hdl:2027/uva.x030515383.

[9] Almanach 1919 der vereinigten Stadttheater Essens (in German), Essen: Fredebeul & Koenen, 1919

[Lawson2003-19th-10] Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.

[hc-11] Chałupczak, Henryk (2004). "Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)". In Kaczmarek, Ryszard; Masnyk, Marek (eds.). Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939 (in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 20.

[12] "History". Grugapark Essen. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

[botanic-13] "Garden Search: Germany". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 30 September 2015.

[14] "Movie Theaters in Essen, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

[Poth-15] "Essen (Schwarze Poth)". aussenlager-buchenwald.de (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2022.

[Humboldt-16] "Essen (Humboldtstraße)". aussenlager-buchenwald.de (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2022.

[katolsk-17] "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2015.

[Betts2004-18] Paul Betts (2004). The Authority of Everyday Objects: A Cultural History of West German Industrial Design. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94135-9.

[19] "Bisherige Gartenschauen" [Previous Garden Shows] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[rubin2001-20] Don Rubin, ed. (2001). World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. Vol. 1: Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9780415251570.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
 The following is a '''timeline of the [[Essen#History|history]] of the city of [[Essen]]''', [[Germany]].
 {{Dynamic list}}
@@ Line 10: / Line 12: @@
 * 1012 – [[Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim|Sophia]], daughter of [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] becomes abbottess of the [[Essen Abbey|Essen Stift]].
 * 1041 – Essen receives rights to a market.
-* 1244 – The association of the [[ministeriales]] of the Essen Abbey and the citizens of the town of [[Essen]] arrange for the {{Interlanguage link|Essen town walls|de|Essener Stadtmauer}} to be erected.
+* 1244 – The association of the [[ministeriales]] of the Essen Abbey and the citizens of the town of [[Essen]] arrange for the {{ill|Essen town walls|de|Essener Stadtmauer}} to be erected.
 * 1316 – [[Essen Minster]] (church) dedicated.
-* 1390 – Essener Schützenverein ([[Schützenverein|militia]]) formed.<ref name="Tallau2008">{{cite book|author=Hermann Tallau |title=Ein Kaleidoskop zum Schützenwesen |year= 2008|publisher=Mecke Druck und Verlag |location=Duderstadt |isbn=978-3-936617-85-6 |language=German |chapter= Alteste (100) Schützenvereinigungen 799-1392 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyAc2VzNXwC&pg=PA67 }}</ref>
+* 1390 – Essener Schützenverein ([[Schützenverein|militia]]) formed.<ref name="Tallau2008">{{cite book|author=Hermann Tallau |title=Ein Kaleidoskop zum Schützenwesen |year= 2008|publisher=Mecke Druck und Verlag |location=Duderstadt |isbn=978-3-936617-85-6 |language=de |chapter= Alteste (100) Schützenvereinigungen 799-1392 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyAc2VzNXwC&pg=PA67 }}</ref>
 * 1598 – Borbeck Castle rebuilt.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
 * 1736 – ''Neueste Essendische Nachrichten von Staats- und Gelehrten Sachen'' (Newest Essen News of State and Learned Matters) newspaper begins publication.
-* 1797 – {{Interlanguage link|G. D. Baedeker Verlag|de}} bookseller in business.<ref name=schulz1870 />
+* 1797 – {{ill|G. D. Baedeker Verlag|de}} bookseller in business.<ref name=schulz1870 />
 ==19th century==
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 * 1841 – [[Simon Hirschland Bank]] in business.
 * 1847 – [[Essen-Bergeborbeck station]] opens.
-* 1849 – Population: 8,813.<ref name=brit1910>{{Citation |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Co. |location = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl =https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit09chisrich#page/778/mode/1up |chapter =Essen }}</ref>
+* 1849 – Population: 8,813.<ref name=brit1910>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Essen |volume= 9 | pages = 778&ndash;779 }}</ref>
 * 1851 – [[Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex|Zollverein Coal Mine]] begins operating.
 * 1862 – [[Essen Hauptbahnhof]] and [[Essen-Borbeck station]] open.
-* 1866 – Fredebeul & Koenen booksellers in business.<ref name=schulz1870>{{cite book|title=Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNdEAAAAcAAJ|year=1870|publisher=O.A. Schulz |location=Leipzig |language=German }}</ref>
+* 1866 – Fredebeul & Koenen booksellers in business.<ref name=schulz1870>{{cite book|title=Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNdEAAAAcAAJ|year=1870|publisher=O.A. Schulz |location=Leipzig |language=de }}</ref>
 * 1870 – Synagogue consecrated.<ref name=Spector2001 />
 * 1871 – Town becomes part of the [[German Empire]].
@@ Line 39: / Line 41: @@
 * 1881
 ** Essener Turnerbund athletic club formed.
-** ''Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen'' (journal of city history) begins publication.<ref>{{citation |title=Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen |issn=0341-9088 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000524769 |author=Historischer Verein für Stadt und Stift Essen |language=German}}</ref>
+** ''Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen'' (journal of city history) begins publication.<ref>{{citation |title=Beiträge zur Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen |issn=0341-9088 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000524769 |author=Historischer Verein für Stadt und Stift Essen |language=de}}</ref>
-* 1886 – Photographische Genossenschaft von Essen (photography group) founded.<ref name=kunsthandbuch1904>{{cite book|author=Königliche Museen zu Berlin|title=Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland |url=https://archive.org/stream/kunsthandbuchfr00berlgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |edition=6th |language=German |year=1904|publisher=Georg Reimer}}</ref>
+* 1886 – Photographische Genossenschaft von Essen (photography group) founded.<ref name=kunsthandbuch1904>{{cite book|author=Königliche Museen zu Berlin|title=Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland |url=https://archive.org/stream/kunsthandbuchfr00berlgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |edition=6th |language=de |year=1904|publisher=Georg Reimer}}</ref>
+[[File:Essen a54 v Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg|thumb|City centre with factories in the background in the 1890s]]
-* 1892 – City Theatre opens.<ref>{{cite book|title=Neuer Theater Almanach |year=1909|publisher=Gunther & Sohn |location=Berlin |language=German |hdl=2027/uva.x030515383 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Almanach 1919 der vereinigten Stadttheater Essens |location=Essen |publisher= Fredebeul & Koenen |year= 1919 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008896322 |language=German }}</ref>
+* 1892 – City Theatre opens.<ref>{{cite book|title=Neuer Theater Almanach |year=1909|publisher=Gunther & Sohn |location=Berlin |language=de |hdl=2027/uva.x030515383 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Almanach 1919 der vereinigten Stadttheater Essens |location=Essen |publisher= Fredebeul & Koenen |year= 1919 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008896322 |language=de }}</ref>
 * 1893
 ** Electric tram begins operating.
 ** [[Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate]] headquartered in Essen.
 * 1898 – Krupp's Essener Hof (hotel) built.
-* 1899 – Essen Philharmonic Orchestra founded.<ref name="Lawson2003-19th">{{cite book|editor= [[Colin Lawson]] |title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list) |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA275 }}</ref>
+* 1899 – Essen Philharmonic Orchestra founded.<ref name="Lawson2003-19th">{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson|editor-link= Colin Lawson|title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA275 }}</ref>
 ==20th century==
-===1900s-1940s===
+===1900s–1940s===
 * 1901
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 ** [[Old Synagogue (Essen)|New Synagogue]] built.<ref name=Spector2001>{{cite book|editor=Shmuel Spector |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust |year= 2001 |publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9376-3 |location=USA |chapter=Essen |page=370 }}</ref>
 ** Albrecht's shop in business (later [[Aldi]] chain supermarket).
+* 1920 – Consulate of Poland opens.<ref name=hc>{{cite book|last=Chałupczak|first=Henryk|editor-last1=Kaczmarek|editor-first1=Ryszard|editor-last2=Masnyk|editor-first2=Marek|year=2004|title=Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939|language=pl|location=Katowice|publisher=Wydawnictwo [[University of Silesia in Katowice|Uniwersytetu Śląskiego]]|page=20|chapter=Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)}}</ref>
 * 1922 – [[Uhlenkrugstadion]] (stadium) built.
+[[File:French enter Essen LCCN2014715614.jpg|thumb|French troops enter Essen, 1923]]
-* 1923 – [[Rot-Weiss Essen]] football club active.
+* 1923
+** [[Rot-Weiss Essen]] football club active.
+** [[France|French]] troops enter the city.
 * 1924 – Filmstudio Glückauf (cinema) opens.
 * 1925 – Essen/Mülheim Airport opens.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-* 1927 – [[Botanischer Garten Grugapark|Grugapark Botanical Garden]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grugapark.de/english/history.html |title=History |publisher= Grugapark Essen |accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=botanic>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php?action=Find&ftrCountry=DE |title=Garden Search: Germany |publisher= [[Botanic Gardens Conservation International]] |location=London |accessdate= 30 September 2015 }}</ref> and [[Folkwang School]] for the arts open.
+* 1927 – [[Botanischer Garten Grugapark|Grugapark Botanical Garden]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grugapark.de/english/history.html |title=History |publisher= Grugapark Essen |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=botanic>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php?action=Find&ftrCountry=DE |title=Garden Search: Germany |publisher= [[Botanic Gardens Conservation International]] |location=London |access-date= 30 September 2015 }}</ref> and [[Folkwang School]] for the arts open.
-* 1928 – Lichtburg Playhouse (cinema) opens.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/germany/essen?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Essen, Germany |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=1 December 2013 }}</ref>
+* 1928 – Lichtburg Playhouse (cinema) opens.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/germany/essen?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Essen, Germany |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |access-date=1 December 2013 }}</ref>
 * 1929 – [[Essen-Werden|Werden]] becomes part of city.
 * 1932 – [[Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex|Zollverein Mine Shaft 12]] built.
 * 1933 – Theodor Reismann-Grone becomes mayor.
+* 1936 – Consulate of Poland relocated to [[Düsseldorf]].<ref name=hc/>
 * 1937 – Just Dillgardt becomes mayor.
 * 1939 – [[Georg-Melches-Stadion|Stadion an der Hafenstraße]] (stadium) built.
 * 1942 – March: [[Bombing of Essen in World War II|Bombing of Essen]] by Allied forces begins.
+* 1944
-* 1945 – March: [[Bombing of Essen in World War II|Bombing of Essen]] by Allied forces ends.
+** 2 January: Schwarze Poth [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp established by the [[SS]]. Its prisoners were mostly [[Russians]] and [[Polish people|Poles]].<ref name=Poth>{{cite web|url=https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=35|title=Essen (Schwarze Poth)|website=aussenlager-buchenwald.de|access-date=8 August 2022|language=de}}</ref>
+** 17 May: Schwarze Poth forced labour camp converted into a [[List of subcamps of Buchenwald|subcamp]] of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]].<ref name=Poth/>
+** August: Humboldtstraße subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established. Its prisoners were mostly [[Jews|Jewish]] women.<ref name=Humboldt>{{cite web|url=https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=96|title=Essen (Humboldtstraße)|website=aussenlager-buchenwald.de|access-date=8 August 2022|language=de}}</ref>
+* 1945
+** March: Schwarze Poth and Humboldtstraße subcamps of Buchenwald dissolved. Prisoners deported to the main Buchenwald camp.<ref name=Poth/><ref name=Humboldt/>
+** March: [[Bombing of Essen in World War II|Bombing of Essen]] by Allied forces ends.
 * 1946 – City becomes part of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]].
 * 1948
@@ Line 86: / Line 100: @@
 * 1951 – Amerikahaus built.
-* 1957 – [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen]] founded.<ref name=katolsk>{{cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany |url= http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/germany |publisher=Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese) |location=Norway |accessdate= 30 September 2015 }}</ref>
+* 1957 – [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen]] founded.<ref name=katolsk>{{cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany |url= http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/germany |publisher=Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese) |location=Norway |access-date= 30 September 2015 }}</ref>
 * 1958 – [[Grugahalle]] sports arena opens.
 * 1961 – Sammlung Industrieform (museum) opens.<ref name="Betts2004">{{cite book|author=Paul Betts|title=The Authority of Everyday Objects: A Cultural History of West German Industrial Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJV75Z8xRlIC|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94135-9}}</ref>
+* 1962 – City hosts the [[1962 European Judo Championships]].
 * 1965
-** City hosts [[Bundesgartenschau]] (national horticulture biennial).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bundesgartenschau.de/buga-iga/bisherige-gartenschauen/ |title=Bisherige Gartenschauen |language=German |trans-title=Previous Garden Shows |publisher=Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft |location=Bonn |accessdate=2 December 2013}}</ref>
+** City hosts [[Bundesgartenschau]] (national horticulture biennial).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bundesgartenschau.de/buga-iga/bisherige-gartenschauen/ |title=Bisherige Gartenschauen |language=de |trans-title=Previous Garden Shows |publisher=Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft |location=Bonn |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>
 ** [[Das Kleine Theater Essen|Little Theatre]] founded.
 * 1968 – [[Essen Motor Show]] begins.
+[[File:Essen, am Hauptbahnhof 1970 (3).jpg|thumb|Essen in 1970]]
 * 1975 – [[Kettwig]] becomes part of city.
 * 1979 – [[Essen City Hall]] built.
@@ Line 99: / Line 115: @@
 * 1989 – Annette Jäger becomes mayor.
 * 1991 – [[Offener Kanal Essen]] television begins broadcasting.
+* 1993 – City hosts the [[1993 World Fencing Championships]].
 * 1994 – [[Stratmanns Theater Europahaus]] opens.
 * 1996 – [[GOP Varieté Essen]] theatre opens.
@@ Line 110: / Line 127: @@
 * 2001 – [[Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex]] becomes a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].
+* 2002 –  [[Abu Ali group]], a jihadist cell with plans to bomb Jewish sites in Germany was arrested by the authorities
 * 2003 – [[University of Duisburg-Essen]] established.
 * 2009 – Reinhard Paß elected mayor.
-* 2010 – City designated a [[European Capital of Culture]].
+* 2010 – City designated that year's [[European Capital of Culture]] on behalf of the entire [[Ruhr area]].
 * 2012
 ** [[Stadion Essen]] (stadium) opens.
 ** Population: 566,862.
 * 2014 – June: [[2014 Pentecost weekend storms in Europe|Storm]].
+* 2017 - City designated that year's [[European Green Capital]].
 ==See also==
 * [[Essen#History|History of Essen]]
-* {{Interlanguage link|List of mayors of Essen|de|Liste der Stadtoberhäupter von Essen}}
+* {{ill|List of mayors of Essen|de|Liste der Stadtoberhäupter von Essen}}
 * [[History of the Ruhr]], includes timeline
 * [[Urbanization in the German Empire]]
@@ Line 126: / Line 145: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-:''This article incorporates information from the [[German Wikipedia]].''
 ==Bibliography==
 ===in English===
 * {{cite book
-|publisher = [[Murray's Handbooks for Travellers|J. Murray]] |location = London |year=1877 |title=Handbook for North Germany |chapter=Essen |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n200/mode/2up}}
+|publisher = [[Murray's Handbooks for Travellers|J. Murray]] |location = London |year=1877 |title=Handbook for North Germany |chapter=Essen |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n200/mode/2up}}
 * {{Citation
-|date = 1896 |title = Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria |location = London |publisher = W.J. Adams & Sons |chapter=Essen |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/bradshawsillust10bradgoog#page/n70/mode/1up
+|date = 1896 |title = Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria |location = London |publisher = W.J. Adams & Sons |chapter=Essen |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/bradshawsillust10bradgoog#page/n70/mode/1up
 |title-link = Bradshaw's Guide }}
 * {{Citation
-| publisher = Karl Baedeker | location = Leipzig | title = Northern Germany | edition = 15th | date = 1910 | oclc = 78390379 |chapter=Essen |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/northerngerma00karl#page/32/mode/1up }}
+| publisher = Karl Baedeker | location = Leipzig | title = Northern Germany | edition = 15th | date = 1910 | oclc = 78390379 |chapter=Essen |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/northerngerma00karl#page/32/mode/1up }}
+* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Essen |volume= 9 | pages = 778&ndash;779 |short= 1}}
 * {{cite journal
 |title=Social Continuity and Political Radicalization: Essen in the World War I Era |author= Eric D. Weitz |journal= Social Science History |volume= 9
@@ Line 151: / Line 170: @@
 |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |isbn=0-8240-7644-3
 |chapter=Essen
-|pages=|ref=none}}
+|ref=none}}
 * {{cite book
-|editor1=[[Gavriel David Rosenfeld]] |editor2=Paul B. Jaskot
+|editor1=Gavriel David Rosenfeld
+|editor-link=Gavriel David Rosenfeld
+|editor2=Paul B. Jaskot
 |title=Beyond Berlin: Twelve German Cities Confront the Nazi Past
 |year=2008
@@ Line 162: / Line 183: @@
 ===in German===
 * {{Citation
-|publisher = H. Kamp |author = F. Ph. Funcke |title = Geschichte des Fürstenthums und der Stadt Essen |trans-title=History of the principality and the city of Essen |date = 1848 |oclc = 38688441 |language=German
+|publisher = H. Kamp |author = F. Ph. Funcke |title = Geschichte des Fürstenthums und der Stadt Essen |trans-title=History of the principality and the city of Essen |date = 1848 |oclc = 38688441 |language=de
  |ol = 20454145M|ref=none}}
 * {{cite book
-|editor = [[Paul Clemen]]
+|editor = Paul Clemen
+|editor-link = Paul Clemen
-|series = {{Interlanguage link|Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz|de}}
+|series = {{ill|Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz|de}}
 |publisher =Schwann
 |volume=2
@@ Line 172: / Line 194: @@
 |location =Dusseldorf
 |year =1893
-|language =German
+|language =de
 |url =http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009438435|ref=none}}
 * {{cite book
 |title=Industriestadt Essen in Wort und Bild
 |year=1902
-|author=T. Kellen |language=German |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_niENAAAAYAAJ |location=Essen-Ruhr |publisher=Fredebeul & Koenen|ref=none}}
+|author=T. Kellen |language=de |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_niENAAAAYAAJ |location=Essen-Ruhr |publisher=Fredebeul & Koenen|ref=none}}
 * {{cite book
 |editor=P. Krauss |editor2=E. Uetrecht
@@ Line 184: / Line 206: @@
 |publisher=[[Bibliographisches Institut]]
 |location=Leipzig
-|language=German
+|language=de
 |chapter-url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009018394
 |chapter= Essen|ref=none}}
@@ Line 191: / Line 213: @@
 |isbn=3891150008
 |publisher={{ill|Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte|de}}
-|language=German
+|language=de
 |volume= 4
 |year= 1989
@@ Line 200: / Line 222: @@
 * Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=what%3Aessen&rows=96 Items about Essen], various dates.
-{{coord|51.450833|7.013056|type:city|display=title}}
+{{Coord|51.450833|7.013056|type:city|display=title}}
 {{Germany year nav}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
-[[Category:Years in Germany]]
-[[Category:History of North Rhine-Westphalia|essen]]
 [[Category:Timelines of cities in Germany|Essen]]
-[[Category:Lists by city in Germany|essen]]
+[[Category:History of Essen]]
-[[Category:Essen| ]]
-[[Category:History of the Rhineland]]
-[[Category:Histories of cities in Germany|essen]]

v t e Years in Germany (1871–present)
19th century	Pre-1871 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025