Sanamahism: Difference between revisions

Sanamahism
Sanamahism
ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ
	The Symbol of Sanamahism
Type	Ethnic religion
Classification	Animism
Scripture	Puyas
Theology	Polytheism
Region	Manipur, India
Language	Meitei
Number of followers	approx. 235,000

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Sanamahism (Manipuri: ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Sanamahi laining, transl: Sanamahi religion, lit. 'liquid gold religion'),^[2] also known as Meiteism (Manipuri: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Meitei laining),^[3]^[4] or Lainingthouism (Manipuri: ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ) is an ethnic religion of the Meitei people of Manipur, in Northeast India. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after Lainingthou Sanamahi, one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.^[5]^[6]^[7] Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.^[8] The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes.^[8] There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.^[9] These departments have existed since the reign of King Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong of Manipur in 662 AD.^[9] Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi.

Deities

The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or apokpa, regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai).

There are five main deities in Sanamahism:

Lainingthou Sanamahi, protector and guardian god of mankind.
Kuru, creator of the universe.
Pakhangba, ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
Leimarel Sidabi: Earth Goddess.
Imoinu Ahongbi, an incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.

Other important gods and goddesses include Panthoibi, Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou, Lainingthou Koubru, Ibudhou Marjing, Thongalel, Wangbren, Eputhou Thangjing, Kounu, Nongshaba, Nongthang Leima, and Irai Leima.

The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with sacred groves, also called Umang Lai. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the Nat deities of Myanmar.^[10]

All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means "god" in Meithei. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms, Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.

Origin

The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Court Chronicles of the kings of Manipur, starting from the king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who traditionally ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE, though modern scholarship, including Sujit Mukherjee, give a range of 21 years, from 33 to 54 CE.^[11]

Revival

The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the Apokpa Marup by Laininghal Naoriya Phulo in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).^[12] The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the Japanese invasion in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).^[12] Phullo died in 1941.

Three years after the death of Phullo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularize Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On the 14th of May, 1945, the popular Meitei Marup was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the Meitei Mayek, original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of the Meitei Marup.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seize of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On the 16th of February, 1974, mass convert to Sanamahism was held. The event is coined, Nongkhang Parei Hanba, symbolic to reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism in 1729, referred to as Nongkhang Iruppa.

On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, Okendrajit Sana declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."^[13]

The 2011 census of India places the Sanamahi followers to be 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.

Official status

On 5 August 2022, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central Government of India.^[14]

In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Practices

Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes:

Incarnate Lord, Lairen (Lai- God, Len- Supreme) Deity Pakhangba, O golden one,
Goddess of the waters, Ruler of the rivers:
Golden Goddess (Laisana) fair and beautiful one:
For you, Lord and Lady, in order to call up your souls,
We have poured the rice on the finest of banana leaves,
And on it have placed the fertile egg and the langthrei buds.
We do not offer you the ordinary khayom (offering packet), we offer you your own khayoms,
And we have tied them with the seven bamboo strips.
Which (represent) the seven days of the week.
We offer you the khayoms as they are tied thus.
Lord and Lady, we beseech you,
Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.^[18]

Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain.^[19]

Religious festivals

Associations and organizations

References

^ 2001 Census
^ Meitei, Mayanglambam Mangangsana (6 June 2021). The Sound of Pena in Manipur. Marjing Mayanglambam. p. 30. ISBN 978-93-5473-655-1.
^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (25 November 2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.
^ Zehol, Lucy (1998). Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives. Regency Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-86030-51-6.
^ Gourchandra, M. (1982). Sanamahi Laihui.
^ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Nilabir, Sairem (2002). Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou.
^ ^a ^b "Maru (Pandit Loisang)". Maru (Pandit Loisang). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b "IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA". ignca.gov.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Mukherjee, Sujit (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
^ ^a ^b Meitei, Langonjam Chingkheinganba. "Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ Chingkheinganba, Salam (14 February 2020). "Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Minority religion status sought". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ Saroj Parratt (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas. p. 77. ISBN 8125904166.
^ Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103.

Sources

Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist, 39 (1/2): 17–34, ISSN 0970-0927, JSTOR 41920088
Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8
Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0
Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press
Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur", Modern Asian Studies, 35 (4): 905–919, doi:10.1017/S0026749X0100405X, JSTOR 313195, S2CID 145449486
Sohini Ray (2009), "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India", Anthropological Quarterly, 82 (1): 129–154, doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047, JSTOR 25488260, S2CID 140755509
Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8
Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6

[1] 2001 Census

[Meitei_30-2] Meitei, Mayanglambam Mangangsana (6 June 2021). The Sound of Pena in Manipur. Marjing Mayanglambam. p. 30. ISBN 978-93-5473-655-1.

[3] Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (25 November 2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.

[4] Zehol, Lucy (1998). Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives. Regency Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-86030-51-6.

[5] Gourchandra, M. (1982). Sanamahi Laihui.

[6] "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[7] Nilabir, Sairem (2002). Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou.

[:0-8] "Maru (Pandit Loisang)". Maru (Pandit Loisang). Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[:1-9] "IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA". ignca.gov.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[10] "Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[mukherjee-11] Mukherjee, Sujit (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.

[:2-12] Meitei, Langonjam Chingkheinganba. "Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[13] "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[14] "Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[15] Chingkheinganba, Salam (14 February 2020). "Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[16] "Minority religion status sought". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[17] "Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[18] Saroj Parratt (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas. p. 77. ISBN 8125904166.

[19] Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Religious or philosophical tradition of Meitei ethnic origin}}
+{{Short description|Indigenous religion of the Meitei people}}
+{{redirect|Meitei religion|other uses|Meiteism|and|Meitei Vaishnavism}}
+{{contains special characters|Meitei}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 8: @@
 | icon_width          =
 | icon_alt            =
-| name                = Sanamahism <br /> <span style="white-space:nowrap">{{nobold|({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤꯖꯝ}})}}</span>
+| name                = Sanamahism
+| native_name         = {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ}}
-| native_name         = {{lang-mni|Sanamahi Laining}}<br />({{lit.|Sanamahi religion}})<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNZvDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient%20Meitei%20religion,%20known%20as%20%22Sanamahi%20Laining%22%20or%20simply%20Sanamahi&pg=PA44 |title=URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS |isbn=978-0-359-01332-6 |pages=44 |language=en|last1=Athing Ningshen |first1=Dr |last2=Ningson Primrose |first2=Mrs |date=14 September 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref>
 | native_name_lang    = mni
 | image               = The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg
-| imagewidth          =
+| imagewidth          = 200px
 | alt                 =
 | caption             = The Symbol of Sanamahism
@@ Line 17: / Line 19: @@
 | main_classification = [[Animism]]
 | orientation         =
-| scripture           = [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puya]]s written on religious beliefs originally in [[Meitei script]]
+| scripture           = [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puya]]s
 | theology            = [[Polytheism]]
 | polity              =
@@ Line 44: / Line 46: @@
 | associations        =
 | full_communion      =
-| area                =
+| area                = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
+| language            = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
-{{IND}}
-* [[Manipur]] ({{lang-mni|[[Kangleipak]]}})
-| language            = [[:simple:Classical Meitei|Classical Meitei]]
 | liturgy             =
 | headquarters        =
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 | footnotes           =
 }}
+{{Sanamahism}}
-{{contains special characters|Meitei}}
+'''Sanamahism''' {{Manipuri|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ|la=Sanamahi laining|t=Sanamahi religion|lit=liquid gold religion}},<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |page=30 |language=en}}</ref> also known as Meiteism {{Manipuri|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ|la=Meitei laining|trans=Meitei religion}},<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79 |title=Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-51-6 |page=79}}</ref> or Lainingthouism {{Manipuri|ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ|Lainingthou laining}} is an [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], in [[Northeast India]]. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gourchandra |first=M. |date=1982 |title=Sanamahi Laihui |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilabir |first=Sairem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239 |title=Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou |date=2002}}</ref> Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god [[Sidaba Mapu]] and the supreme goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |url=https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |language=en}}</ref> The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes.<ref name=":0" /> There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref> These departments have existed since the reign of King [[:simple:Naothingkhong|Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong]] of [[Manipur]] in 662 AD.<ref name=":1" />
+Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god [[Sidaba Mapu]] and the supreme goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]].
+==Deities==
+The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or [[apokpa (deity type)|apokpa]], regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai).
+There are five main deities in Sanamahism:
-'''Sanamahism''' ({{lang-mni|Sanamahi Laining}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"Sanamahi religion"''<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNZvDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient%20Meitei%20religion,%20known%20as%20%22Sanamahi%20Laining%22%20or%20simply%20Sanamahi&pg=PA44 |title=URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS |isbn=978-0-359-01332-6 |pages=44 |language=en|last1=Athing Ningshen |first1=Dr |last2=Ningson Primrose |first2=Mrs |date=14 September 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref>), '''Meiteism''' ({{lang-mni|Meitei Laining}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"Meitei religion"''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79 |title=Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-51-6 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>), or '''Lainingthouism'''{{efn|On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, [[Okendrajit Sana]] declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimray |first=A. S. W. |title=History of the Tangkhul Nagas |date=2001 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87606-04-8 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|"Lainingthouism" was the former official name of "Sanamahism".}} ([[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"faith of [[God-king]]"''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Meanings of Laining and Lainingthou |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>{{efn|In [[Meitei language]], "Laining" means "religion" and "Lainingthou" means "God King". Morphologically, "Lai" means "deity", "Ning" means "to worship" and "[[Ningthou]]" means "king". So, "Lainingthou" equals "Lai" plus "Ningthou" and "Laining" equals "Lai" plus "Ning".}}) is an [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Meitei people]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} in [[Northeast India]]. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gourchandra |first=M. |date=1982 |title=Sanamahi Laihui |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilabir |first=Sairem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239 |title=Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou |date=2002}}</ref> Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god [[Sidaba Mapu]] and the supreme goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. The importance of Sanamahi in the religion is also emphasized in the name itself which means ''Liquid Gold''. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |url=https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |language=en}}</ref> The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes.<ref name=":0" /> There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref> These departments have existed since the reign of King [[:simple:Naothingkhong|Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong]] of [[Manipur]] in 662 AD.<ref name=":1" />
+* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], protector and guardian god of mankind.
+* [[Kuru (mythology)|Kuru]], [[Creator deity|creator]] of the universe.
+* [[Pakhangba]], ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
+* [[Leimarel Sidabi]]: Earth Goddess.
+* [[Imoinu Ahongbi]], an incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.
+Other important gods and goddesses include [[Panthoibi]], [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou]], [[Lainingthou Koubru]], [[Ibudhou Marjing]], [[Thongalel]], [[Wangbren]], [[Eputhou Thangjing]], [[Kounu]], [[Nongshaba]], [[Nongthang Leima]], and [[Irai Leima]].
-The deities in Sanamhism can be classified into the main deities, ancestral deities called [[apokpa (deity type)|apokpa]], deities of Meitei clans (Yek Lai) or family (Saghei Lai) and regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai. Worship of the Apokpa deities, the Yek Lais or the Saghei Lais are within a clan, families sharing the same surname. Regional deities are worshipped by the residents around the temple of the Umang Lais. The Umang Lais are often one of the main deities or an incarnation of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the [[Nat (deity)|Nat]] deities of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival |website=e-pao.net |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
+The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with [[sacred groves]], also called [[Umang Lai]]. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the [[Nat (deity)|Nat]] deities of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival |website=e-pao.net |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
 All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means "god" in Meithei. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms, Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.
 ==Origin==
-The first mentions are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Court Chronicles of the kings of  [[Manipur]], starting from the king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], who ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE. {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
+The first mentions are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Court Chronicles of the kings of  [[Manipur]], starting from the king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], who traditionally ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE, though modern scholarship, including [[Sujit Mukherjee]], give a range of 21 years, from 33 to 54 CE.<ref name=mukherjee>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kangla Pakhangba Laishang]], the temple of God [[Pakhangba]] of Sanamahi religion inside the [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]]]
-[[File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kangla Pakhangba Laishang]], the temple of God [[Pakhangba]] of Sanamahi religion inside the [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]]]
-== Description ==
-Sanamahism is an [[ethnic religion]]. Opponents and rebel groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize their [[Meitei people|Meitei]] heritage, along with seeking a ban on [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali script]] and replacing it with the old Meitei script, which was forcefully banned during the reign of Gharib Niwaz.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|pages=142–143}}</ref>{{sfn|Otojit Kshetrimayum|2009|pp=17-34}}
 == Revival ==
-The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the [[Apokpa Marup]] by Naorem Phullo (Laininghal Naoria) in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Meitei |first=Langonjam Chingkheinganba |title=Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo |url=https://www.academia.edu/3726228}}</ref> The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the [[Battle of Imphal|Japanese invasion]] in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).<ref name=":2" /> Phullo died in 1941.
+The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the [[Apokpa Marup]] by [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo]] in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Meitei |first=Langonjam Chingkheinganba |title=Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo |url=https://www.academia.edu/3726228}}</ref> The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the [[Battle of Imphal|Japanese invasion]] in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).<ref name=":2" /> Phullo died in 1941.
 Three years after the death of Phullo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularize Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On the 14th of May, 1945, the popular Meitei Marup was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the [[Meitei script|Meitei Mayek]], original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of the Meitei Marup.
 By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seize of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On the 16th of February, 1974, mass convert to Sanamahism was held. The event is coined, ''Nongkhang Parei Hanba,'' symbolic to reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism in 1729, referred to as ''Nongkhang Iruppa''.
+On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, [[Okendrajit Sana]] declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
 The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] of India places the Sanamahi followers to be 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.
 == Official status ==
-On 5 August 2022, the [[Manipur State Legislative Assembly]] re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central [[Government of India]].{{efn|The [[Constitution of India]] guarantees every citizen of India the right to freedom of religion, and there is a provision for the protection of religious and ethnic minorities.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
+On 5 August 2022, the [[Manipur State Legislative Assembly]] re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
 In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chingkheinganba |first=Salam |title=Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=14 February 2020 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minority religion status sought |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 144: / Line 153: @@
 * [[Heikru Hidongba]]
 {{div col end}}
-{{Sanamahism}}
-== Deities ==
-{{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Meitei mythology|Umang Lai}}
-===Main deities ===
-There are five main deities in Sanamahism:
-* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Asheeba]]: Protector and guardian god of mankind.
-* [[Kuru (mythology)|Atingaa Koilou Sitapa]]: [[Creator deity|Creator]] of the [[Universe]].
-* [[Pakhangba|Apanba]]: Ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
-* [[Leimarel Sidabi]]: Earth Goddess.
-* [[Imoinu Ahongbi]]: An incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.
-===Related deities ===
-Besides the five main deities, there are innumerable gods and goddesses, playing significant roles in the ancient pantheon, as well as in [[Meitei mythology|mythology]]. Examples include [[Panthoibi]], [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou]], [[Lainingthou Koubru]], [[Ibudhou Marjing]], [[Thongalel]], [[Wangbren]], [[Eputhou Thangjing]], [[Kounu]], [[Nongshaba]], [[Nongthang Leima]], and [[Irai Leima]].
-=== Umang Lai ===
-{{Further|Umang Lai}}
-Besides, there are other deities associated with [[sacred groves]] called [[Umang Lai]] including the groves of [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]].
-===Ancestral deities ===
-{{Main|Apokpa (deity type)}}
-There are also deities for each clan (Yek Salai) and family ([[Yumnak]]), called [[Apokpa (deity type)|Apokpa]].
 == Associations and organizations ==
-* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]] ({{lang-mni|[[Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup]]}})
+* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]]
 * [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung]]
 * [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]]
 * [[South East Asia Cultural Organisation]]
-== See also ==
-{{Portal bar|Religion|Philosophy|India|History|Asia}}
-* [[Kangla]]
-** [[Kangla Nongpok Thong]]
-** [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]
-** [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
-* [[Lai Haraoba]]
-** [[Moirang Sai]]
-** [[Festival of Moirang Shai]]
-* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]]
-** [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
-* [[Marjing]]
-** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
-** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
-** [[Heingang Ching]]
-* [[Lists of creatures in Meitei folklore]]
-* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
-* [[Meitei mythology]]
-* [[Puya (Meitei texts)]]
-* [[Sanamahi creation myth]]
-* [[Umang Lai]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-== Footnotes ==
-{{notelist}}
 == Sources ==
@@ Line 215: / Line 174: @@
 * {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = Population Geography of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-25-6}}
 {{refend}}
+{{Commons}}
+{{Portal bar|Religion|Philosophy|India|History|Asia}}
-{{Commons}}
 {{Sanamahi1}}
 {{Religion in India topics}}
@@ Line 224: / Line 184: @@
 [[Category:Ancient culture]]
 [[Category:Animism]]
-[[Category:Asian ethnic religion]]
+[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
-[[Category:Asian folk culture]]
+[[Category:Folk culture of Asia]]
-[[Category:Folk religion]]
+[[Category:Folk religions]]
 [[Category:Indian religions]]
 [[Category:Meitei culture]]

v t e Sanamahism
Practices and beliefs	Lai haraoba Ritual dance Polytheism Animism Meitei festival Mythology
Sanamahism shrines	List of Umang Lai Laishang Meitei architecture
Notable Lai	Taibang Mapu Sanamahi Lainingthou Koupalu Lan Leima
Important literature	Numit Kappa Sanamahi Laihui
See also	Religion in Manipur List of Meitei deities

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