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{{short description|Chinese historian and diplomat}}
{{Short description|Chinese historian and diplomat}}
{{family name hatnote|Tsiang|lang=Chinese}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Jiǎng (surname)|Tsiang]]|lang=Chinese}}

{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of China to the United States|Ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States]]
| term_start1 = 18 November 1961
| term_end1 = 29 May 1965
| predecessor1 = [[George Yeh]]
| successor1 = {{ill|Chow Shu-Kai|zh|周书楷}}
|office2 =[[Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations#1946–1971|Permanent Representative of the Republic of China to the United Nations]]
|term_start2 =13 November 1947
|term_end2 = 29 July 1962
|predecessor2 = [[Guo Taiqi]]
|successor2 = [[Liu Chieh]]
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors of China to Russia|Ambassador of the Republic of China to the Soviet Union]]
| term_start3 = 26 August 1936
| term_end3 = 1 January 1938
| predecessor3 = {{ill|Wu Nanru|zh|吳南如}}<br><small>(Chargé d'affaires ad interim)</small>
| successor3 = [[Yu Ming (diplomat)|Yu Ming]]
| name = Tsiang Tingfu<br />蔣廷黻
| name = Tsiang Tingfu<br />蔣廷黻
| image = Jiang Tingfu.jpg
| image = Jiang Tingfu.jpg
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| caption = Tsiang Tingfu as pictured in ''[[The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries]]''
| caption = Tsiang Tingfu as pictured in ''[[The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries]]''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1895|12|7|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1895|12|7|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shaoyang]], [[Hunan]], [[Qing dynasty]], China
| birth_place = [[Shaoyang]], [[Hunan]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1965|10|9|1895|12|7|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1965|10|9|1895|12|7|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|USA]]
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|USA]]
| nationality = Republic of China
| nationality = Republic of China
| fields = Historian
| workplaces =
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[Oberlin College]]<br>[[Columbia University]]
| alma_mater = [[Oberlin College]]<br />[[Columbia University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
| showflag = cp
| showflag = cp
Line 39: Line 55:
}}
}}


'''Tsiang Tingfu''' ({{zh|c=蔣廷黻|p=Jiǎng Tíngfú|y=Jyang Tingfu}}; 17 February 1895 – 9 October 1965), was a historian and diplomat of the Republic of China who published in English under the name '''T.F. Tsiang'''.
'''Tsiang Tingfu''' ({{zh|c=蔣廷黻|p=Jiǎng Tíngfú|y=Jyang Tingfu}}; 17 February 1895 – 9 October 1965), was a [[historian]] and [[diplomat]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] who published in English under the name '''T.F. Tsiang'''.


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Tsiang was born in [[Shaoyang]] in [[Hunan Province]]. Tsiang's education from his teenage years had been Western and largely Christian, and he converted to Christianity at 11. Having been urged to study in the US by his teacher from a missionary school, he was sent in 1911 to study in the United States, where he attended the Park Academy, [[Oberlin College]] and [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation, "Labor and Empire: A Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament, to British Imperialism Since 1880," led him into issues in the relation of foreign relations and domestic politics, which would structure his scholarship after he returned to China. After obtaining a Ph.D., he returned to China in 1923, where he took up a position at [[Nankai University]] and then at [[Tsinghua University]].{{sfnb|Boorman|1967| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=khJL1MRLYfoC&pg=PA355&lpg=PA355&dq=T.F.+Tsiang&source=bl&ots=fw5QTLof8u&sig=O4M_mbmR_PvS2s1_p43B9wSLNQY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjymuf_t_zbAhUl4YMKHbhaBJwQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=T.F.%20Tsiang&f=false 354]}}
Tsiang was born in [[Shaoyang]], [[Hunan]]. Tsiang's education from his teenage years had been Western and largely Christian, and he converted to Christianity at 11. Having been urged to study in the US by his teacher from a missionary school, he was sent in 1911 to study in the United States, where he attended the Park Academy, [[Oberlin College]] and [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation, "Labor and Empire: A Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament, to British Imperialism Since 1880," led him into issues in the relation of foreign relations and domestic politics, which would structure his scholarship after he returned to China. After obtaining a Ph.D., he returned to China in 1923, where he took up a position at [[Nankai University]] and then at [[Tsinghua University]].{{sfnb|Boorman|1967| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=khJL1MRLYfoC&dq=T.F.+Tsiang&pg=PA355 354]}}


==Academic career==
==Academic career==
[[File:Hu Shih and Tsiang Tingfu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hu Shih]] (right) and Tsiang (left)]]
⚫
[[File:Hu Shih and Tsiang Tingfu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hu Shih]] (right) and Tsiang (left)]]At Tsinghua, Tsiang became the head of the History Department, where he edited and published a number of works on Chinese history and edited the English-language journal ''Chinese Social and Political Science Review''. Using newly opened [[Qing dynasty]] archives and diplomatic publications, Tsiang argued that China should adopt Western approaches if it wanted to score diplomatic victories. Tsiang blamed China's unequal treatment by Western powers after the [[First Opium War]] (1839–42) on Chinese unequal treatment of Western powers before the war. During his tenure at Tsinghua, he mentored a number of historians in the study of [[Qing]] history, including [[John K. Fairbank]].<ref>"T.F. Tsiang and Modernization," John King Fairbank, ''China Bound: A Fifty Year Memoir'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 85-93</ref>

⚫
At Tsinghua, Tsiang became the head of the History Department, where he edited and published a number of works on Chinese history and edited the English-language journal ''Chinese Social and Political Science Review''. Using newly opened [[Qing dynasty]] archives and diplomatic publications, Tsiang argued that China should adopt Western approaches if it wanted to score diplomatic victories. Tsiang blamed China's unequal treatment by Western powers after the [[First Opium War]] (1839–42) on Chinese unequal treatment of Western powers before the war. During his tenure at Tsinghua, he mentored a number of historians in the study of [[Qing]] history, including [[John K. Fairbank]].<ref>"T.F. Tsiang and Modernization," John King Fairbank, ''China Bound: A Fifty Year Memoir'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 85-93</ref>


==Diplomatic career==
==Diplomatic career==
Following mounting tensions in China's relations with [[Japan]], Tsiang left academia in 1935 and joined the [[Chinese Nationalist]] government, which he served in many different capacities throughout the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]. In 1945, Tsiang became the [[Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations]], and he also served as the ambassador of China to the United States. Following the establishment of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] on the Chinese mainland, Tsiang defended the exclusive right of the Taipei-based [[Republic of China]] to represent [[China and the United Nations|China in the United Nations]] and in the [[Security Council]]. He died of cancer in [[New York City]] on 9 October 1965, at 69.<ref>{{cite news|title=Events From Day to Day|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,4,29,31,31,45&post=7081|access-date=5 April 2018|work=Taiwan Today|date=1 November 1965}}</ref>
Following mounting tensions in China's relations with [[Japan]], Tsiang left academia in 1935 and joined the [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese Nationalist]] government, which he served in many different capacities throughout the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]. Between 1947 and 1962, Tsiang served as the [[Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Keith Allan |date=2018 |title=“Imagined Territory: The Republic of China’s 1955 Veto of Mongolian Membership in the United Nations” |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26549248 |journal=The Journal of American-East Asian Relations |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=263–264 |issn=1058-3947}}</ref> Following the establishment of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] on the Chinese mainland, Tsiang defended the exclusive right of the [[Taipei]]-based [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] to represent [[China and the United Nations|China in the United Nations]] and in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]. In 1955 Tsingfu made use of China's [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power in the security council]] and placed the sole vote against Mongolia joining the UN, following which Mongolia did not become a member of the UN.<ref name=":3" /> It would be the only time, the ROC made use of its veto power.<ref name=":3" /> He also served as the ambassador of China to the United States. He died of cancer in [[New York City]] on 9 October 1965, at 69.<ref>{{cite news|title=Events From Day to Day|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,4,29,31,31,45&post=7081|access-date=5 April 2018|work=Taiwan Today|date=1 November 1965}}</ref>


== Political theories ==
== Political theories ==
[[File:Longines Chronicles with Tsiang Tingfu 1954 ARC-96033.ogv|thumb|1954 television interview]]
⚫
[[File:Longines Chronicles with Tsiang Tingfu 1954 ARC-96033.ogv|thumb|1954 television interview]]In 1938, Tsiang advocated for centralized authority which should override popular will when necessary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=37 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref> He argued that China had to modernize quickly given the multiple threats it faced.<ref name=":0" /> To Tsiang, the "iron rule of modern history" was that countries which used modernization to preserve national territory survived, while countries that did not were exterminated.<ref name=":0" /> In his view, natural science and mechanized agriculture were the essential elements of modernization.<ref name=":0" /> He wrote that such a focus for modernization was supported by the "left-wing, right-wing, imperialist, anti-imperialist, man, woman, white, yellow, old, young."<ref name=":0" />

⚫
In 1938, Tsiang advocated for centralized authority which should override popular will when necessary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=37 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref> He argued that China had to modernize quickly given the multiple threats it faced.<ref name=":0" /> To Tsiang, the "iron rule of modern history" was that countries which used modernization to preserve national territory survived, while countries that did not were exterminated.<ref name=":0" /> In his view, natural science and mechanized agriculture were the essential elements of modernization.<ref name=":0" /> He wrote that such a focus for modernization was supported by the "left-wing, right-wing, imperialist, anti-imperialist, man, woman, white, yellow, old, young."<ref name=":0" />


During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Tsiang advocated that China develop a "total defense state" along the lines of what Japan itself had.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=39 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref> Tsiang viewed such a commitment as a necessity of the historical era, not solely one required by the current war.<ref name=":1" /> Consistent with the general views of the Nationalist Party, Tsiang believed that the war should be used to create a state based on principles of order rather than political liberties.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=38 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref>
During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Tsiang advocated that China develop a "total defense state" along the lines of what Japan itself had.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=39 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref> Tsiang viewed such a commitment as a necessity of the historical era, not solely one required by the current war.<ref name=":1" /> Consistent with the general views of the Nationalist Party, Tsiang believed that the war should be used to create a state based on principles of order rather than political liberties.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=38 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref>
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* ''Jiang Tingfu Xuanji 蔣廷黻選集 ''(Selected works of Jiang Tingfu) (Taipei: Wenxing, 1965 4 vols. Reprinted)
* ''Jiang Tingfu Xuanji 蔣廷黻選集 ''(Selected works of Jiang Tingfu) (Taipei: Wenxing, 1965 4 vols. Reprinted)


==Notes==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==References==
== Citations ==
*{{cite encyclopedia|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=khJL1MRLYfoC&q=T.F.+Tsiang&pg=PA355
* {{Cite encyclopedia|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=khJL1MRLYfoC&q=T.F.+Tsiang&pg=PA355
|chapter = Chiang T'ing-fu |editor-first=Howard|editor-last= Boorman |title = Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I |place = New York |publisher = Columbia University Press| year =1967| pages= 354–358|isbn = 9780231089555 }}
|chapter = Chiang T'ing-fu |editor-first=Howard|editor-last= Boorman |title = Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I |place = New York |publisher = Columbia University Press| year =1967| pages= 354–358|isbn = 9780231089555 }}
* T.F. Tsiang, (Crystal Lorch, ed.), ''Reminiscences of Ting-fu Fuller Tsiang: Oral History'' (New York: Columbia Center for Oral History, 1965.
* T.F. Tsiang, (Crystal Lorch, ed.), ''Reminiscences of Ting-fu Fuller Tsiang: Oral History'' (New York: Columbia Center for Oral History, 1965.
Line 78: Line 98:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com/products_umi/descriptions/Tsiang-Diaries-498.shtml Description of the Tsiang Diaries]
* [http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com/products_umi/descriptions/Tsiang-Diaries-498.shtml Description of the Tsiang Diaries]
*[https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13527773 Finding aid to the Tingfu Tsiang papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13527773 Finding aid to the Tingfu Tsiang papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library]
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95941|description="Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95941|description="Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.96033|description="Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.96033|description="Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu"}}
* [https://boxerindemnityscholars.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/t-f-tsiang-%E8%94%A3%E5%BB%B7%E9%BB%BB/ T. F. Tsiang (蔣廷黻)] [https://boxerindemnityscholars.wordpress.com/about/ Boxer Indemnity Scholars]
* [https://boxerindemnityscholars.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/t-f-tsiang-%E8%94%A3%E5%BB%B7%E9%BB%BB/ T. F. Tsiang (蔣廷黻)] [https://boxerindemnityscholars.wordpress.com/about/ Boxer Indemnity Scholars]



{{s-start}}
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|after = [[Liu Chieh]]}}
|after = [[Liu Chieh]]}}
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{{ChinaUNRepresentative}}
{{ChinaUNRepresentative}}
{{China Ambassadors to US}}
{{China Ambassadors to US}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tingfu, Tsiang}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tingfu, Tsiang}}

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[[Category:Republic of China historians]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
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[[Category:Members of Academia Sinica]]
[[Category:Members of Academia Sinica]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of China to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of China to the United States]]
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[[Category:Ambassadors of the Republic of China to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Republic of China to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Republic of China to the United States]]
[[Category:Historians from Hunan]]
[[Category:Historians from Hunan]]
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[[Category:20th-century Chinese historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese historians]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people from Hunan]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people from Hunan]]
[[Category:Nankai University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Nankai University]]
[[Category:Tsinghua University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tsinghua University]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Bretton Woods Conference delegates]]
[[Category:Bretton Woods Conference delegates]]

Revision as of 04:49, 23 July 2024

In this Chinese name, the family name is Tsiang.
Tsiang Tingfu
蔣廷黻
Tsiang Tingfu as pictured in The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
Ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States
In office
18 November 1961 – 29 May 1965
Preceded byGeorge Yeh
Succeeded byChow Shu-Kai [zh]
Permanent Representative of the Republic of China to the United Nations
In office
13 November 1947 – 29 July 1962
Preceded byGuo Taiqi
Succeeded byLiu Chieh
Ambassador of the Republic of China to the Soviet Union
In office
26 August 1936 – 1 January 1938
Preceded byWu Nanru [zh]
(Chargé d'affaires ad interim)
Succeeded byYu Ming
Personal details
Born(1895-12-07)7 December 1895
Shaoyang, Hunan, Qing Empire
Died9 October 1965(1965-10-09) (aged 69)
New York City, New York, USA
NationalityRepublic of China
Alma materOberlin College
Columbia University
Known forQing, Modern Chinese history
Tsiang Tingfu
Chinese蔣廷黻
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiǎng Tíngfú
Wade–GilesChiang T'ingfu
Tongyong PinyinJiǎng Tíngfú
Yale RomanizationJyǎng Tíngfú
IPA[tɕjàŋ tʰǐŋfǔ]

Tsiang Tingfu (Chinese: 蔣廷黻; pinyin: Jiǎng Tíngfú; 17 February 1895 – 9 October 1965), was a historian and diplomat of the Republic of China who published in English under the name T.F. Tsiang.

Early life and education

Tsiang was born in Shaoyang, Hunan. Tsiang's education from his teenage years had been Western and largely Christian, and he converted to Christianity at 11. Having been urged to study in the US by his teacher from a missionary school, he was sent in 1911 to study in the United States, where he attended the Park Academy, Oberlin College and Columbia University. His dissertation, "Labor and Empire: A Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament, to British Imperialism Since 1880," led him into issues in the relation of foreign relations and domestic politics, which would structure his scholarship after he returned to China. After obtaining a Ph.D., he returned to China in 1923, where he took up a position at Nankai University and then at Tsinghua University.[1]

Academic career

Hu Shih (right) and Tsiang (left)

At Tsinghua, Tsiang became the head of the History Department, where he edited and published a number of works on Chinese history and edited the English-language journal Chinese Social and Political Science Review. Using newly opened Qing dynasty archives and diplomatic publications, Tsiang argued that China should adopt Western approaches if it wanted to score diplomatic victories. Tsiang blamed China's unequal treatment by Western powers after the First Opium War (1839–42) on Chinese unequal treatment of Western powers before the war. During his tenure at Tsinghua, he mentored a number of historians in the study of Qing history, including John K. Fairbank.[2]

Diplomatic career

Following mounting tensions in China's relations with Japan, Tsiang left academia in 1935 and joined the Chinese Nationalist government, which he served in many different capacities throughout the Sino-Japanese War. Between 1947 and 1962, Tsiang served as the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations.[3] Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, Tsiang defended the exclusive right of the Taipei-based Republic of China to represent China in the United Nations and in the UN Security Council. In 1955 Tsingfu made use of China's veto power in the security council and placed the sole vote against Mongolia joining the UN, following which Mongolia did not become a member of the UN.[3] It would be the only time, the ROC made use of its veto power.[3] He also served as the ambassador of China to the United States. He died of cancer in New York City on 9 October 1965, at 69.[4]

Political theories

1954 television interview

In 1938, Tsiang advocated for centralized authority which should override popular will when necessary.[5] He argued that China had to modernize quickly given the multiple threats it faced.[5] To Tsiang, the "iron rule of modern history" was that countries which used modernization to preserve national territory survived, while countries that did not were exterminated.[5] In his view, natural science and mechanized agriculture were the essential elements of modernization.[5] He wrote that such a focus for modernization was supported by the "left-wing, right-wing, imperialist, anti-imperialist, man, woman, white, yellow, old, young."[5]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Tsiang advocated that China develop a "total defense state" along the lines of what Japan itself had.[6] Tsiang viewed such a commitment as a necessity of the historical era, not solely one required by the current war.[6] Consistent with the general views of the Nationalist Party, Tsiang believed that the war should be used to create a state based on principles of order rather than political liberties.[7]

After spending time in the United States under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, Tingfu's views on political freedom and modernization changed.[7]

Selected writings

  • Tingfu F. Tsiang, "Labor and Empire; a Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament to British Imperialism since 1880," Issued also as thesis (PH D) Columbia university Columbia university, 1923).
  • "New Light on Chinese Diplomacy, 1836-49," The Journal of Modern History 3.4 (1931): 578–591.
  • "The Extension of Equal Commercial Privileges to Other Nations Than the British after the Treaty of Nanking," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review 15.3 (1931): 422–44.
  • "The Present Situation in China: A Critical Analysis," International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931–1939) 14.4 (1935): 496–513.
  • "Chinese and European Expansion," Politica 2.5 (March 1936): 1–18.
  • 'Zhongguo jindaishi dagang (Outline of Modern Chinese History) (Chongqing: Qingnian shudian, 1939; rpr. Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 1996).
  • Jiang Tingfu Xuanji 蔣廷黻選集 (Selected works of Jiang Tingfu) (Taipei: Wenxing, 1965 4 vols. Reprinted)

References

  1. ^ Boorman (1967), p. 354.
  2. ^ "T.F. Tsiang and Modernization," John King Fairbank, China Bound: A Fifty Year Memoir (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 85-93
  3. ^ a b c Clark, Keith Allan (2018). ""Imagined Territory: The Republic of China's 1955 Veto of Mongolian Membership in the United Nations"". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 25 (3): 263–264. ISSN 1058-3947.
  4. ^ "Events From Day to Day". Taiwan Today. 1 November 1965. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.
  6. ^ a b Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.
  7. ^ a b Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Citations

  • Boorman, Howard, ed. (1967). "Chiang T'ing-fu". Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 354–358. ISBN 9780231089555.
  • T.F. Tsiang, (Crystal Lorch, ed.), Reminiscences of Ting-fu Fuller Tsiang: Oral History (New York: Columbia Center for Oral History, 1965.
  • Charles Ronald Lilley, "Tsiang T'ing-Fu between Two Worlds, 1895-1935," (Doctoral Thesis University of Maryland, College Park, 1979).
  • Matray, James I., ed. East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784. (2 vol, Greenwood, 2002) 1:276–277.
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Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Permanent Representative and Ambassador of China to the United Nations
1947–1962 		Succeeded by
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