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A White ethnostate is a proposed type of state in which residence or citizenship would be limited to Whites, and non-whites and any other groups not seen as white would be excluded from citizenship. Within the Anglosphere, the natives of their respective countries would also be excluded from citizenship, such as the indigenous people of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

In the United States, proposals for the establishment of such a state are advanced by White supremacist and White separatist factions such as Ku Klux Klansmen and Neo-Nazis. Some of these factions claim that a certain part of the country should have a white majority and other factions claim that the entire country should have a white majority.^[1]^[2] Most white ethnostate movements envision a state which will be solely inhabited by White Anglo-Saxon Protestants and/or people who are of Northern European descent.^{[citation needed]}

Historical attempts to establish a white ethnostate include Apartheid-era South Africa, where the black population was pushed into areas which were known as Bantustans through various means, including deportations and racial segregation, with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting ethnically cleansed areas, the largest of which would be turned into a white state.^[3]

Proposed white ethnostates

North America

Historically, as well as in modern times, the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and a portion of Montana) has been proposed by many white supremacists as a location for the establishment of a white ethnostate. This Northwest Territorial Imperative was promoted by Richard Girnt Butler, Robert Miles, Robert Jay Mathews, David Lane, and Harold Covington, alongside the white supremacist terrorist organization The Order, the Neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization Aryan Nations, the white power skinhead group Volksfront, and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the Cascadia independence movement, which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of Northern California in the United States and British Columbia in Canada.^[4]^[5] Some in the far-right use the term American Redoubt to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States.^[6]

Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups, most notably, the South has been proposed as a white ethnostate by the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" League of the South (LS), due to the region's history of secessionism and due to the fact that the region was once an independent nation which was known as the Confederate States of America (1861–1865). Another white ethnostate has been proposed by Billy Roper's Shield Wall Network (SWN), a neo-Nazi organization which is based in Mountain View, Arkansas, it seeks to establish a "white ethnostate" in the Ozark region and it is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK); the Knights Party, located near Harrison, Arkansas; the League of the South (LS); and the National Socialist Movement (NSM), a member of the now-defunct Nationalist Front.^[7] Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the Christian Identity movement, including the Church of Israel and various members of the Christian Patriot movement who have set up paramilitary training camps in order to prepare for a coming Armageddon.^[7]^[8]^[9] The defunct neo-Nazi organization Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP), led by Matthew Heimbach, also sought to establish a white ethnostate which it named "Avalon", based on the ideological principles of Nazism, various strands of European fascism such as Legionarism, British Fascism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.

South Africa

Volkstaat as proposed by the Freedom Front Plus and the Volkstaat Council

After the end of apartheid, some Afrikaner nationalist organizations, including Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, started to promote the idea of a Volkstaat that would be established in the Northern Cape region.^[10]

In January 2010, Beeld, an Afrikaans newspaper, held an online survey. Out of 11,019 respondents, 56% (6,178) stated that they would move to a Volkstaat if one were created, an additional 17% (1,908) stated that they would consider moving to it and 27% (2,933) stated that they would not consider moving to it because they did not believe that it was a viable option.^[11]

Historical attempts to create white ethnostates

United States

Historically, white nationalist laws were passed and enforced in the United States, beginning with the passage of the Naturalization Act of 1790, which only allowed whites to apply for citizenship if they had lived in the United States without breaking any laws for two years, and it only continued to recognize whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterwards. Only after the American Civil War did laws begin to change, gradually extending citizenship rights to minority populations. According to the Johnson–Reed Act^[12] of 1924, non-white foreigners were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin who were living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 McCarran–Walter Act revised the former 1924 act and it also increased the percentage of people who were allowed to immigrate to America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia.^[13] Discrimination in immigration was legally ended by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. In 2013, white supremacist Craig Cobb attempted to take over the small town of Leith, North Dakota, and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this attempt failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith's residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary Welcome to Leith.

Oregon and the Pacific Northwest

Starting in 1844, first the Provisional Government of Oregon and then the later State of Oregon enacted a series of Black exclusion laws to prevent Black people from settling within the borders of the territory, under penalty of whipping.^[14] These laws were legally invalidated following the American Civil War, but remained technically in force until their repeal in a 1926 ballot initiative. Oregon continues to have an abnormally low Black population for the Western United States (2.26% compared to Washington's 5.09% and California's 6.30%^[15]) and Portland is the Whitest large city in the United States.^[16]

Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler planned to create a Nordic/Aryan superstate that would rule most of Europe, dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate anyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. Nazi Germany's objective was to turn a large part of central and eastern Europe into an "Aryan" homeland by cleansing its population through the genocide and mass deportation of non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs (i.e. Poles, Serbs, etc.), Roma/Gypsies, and homosexuals.

Australia

From 1901 until 1973,^[17] Australia maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the White Australia policy, that actively restricted the immigration of non-white migrants. This policy afforded preferential treatment to British emigrants, as a result Australia's population was largely of British ethnicity following the end of the second world war. ^[18] As Australia was seeking labourers for post war reconstructive work and national defence, immigrant inflow targets were established that were equal to 1% of the population. Ideally, there was a 10 to 1 ratio of British immigrants to non British immigrants.^[19] The policy originated after the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which aimed to ban non-Europeans from migrating to the country.^[20] These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the Migration Act 1958.^[21] The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the Whitlam government passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful.^[22]

New Zealand

Similar to the White Australia Policy, the "White New Zealand Policy" consisted of legislation which banned Asians and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country.^[23] After the Second World War, a memorandum which was published by the Department of External Affairs in 1953 described the purpose of the policy in clearer terms. The laws were not relaxed until the 1970s and 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described the policy in the following way: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia".^[24]

South Africa

During the apartheid era, the South African government, led by the National Party, attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of black people to move to areas which it called bantustans.^[3]^{[clarification needed]} Post-apartheid, some Afrikaner groups such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and Afrikaner Volksfront have promoted the idea of a Volkstaat, an exclusively Afrikaner homeland. The town of Orania was created as a manifestation of the Volkstaat idea.^[25]

Rhodesia

Colonial Rhodesia was a settler colony, which mobilized legislation with aims to establish white dominance. In 1930 the Land Appointment Act was passed, which isolated where Africans could acquire land.^[26] Further laws saw the incorporation of Africans into the state only in ways which benefitted White Settlers.^[26] In November 1965, Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, declared the independence of Southern Rhodesia in an attempt to preserve white culture by preventing black Africans from ruling the country.^[27]^[28]^[29] Southern Rhodesia became the independent nation of Rhodesia.

References

^ Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.
^ Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare". Haaretz.
^ ^a ^b "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.
^ Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1440830952. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0313359590. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Walters, Daniel. "Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?". Inlander.
^ ^a ^b "Shield Wall Network (SWN)". Anti-Defamation League.
^ "Dan Gayman" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
^ "The Silent Brotherhood" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
^ Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ Pieter du Toit (12 January 2010). "Volkstaat hou g'n heil in". Beeld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ "Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian".
^ "Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
^ Brown, J. Henry (1892). Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government. Portland: Wiley B. Allen. LCCN rc01000356. OCLC 422191413. Pages 132–135.
^ "Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
^ "Portland is still the whitest big city in America". The Seattle Times. 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
^ "National Museum of Australia - End of the White Australia policy".
^ White, Roger; Tadesse, Bedassa (October 2007). "Immigration Policy, Cultural Pluralism and Trade: Evidence from the White Australia Policy". Pacific Economic Review. 12 (4): 489–509. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00368.x. ISSN 1361-374X.
^ Castles, Stephen (2000). Ethnicity and Globalization. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 9781446264492.
^ "The Immigration Restriction Act 1901". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ "Migration Act 1958 (Cth)". Federal Register of Legislation. 29 March 2024.
^ "Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
^ "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1946–1985: gradual change". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri (2003). 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. p. ee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b Fisher, J.L (2010). Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781921666148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Duignan, Peter (1985). Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985. Taylor & Francis Books. ISBN 978-0709914754.
^ Raeburn, Michael (1978). We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. Random House. ISBN 978-0394505305.
^ Raftopolous, Brian (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Weaver Press. ISBN 978-1779220837.
^ Popp, Maximilian (3 January 2011). "The Village Where the Neo-Nazis Rule". der Spiegel. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[1] Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.

[auto-2] Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare". Haaretz.

[auto2-3] "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.

[4] Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1440830952. Retrieved 18 April 2018.

[5] Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0313359590. Retrieved 18 April 2018.

[6] Walters, Daniel. "Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?". Inlander.

[adl.org-7] "Shield Wall Network (SWN)". Anti-Defamation League.

[8] "Dan Gayman" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-23.

[9] "The Silent Brotherhood" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-11-23.

[10] Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

[BeeldSurvey-11] Pieter du Toit (12 January 2010). "Volkstaat hou g'n heil in". Beeld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

[12] "Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian".

[13] "Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.

[Brown-14] Brown, J. Henry (1892). Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government. Portland: Wiley B. Allen. LCCN rc01000356. OCLC 422191413. Pages 132–135.

[15] "Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-12-25.

[16] "Portland is still the whitest big city in America". The Seattle Times. 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2024-06-02.

[17] "National Museum of Australia - End of the White Australia policy".

[18] White, Roger; Tadesse, Bedassa (October 2007). "Immigration Policy, Cultural Pluralism and Trade: Evidence from the White Australia Policy". Pacific Economic Review. 12 (4): 489–509. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00368.x. ISSN 1361-374X.

[19] Castles, Stephen (2000). Ethnicity and Globalization. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 9781446264492.

[20] "The Immigration Restriction Act 1901". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

[21] "Migration Act 1958 (Cth)". Federal Register of Legislation. 29 March 2024.

[22] "Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.

[23] "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.

[24] Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1946–1985: gradual change". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.

[25] Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri (2003). 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. p. ee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2019.

[:0-26] Fisher, J.L (2010). Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781921666148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[27] Duignan, Peter (1985). Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985. Taylor & Francis Books. ISBN 978-0709914754.

[28] Raeburn, Michael (1978). We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. Random House. ISBN 978-0394505305.

[29] Raftopolous, Brian (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Weaver Press. ISBN 978-1779220837.

[30] Popp, Maximilian (3 January 2011). "The Village Where the Neo-Nazis Rule". der Spiegel. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Racist state whose citizenry is limited to white people}}
 {{Discrimination sidebar|state=collapsed}}
-A '''White ethnostate''' is a proposed type of [[State (polity)|state]] in which residence or citizenship would be limited to [[white people|Whites]], and non-whites, such as [[black people|Blacks]], [[Asian people|Asians]], [[Jews]], [[MENA|Middle Easterners and North Africans]] and [[Hispanic people|Hispanics]] would be excluded from citizenship. Within the [[Anglosphere]], the natives of their respective countries would also be excluded from citizenship, such as the Indigenous people of the [[Native Americans in the United States|United States]], [[Native Canadians|Canada]], [[Native Australians|Australia]] and [[Native New Zealanders|New Zealand]].
+A '''White ethnostate''' is a proposed type of [[State (polity)|state]] in which residence or citizenship would be limited to [[white people|Whites]], and non-whites and any other groups not seen as white would be excluded from citizenship. Within the [[Anglosphere]], the natives of their respective countries would also be excluded from citizenship, such as the indigenous people of the [[Native Americans in the United States|United States]], [[Native Canadians|Canada]], [[Native Australians|Australia]], and [[Native New Zealanders|New Zealand]].
-In the United States, proposals for the establishment of such a state are advanced by [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] and [[White nationalism|White separatist]] factions such as [[Ku Klux Klan]]smen and [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]]. Some of these factions claim that a certain part of the country should have a white majority and other factions claim that the entire country should have a white majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-matthew-heimbach-bogus-white-ethnostate_us_5a745c5fe4b01ce33eb1d720|title=The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'|first=Caitlin|last=Dickson|date=2 February 2018|via=Huff Post}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-spencers-israeli-ethno-state-is-a-neo-nazi-s-nightmare-1.5460052|title=Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare|first=David|last=Rosenberg|date=24 October 2017|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> Most white ethnostate movements envision a state which will be solely inhabited by [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]] and/or people who are of [[Northern Europe]]an descent.
+In the United States, proposals for the establishment of such a state are advanced by [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] and [[White nationalism|White separatist]] factions such as [[Ku Klux Klan]]smen and [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]]. Some of these factions claim that a certain part of the country should have a white majority and other factions claim that the entire country should have a white majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-matthew-heimbach-bogus-white-ethnostate_us_5a745c5fe4b01ce33eb1d720|title=The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'|first=Caitlin|last=Dickson|date=2 February 2018|via=Huff Post}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-spencers-israeli-ethno-state-is-a-neo-nazi-s-nightmare-1.5460052|title=Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare|first=David|last=Rosenberg|date=24 October 2017|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> Most white ethnostate movements envision a state which will be solely inhabited by [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]] and/or people who are of [[Northern Europe]]an descent.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
 Historical attempts to establish a white [[Ethnocracy|ethnostate]] include [[Apartheid]]-era [[South Africa]], where the black population was pushed into areas which were known as [[Bantustan]]s through various means, including [[deportation]]s and [[racial segregation]], with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting [[Ethnic cleansing|ethnically cleansed]] areas, the largest of which would be turned into a white state.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan|title=Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa|publisher=Britannica}}</ref>
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Historically, as well as in modern times, [[Northwestern United States|the Pacific Northwest]] ([[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Idaho]] and a portion of [[Montana]]) has been proposed by many [[white supremacist]]s as a location for the establishment of a white ethnostate. This [[Northwest Territorial Imperative]] was promoted by [[Richard Girnt Butler]], [[Robert E. Miles|Robert Miles]], [[Robert Jay Mathews]], [[David Lane (white supremacist)|David Lane]], and [[Harold Covington]], alongside the white supremacist terrorist organization [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]], the Neo-Nazi [[Christian Identity]] organization [[Aryan Nations]], the white power skinhead group [[Volksfront]], and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the [[Cascadia (independence movement)|Cascadia independence movement]], which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of [[Northern California]] in the United States and [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=122–123|year=2014|title=Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America|publisher=Praeger|author=Barry J. Balleck|isbn=978-1440830952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_k7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA122|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Christopher|title=Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role|date=2009|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0313359590|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8Cd5sfApM4C&pg=PA114|access-date=18 April 2018|pages=114–115}}</ref> Some in the far-right use the term [[American Redoubt]] to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/2018/04/26/does-this-anti-sodomite-slavery-defending-holocaust-denying-idaho-pastor-lead-a-hate-group|title=Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?|first=Daniel|last=Walters|website=Inlander}}</ref>
-Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups, most notably, [[Southern United States|the South]] has been proposed as a white ethnostate by the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" [[League of the South]] (LS), due to the region's history of [[secession]]ism and due to the fact that the region was once an independent nation which was known as the [[Confederate States of America]] (1861–1865). Another white ethnostate has been proposed by [[White Revolution (hate group)|Billy Roper]]'s Shield Wall Network (SWN), a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organization which is based in [[Mountain View, Arkansas]], it seeks to establish a "white ethnostate" in the [[Ozarks|Ozark region]] and it is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK); the [[Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)|Knights Party]], located near [[Harrison, Arkansas]]; the League of the South (LS); and the [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM), a member of the now-defunct [[Nationalist Front (United States)|Nationalist Front]].<ref name="adl.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/shield-wall-network-swn|title=Shield Wall Network (SWN)|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref> Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the [[Christian Identity]] movement, including the [[Church of Israel]] and various members of the [[Christian Patriot movement]] who have set up paramilitary training camps in order to prepare for a coming [[Armageddon]].<ref name="adl.org"/><ref>https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/Gayman-Dan-EIA-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.resist.com/Instauration/OtherPubs-20120723/SilentBrotherhood.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215020345/https://www.resist.com/Instauration/OtherPubs-20120723/SilentBrotherhood.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The defunct neo-Nazi organization [[Traditionalist Worker Party]] (TWP), led by [[Matthew Heimbach]], also sought to establish a white ethnostate which it named "Avalon", based on the ideological principles of [[Nazism]], various strands of [[Fascism|European fascism]] such as [[Iron Guard|Legionarism]], [[British Fascism]], and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].
+Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups, most notably, [[Southern United States|the South]] has been proposed as a white ethnostate by the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" [[League of the South]] (LS), due to the region's history of [[secession]]ism and due to the fact that the region was once an independent nation which was known as the [[Confederate States of America]] (1861–1865). Another white ethnostate has been proposed by [[White Revolution (hate group)|Billy Roper]]'s Shield Wall Network (SWN), a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organization which is based in [[Mountain View, Arkansas]], it seeks to establish a "white ethnostate" in the [[Ozarks|Ozark region]] and it is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK); the [[Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)|Knights Party]], located near [[Harrison, Arkansas]]; the League of the South (LS); and the [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM), a member of the now-defunct [[Nationalist Front (United States)|Nationalist Front]].<ref name="adl.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/shield-wall-network-swn|title=Shield Wall Network (SWN)|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref> Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the [[Christian Identity]] movement, including the [[Church of Israel]] and various members of the [[Christian Patriot movement]] who have set up paramilitary training camps in order to prepare for a coming [[Armageddon]].<ref name="adl.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/Gayman-Dan-EIA-1.pdf |access-date=2023-10-23| title=Dan Gayman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.resist.com/Instauration/OtherPubs-20120723/SilentBrotherhood.pdf |title=The Silent Brotherhood |access-date=2018-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215020345/https://www.resist.com/Instauration/OtherPubs-20120723/SilentBrotherhood.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The defunct neo-Nazi organization [[Traditionalist Worker Party]] (TWP), led by [[Matthew Heimbach]], also sought to establish a white ethnostate which it named "Avalon", based on the ideological principles of [[Nazism]], various strands of [[Fascism|European fascism]] such as [[Iron Guard|Legionarism]], [[British Fascism]], and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].
 === South Africa ===
 [[File:Volkstaat–VF.svg|thumb|right|[[Volkstaat]] as proposed by the [[Freedom Front Plus]] and the [[Volkstaat Council]]]]
-After the end of [[apartheid]], some [[Afrikaner]] nationalist organizations, including [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]], started to promote the idea of a ''[[Volkstaat]]'' that would be established in the [[Western Cape]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/2059457/South-Africa-AWB-leader-Terre%27Blanche-rallys-Boers-again.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604050426/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/2059457/South-Africa-AWB-leader-Terre%27Blanche-rallys-Boers-again.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2008|title=AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again|first=Stephen|last=Bevan|date=31 May 2008|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
+After the end of [[apartheid]], some [[Afrikaner]] nationalist organizations, including [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]], started to promote the idea of a ''[[Volkstaat]]'' that would be established in the [[Northern Cape]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/2059457/South-Africa-AWB-leader-Terre%27Blanche-rallys-Boers-again.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604050426/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/2059457/South-Africa-AWB-leader-Terre%27Blanche-rallys-Boers-again.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2008|title=AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again|first=Stephen|last=Bevan|date=31 May 2008|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
 In January 2010, ''[[Beeld]]'', an [[Afrikaans]] newspaper, held an online survey. Out of 11,019 respondents, 56% (6,178) stated that they would move to a Volkstaat if one were created, an additional 17% (1,908) stated that they would consider moving to it and 27% (2,933) stated that they would not consider moving to it because they did not believe that it was a viable option.<ref name="BeeldSurvey">{{cite news |title=Volkstaat hou g'n heil in |author=Pieter du Toit |url=http://www.beeld.com/Rubrieke/Gasrubriekskrywers/Volkstaat-hou-gn-heil-in-20100112 |newspaper=[[Beeld]] |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=24 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728184435/http://www.beeld.com/Rubrieke/Gasrubriekskrywers/Volkstaat-hou-gn-heil-in-20100112 |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref>
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ==Historical attempts to create white ethnostates==
 ===[[United States]]===
-Historically, white nationalist laws were passed and enforced in the United States, beginning with the passage of the [[Naturalization Act of 1790]], which only allowed whites to apply for citizenship if they had lived in the United States without breaking any laws for two years, and it only continued to recognize whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterwards. Only after the [[American Civil War]] did laws begin to change, gradually extending citizenship rights to minority populations. Non-white foreigners as of the [[Immigration Act of 1924|Johnson–Reed Act]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act#:~:text=The%20Immigration%20Act%20of%201924%20limited%20the%20number%20of%20immigrants,of%20the%201890%20national%20census.|title=Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian}}</ref> in 1924 were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin who were living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|McCarran–Walter Act]] revised the former 1924 act and decreased the percentage of people who were coming to America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/immigration-act|title=Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Discrimination in immigration was legally ended by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]]. In 2013, white supremacist [[Craig Cobb]] attempted to take over the small town of [[Leith, North Dakota]], and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this attempt failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith's residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary ''[[Welcome to Leith]]''.
+Historically, white nationalist laws were passed and enforced in the United States, beginning with the passage of the [[Naturalization Act of 1790]], which only allowed whites to apply for citizenship if they had lived in the United States without breaking any laws for two years, and it only continued to recognize whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterwards. Only after the [[American Civil War]] did laws begin to change, gradually extending citizenship rights to minority populations. According to the [[Immigration Act of 1924|Johnson–Reed Act]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act#:~:text=The%20Immigration%20Act%20of%201924%20limited%20the%20number%20of%20immigrants,of%20the%201890%20national%20census.|title=Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian}}</ref> of 1924, non-white foreigners were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin who were living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|McCarran–Walter Act]] revised the former 1924 act and it also increased the percentage of people who were allowed to immigrate to America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/immigration-act|title=Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Discrimination in immigration was legally ended by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]]. In 2013, white supremacist [[Craig Cobb]] attempted to take over the small town of [[Leith, North Dakota]], and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this attempt failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith's residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary ''[[Welcome to Leith]]''.
+* [[Oregon]] and the [[Pacific Northwest]]
+Starting in 1844, first the [[Provisional Government of Oregon]] and then the later [[State of Oregon]] enacted a series of Black exclusion laws to prevent Black people from settling within the borders of the territory, under penalty of [[Flagellation|whipping]].<ref name="Brown">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=J. Henry |url=https://archive.org/stream/brownspolitical00unkngoog |title=Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government |publisher=Wiley B. Allen |year=1892 |location=Portland |lccn=rc01000356 |oclc=422191413}} Pages [https://archive.org/stream/brownspolitical00unkngoog#page/n152/mode/2up/search/negro 132]–135.</ref> These laws were legally invalidated following the [[American Civil War]], but remained technically in force until their repeal in [[List of Oregon ballot measures#1926|a 1926 ballot initiative]]. Oregon continues to have an abnormally low Black population for the [[Western United States]] (2.26% compared to Washington's 5.09% and California's 6.30%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/map?q=population&g=0400000US01,02,04,05,06,08,09,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,53,54,55,56&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=false&vintage=2019&layer=VT_2019_040_00_PP_D1&cid=DP05_0065PE&palette=Teal&classification=Natural%20Breaks&mode=thematic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429154349/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/map?q=population&g=0400000US01,02,04,05,06,08,09,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,53,54,55,56&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=false&vintage=2019&layer=VT_2019_040_00_PP_D1&cid=DP05_0065PE&palette=Teal&classification=Natural%20Breaks&mode=thematic |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref>) and [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] is the Whitest large city in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Portland is still the whitest big city in America |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/portland-is-still-the-whitest-big-city-in-america/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ===[[Nazi Germany]]===
@@ Line 30: / Line 33: @@
 [[Adolf Hitler]] planned to create a [[Nordic race|Nordic]]/[[Aryan race|Aryan]] superstate that would rule most of Europe, dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate anyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. [[Nazi Germany]]'s objective was to turn a large part of [[Central and Eastern Europe|central and eastern Europe]] into an "[[Aryan race|Aryan]]" homeland by [[ethnic cleansing|cleansing]] its population through [[The Holocaust|the genocide and mass deportation]] of non-Aryans such as [[Jews]], [[Slavs]] (i.e. [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Serbs]], etc.), [[Roma people|Roma/Gypsies]], and [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|homosexuals]].
-*[[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] UPA and OUN-B in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia:
-{{See also|Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|Category:War crimes committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army}}
-In 1943-1945, forces of the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] and the [[Stepan Bandera|Bandera]] faction of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], with some support from the local [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population, [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|committed genocide]] of around 85,000 [[Polish people|Poles]] (primarily women and children) in the regions of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia that were at that time occupied by the military of Nazi Germany.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/173,What-were-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html|title=What were the Volhynian Massacres?|last=Massacre|first=Volhynia|work=Volhynia Massacre|access-date=2018-03-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | url = https://ipn.gov.pl/download/1/169564/Wolyn-1943-rozliczenie-Konferencja-IPN.pdf | title = Wołyń 1943 – Rozliczenie | journal = Konferencje IPN | volume = 41 | pages = 27–30 | date = 2010 }}</ref> The aim of the OUN-B and its UPA military organisation was to create a homogeneous Ukrainian ethnostate without the Polish, Russian, Jewish, and Czech minorities that inhabited those lands at the time.<ref name="opendemocracy.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/clash-of-victimhood-1943-volhynian-massacre-in-polish-and-ukrainian-culture/|title = Clash of victimhoods: The Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory}}</ref> The UPA sometimes worked together with the [[14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)|Ukrainian SS]] under German command to carry out other massacres of Polish minorities.<ref name="PURE">[https://books.google.com/books?id=awCGOPeMPNUC&dq=huta+pieniacka&pg=RA1-PA77 Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion] {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref name="polskieradio.pl">Mikolaj Falkowski, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208030413/http://www.polskieradio.pl/historia/artykul.aspx?id=58130 "Podkamień. Perła Kresów. Miejsce pamięci ofiar UPA." Official webpage of the Polish Radio.]</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, [http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/Upa/16.pdf ''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'', Chapter 5, p. 284] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219180644/http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/16.pdf |date=2008-12-19 }}. Accessed 9 September 2009.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327130537/http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/16.pdf Archived] 11 September 2009.</ref>
 ===[[Australia]]===
-From 1901 until 1973,<ref>https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/end-of-white-australia-policy</ref> [[Australia]] maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the [[White Australia policy]], that actively restricted the immigration of non-white migrants. The policy originated after the passage of the ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]'', which aimed to ban non-Europeans from migrating to the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/immigration-and-citizenship/immigration-restriction-act-1901|title=The Immigration Restriction Act 1901|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|accessdate=2 April 2022}}</ref> These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the ''Immigration Restriction Act 1901'' was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the ''[[Migration Act 1958]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Migration Act'' 1958 (Cth) | publisher=Federal Register of Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1958A00062}}</ref> The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the [[Whitlam government]] passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm|title=Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy|publisher=Australian Department of Immigration|access-date =14 June 2006}}</ref>
+From 1901 until 1973,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/end-of-white-australia-policy | title=National Museum of Australia - End of the White Australia policy }}</ref> [[Australia]] maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the [[White Australia policy]], that actively restricted the immigration of non-white migrants. This policy afforded preferential treatment to British emigrants, as a result Australia's population was largely of British ethnicity following the end of the second world war. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Roger |last2=Tadesse |first2=Bedassa |date=October 2007 |title=Immigration Policy, Cultural Pluralism and Trade: Evidence from the White Australia Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00368.x |journal=Pacific Economic Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=489–509 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00368.x |issn=1361-374X}}</ref> As Australia was seeking labourers for post war reconstructive work and national defence, immigrant inflow targets were established that were equal to 1% of the population. Ideally, there was a 10 to 1 ratio of British immigrants to non British immigrants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castles |first=Stephen |title=Ethnicity and Globalization |date=2000 |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |isbn=9781446264492 |location=London}}</ref> The policy originated after the passage of the ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]'', which aimed to ban non-Europeans from migrating to the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/immigration-and-citizenship/immigration-restriction-act-1901|title=The Immigration Restriction Act 1901|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|accessdate=2 April 2022}}</ref> These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the ''Immigration Restriction Act 1901'' was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the ''[[Migration Act 1958]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Migration Act'' 1958 (Cth) | date=29 March 2024 | publisher=Federal Register of Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1958A00062}}</ref> The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the [[Whitlam government]] passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm|title=Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy|publisher=Australian Department of Immigration|access-date =14 June 2006}}</ref>
 ===[[New Zealand]]===
-Similar to the White Australia Policy, the "White New Zealand Policy" consisted of legislation which banned Asians and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White New Zealand policy introduced {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/white-new-zealand-policy-introduced|access-date=2021-03-08|website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> After the Second World War, a memorandum which was published by the Department of External Affairs in 1953 described the purpose of the policy in clearer terms. The laws were not relaxed until the 1970s and 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described the policy in the following way: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=1946–1985: gradual change|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-4|access-date=2021-03-08|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref>
+Similar to the White Australia Policy, the "White New Zealand Policy" consisted of legislation which [[Head tax (New Zealand)|banned Asians]] and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White New Zealand policy introduced {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/white-new-zealand-policy-introduced|access-date=2021-03-08|website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> After the Second World War, a memorandum which was published by the Department of External Affairs in 1953 described the purpose of the policy in clearer terms. The laws were not relaxed until the 1970s and 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described the policy in the following way: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=1946–1985: gradual change|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-4|access-date=2021-03-08|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref>
 ===[[South Africa]]===
-During the [[apartheid era]], the South African government, led by the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of black people to move to areas which it called [[bantustan]]s.<ref name="auto2" />{{clarify|date=January 2020|reason=Source explains the policy of Bantustans for Black South Africans but does the policy with regards to "[[Coloureds]]"}} Post-apartheid, some [[Afrikaner]] groups such as [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] (AWB) and [[Afrikaner Volksfront]] have promoted the idea of a ''[[Volkstaat]]'', an exclusively Afrikaner homeland. The town of [[Orania, Northern Cape]] is a manifestation of the ''[[Volkstaat]]'' idea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schonteich |first1=Martin |last2=Boshoff |first2=Henri |title='Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right |date=2003 |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |page=ee |url=http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.pdf |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034410/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+During the [[apartheid era]], the South African government, led by the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of black people to move to areas which it called [[bantustan]]s.<ref name="auto2" />{{clarify|date=January 2020|reason=Source explains the policy of Bantustans for Black South Africans but does the policy with regards to "[[Coloureds]]"}} Post-apartheid, some [[Afrikaner]] groups such as [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] (AWB) and [[Afrikaner Volksfront]] have promoted the idea of a ''[[Volkstaat]]'', an exclusively Afrikaner homeland. The town of [[Orania]] was created as a manifestation of the ''[[Volkstaat]]'' idea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schonteich |first1=Martin |last2=Boshoff |first2=Henri |title='Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right |date=2003 |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |page=ee |url=http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.pdf |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034410/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===[[Rhodesia]]===
-In November 1965, [[Ian Smith]], the [[Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia]], declared the independence of [[Southern Rhodesia]] in an attempt to preserve white culture by preventing black Africans from ruling the country.<ref>{{cite book|author=Duignan, Peter |title=Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985 |date=1985 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Books |isbn=978-0709914754}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Raeburn, Michael |title= We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |date=1978 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0394505305 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Raftopolous, Brian |title=Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008 |date=2009 |publisher=Weaver Press |isbn=978-1779220837 }}</ref> Southern Rhodesia became the independent nation of [[Rhodesia]].
+Colonial Rhodesia was a settler colony, which mobilized legislation with aims to establish white dominance. In 1930 the Land Appointment Act was passed, which isolated where Africans could acquire land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=J.L |title=Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe |date=2010 |publisher=ANU E Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781921666148 |location=Canberra, Australia |pages=3}}</ref> Further laws saw the incorporation of Africans into the state only in ways which benefitted White Settlers.<ref name=":0" /> In November 1965, [[Ian Smith]], the [[Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia]], declared the independence of [[Southern Rhodesia]] in an attempt to preserve white culture by preventing black Africans from ruling the country.<ref>{{cite book|author=Duignan, Peter |title=Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985 |date=1985 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Books |isbn=978-0709914754}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Raeburn, Michael |title= We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |date=1978 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0394505305 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Raftopolous, Brian |title=Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008 |date=2009 |publisher=Weaver Press |isbn=978-1779220837 }}</ref> Southern Rhodesia became the independent nation of [[Rhodesia]].
 ==See also==