Daphnandra johnsonii: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of tree}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
{{Italic title}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
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|name = Illawarra socketwood |
|name = Illawarra socketwood |
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|image = Ilawarra Socketwood - leaves on stalk.jpg |
|image = Ilawarra Socketwood - leaves on stalk.jpg |
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|image_caption = |
|image_caption = Leaves from a fallen branch |
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|status = EN |
|status = EN |
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|status_system = EPBC |
|status_system = EPBC |
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|authority = [[Schodde]] |
|authority = [[Schodde]] |
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|synonyms = {{smalldiv| |
|synonyms = {{smalldiv| |
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* ''[[Daphnandra micrantha]] ([[Tul.]]) [[Benth.]] sens. lat. |
* ''[[Daphnandra micrantha]]'' ([[Tul.]]) [[Benth.]] sens. lat. |
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* [[Daphnandra species C]] |
* [[Daphnandra species C]] |
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* ''[[Daphnandra sp. C sensu Harden (1990) novo-hollandicum]]'' |
* ''[[Daphnandra sp. C sensu Harden (1990) novo-hollandicum]]'' |
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* ''[[Daphnandra sp. C Illawarra Schodde 3475]]'' |
* ''[[Daphnandra sp. C Illawarra Schodde 3475]]'' |
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==Habitat== |
==Habitat== |
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It is found most often at less than 150 metres above sea level<ref name="nsw.gov.au">{{cite web|url= |
It is found most often at less than 150 metres above sea level (ASL)<ref name="nsw.gov.au">{{cite web|url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Daphnandra~johnsonii|title=PlantNET - FloraOnline|website=plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2024-07-14}}</ref> on volcanic soils in subtropical rainforest. Occasionally, it is found as high as 350 metres ASL.<ref name="auto">Anders Bofeldt pers. comm.</ref> It grows often by creeks, or on dry rocky scree slopes, and in disturbed forest and rainforest margins. It is distributed from [[Berry, New South Wales|Berry]] to [[Scarborough, New South Wales|Scarborough]] in the [[Illawarra]] (34° S). |
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==Naming and taxonomy== |
==Naming and taxonomy== |
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A member of the ancient [[Gondwana]] family [[Atherospermataceae]], the Illawarra socketwood is |
A member of the ancient [[Gondwana]] family [[Atherospermataceae]], the Illawarra socketwood is in danger of extinction. Formerly considered the southernmost population of ''[[Daphnandra micrantha]]'', the Australian socketwood, it has been recognised as a separate species. The [[type specimen]] was collected in the [[Illawarra]] district by [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|L.A.S. Johnson]], after whom the species was named by [[Schodde|Richard Schodde]]. The generic name ''[[Daphnandra]]'' refers to a similarity of the [[anthers]] of the [[bay laurel]]: Greek ''daphne'' refers to the bay laurel, and ''andros'' 'man'.<ref name=Floyd2008>{{cite book |url=http://rainforestpublishing.com.au/shop/rainforest-trees-of-south-eastern-australia/ |title=Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia |first=A. G. |last=Floyd |author-link=Alexander Floyd |publisher=Terania Rainforest Publishing |location=[[Lismore, New South Wales]] |year=2008 |edition=2nd, Revised |isbn= 978-0-958943-67-3 |page=85 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref> The term 'socketwood' is from the related species ''[[Daphnandra apatela]]'', a feature of which is the larger branchlets meeting the main trunk in what resembles a [[ball-and-socket joint]]. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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| ⚫ | ''Daphnandra johnsonii'' is a small to medium-sized tree, growing to around 20 metres tall, a stem diameter of 30 cm, with a broad, shady crown. The trunk is beige in colour, cylindrical with little buttressing. It is sometimes seen with [[coppice]] leaves at the base. The bark is fairly smooth with some raised pustules of a darker colour. Branchlets are fairly thick with [[lenticel]]s, becoming wider and flatter at the nodes. Leaf scars are evident. Leaf buds have soft hairs.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
===Leaves=== |
===Leaves=== |
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| ⚫ | Leaves are ovate or elliptic in shape, 6 to 12 cm long, 1.5 cm to 6 cm wide<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> with a sharply angled tip. Leaves are opposite on the stem, prominently toothed, with seven to nine teeth on each side of the leaf. The bottom third of the leaf is without leaf serrations. The point of the leaf base to the first serration is almost a straight line. The bottom of the leaf is glossy pale green, while the top side is a dull dark green. |
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| ⚫ | Leaf venation is more evident under the leaf. Lateral veins are not clear on the top surface. The midrib is raised on both upper and lower sides of the leaf. There are six or seven pairs of lateral veins. Leaf stems are 2 to 7 mm long, and smooth. Old leaves go pale and turn yellow on the stem. |
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| ⚫ | Leaves ovate or elliptic in shape, 6 to 12 cm long, 1.5 cm to 6 cm wide<ref |
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| ⚫ | |||
====Leaf comparison with common sassafras==== |
====Leaf comparison with common sassafras==== |
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The leaves of ''Daphnandra johnsonii'' are similar to the related common sassafras (''[[Doryphora sassafras]]''). There are one or two teeth per centimetre on the Illawarra socketwood, and the midrib is raised above and below. Lateral veins of the common sassafras are at a less acute angle than the Illawarra socketwood. The lateral veins of the Illawarra socketwood are sharply angled at around 40 degrees in relation to the midrib of the leaf.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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The scent of the leaf is more faint and |
The scent of the leaf is more faint and 'soapy' on the Illawarra socketwood. Leaves of common sassafras are more aromatic, usually less coarsely toothed, and the midrib is sunken on the upper surface.<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> Common sassafras leaves are thicker and heavier to touch. |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Image:Illawarra Socketwood & Sassafras.jpg|Leaf of Illawarra socketwood (left), [[Doryphora sassafras| |
Image:Illawarra Socketwood & Sassafras.jpg|Leaf of Illawarra socketwood (left), [[Doryphora sassafras|common sassafras]] (right) |
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Image:Illawarra Socketwood.jpg|Illawarra socketwood, leaves scanned from above and below |
Image:Illawarra Socketwood.jpg|Illawarra socketwood, leaves scanned from above and below |
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Image:Daphnandra johnsonii coppice leaves.jpg|Illawarra socketwood, [[coppice]] leaves |
Image:Daphnandra johnsonii coppice leaves.jpg|Illawarra socketwood, [[coppice]] leaves |
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===Flowers & fruit=== |
===Flowers & fruit=== |
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| ⚫ | Tiny flowers appear in spring,<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> on long flower stems. The flowers are white with pinkish red margins, forming on [[panicle]]s or [[raceme]]s, 3 to 8 cm long. The sepals and petals are around 1 to 3 mm. The fruiting capsule is woody and hairless, around 15 to 20 mm long, opening in two sections. Mature seeds are feathery. |
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| ⚫ | Tiny flowers appear in spring,<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> on long flower stems. |
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====Regeneration==== |
====Regeneration==== |
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Healthy seeds germinate readily within a month of sowing.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
Healthy seeds germinate readily within a month of sowing.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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Plants often don't produce fertile fruit in the wild and these fruit are shorter and rounder than the viable fruit. These short fruit appear to be galled and contain no seed but contain many silky hairs or plumes that are normally attached to the seeds. Some trees contain a mixture of both short, galled fruits and long fertile fruits |
Plants often don't produce fertile fruit in the wild and these fruit are shorter and rounder than the viable fruit. These short fruit appear to be galled and contain no seed but contain many silky hairs or plumes that are normally attached to the seeds. Some trees contain a mixture of both short, galled fruits and long fertile fruits. Most trees seem to only produce galled fruits and trees that produce only fertile fruits are rare.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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''Daphnandra johnsonii'' also has a limited ability to colonize new areas. Its main survival strategy is the ability to [[Basal shoot|sucker]] and [[coppice]].<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Conservation & threats== |
==Conservation & threats== |
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| ⚫ | Most of the 41 sites<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDaphnandraIllawarra.pdf|title=Daphnandra sp. C 'Illawarra' (Illawarra Socketwood) Recovery Plan | NSW Environment, Energy and Science}}</ref> are under immediate threat from clearing for agriculture, urban expansion, feral animals, weeds, inappropriate use of fire and herbicide, quarrying, and road construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/threatened-species|title=Threatened species|website=NSW Environment & Heritage}}</ref> Only two small populations are conserved in the reserve system. The biggest and healthiest populations are on private property.<ref name=Floyd2008/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Most of the 41 sites<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDaphnandraIllawarra.pdf|title=Daphnandra sp. C 'Illawarra' (Illawarra Socketwood) Recovery Plan | NSW Environment, Energy and Science}}</ref> are under immediate threat from clearing for agriculture, urban expansion, feral animals, weeds, inappropriate use of fire and herbicide, quarrying, and road construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/threatened-species|title=Threatened species |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
==External links== |
==External links== |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404114446/http://www.rainforests.net.au/updates%5Ball-publications%5D/rainforest-trees-shrubs-20091018.pdf rainforests.net.au] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404114446/http://www.rainforests.net.au/updates%5Ball-publications%5D/rainforest-trees-shrubs-20091018.pdf rainforests.net.au] |
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* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDaphnandraIllawarra.pdf environment.nsw.gov.au] |
* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDaphnandraIllawarra.pdf environment.nsw.gov.au] |
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* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/17674930@N07/3992450414/ L.A.S. Johnson] |
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/17674930@N07/3992450414/ L.A.S. Johnson] |
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* [http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/CH9782539.htm alkaloids] |
* [http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/CH9782539.htm alkaloids] |
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* [http://threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10201 threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au] |
* [http://threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10201 threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316110652/http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10201 |date=16 March 2011 }} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5221584}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5221584}} |
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Latest revision as of 05:46, 14 July 2024
| Illawarra socketwood | |
|---|---|
| |
| Leaves from a fallen branch | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Atherospermataceae |
| Genus: | Daphnandra |
| Species: | D. johnsonii
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| Binomial name | |
| Daphnandra johnsonii | |
| Synonyms | |
Daphnandra johnsonii, also known as the Illawarra socketwood, is a rare[1] rainforest tree in the Illawarra district of eastern Australia.
Habitat
[edit]It is found most often at less than 150 metres above sea level (ASL)[2] on volcanic soils in subtropical rainforest. Occasionally, it is found as high as 350 metres ASL.[3] It grows often by creeks, or on dry rocky scree slopes, and in disturbed forest and rainforest margins. It is distributed from Berry to Scarborough in the Illawarra (34° S).
Naming and taxonomy
[edit]A member of the ancient Gondwana family Atherospermataceae, the Illawarra socketwood is in danger of extinction. Formerly considered the southernmost population of Daphnandra micrantha, the Australian socketwood, it has been recognised as a separate species. The type specimen was collected in the Illawarra district by L.A.S. Johnson, after whom the species was named by Richard Schodde. The generic name Daphnandra refers to a similarity of the anthers of the bay laurel: Greek daphne refers to the bay laurel, and andros 'man'.[4] The term 'socketwood' is from the related species Daphnandra apatela, a feature of which is the larger branchlets meeting the main trunk in what resembles a ball-and-socket joint.
Description
[edit]Daphnandra johnsonii is a small to medium-sized tree, growing to around 20 metres tall, a stem diameter of 30 cm, with a broad, shady crown. The trunk is beige in colour, cylindrical with little buttressing. It is sometimes seen with coppice leaves at the base. The bark is fairly smooth with some raised pustules of a darker colour. Branchlets are fairly thick with lenticels, becoming wider and flatter at the nodes. Leaf scars are evident. Leaf buds have soft hairs.[4]
Leaves
[edit]Leaves are ovate or elliptic in shape, 6 to 12 cm long, 1.5 cm to 6 cm wide[2] with a sharply angled tip. Leaves are opposite on the stem, prominently toothed, with seven to nine teeth on each side of the leaf. The bottom third of the leaf is without leaf serrations. The point of the leaf base to the first serration is almost a straight line. The bottom of the leaf is glossy pale green, while the top side is a dull dark green.
Leaf venation is more evident under the leaf. Lateral veins are not clear on the top surface. The midrib is raised on both upper and lower sides of the leaf. There are six or seven pairs of lateral veins. Leaf stems are 2 to 7 mm long, and smooth. Old leaves go pale and turn yellow on the stem.
Leaf comparison with common sassafras
[edit]The leaves of Daphnandra johnsonii are similar to the related common sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). There are one or two teeth per centimetre on the Illawarra socketwood, and the midrib is raised above and below. Lateral veins of the common sassafras are at a less acute angle than the Illawarra socketwood. The lateral veins of the Illawarra socketwood are sharply angled at around 40 degrees in relation to the midrib of the leaf.[4]
The scent of the leaf is more faint and 'soapy' on the Illawarra socketwood. Leaves of common sassafras are more aromatic, usually less coarsely toothed, and the midrib is sunken on the upper surface.[2] Common sassafras leaves are thicker and heavier to touch.
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Leaf of Illawarra socketwood (left), common sassafras (right) -
Illawarra socketwood, leaves scanned from above and below -
Illawarra socketwood, coppice leaves -
Illawarra socketwood, old leaves
Flowers & fruit
[edit]Tiny flowers appear in spring,[2] on long flower stems. The flowers are white with pinkish red margins, forming on panicles or racemes, 3 to 8 cm long. The sepals and petals are around 1 to 3 mm. The fruiting capsule is woody and hairless, around 15 to 20 mm long, opening in two sections. Mature seeds are feathery.
Regeneration
[edit]Healthy seeds germinate readily within a month of sowing.[4]
Plants often don't produce fertile fruit in the wild and these fruit are shorter and rounder than the viable fruit. These short fruit appear to be galled and contain no seed but contain many silky hairs or plumes that are normally attached to the seeds. Some trees contain a mixture of both short, galled fruits and long fertile fruits. Most trees seem to only produce galled fruits and trees that produce only fertile fruits are rare.[4]
Daphnandra johnsonii also has a limited ability to colonize new areas. Its main survival strategy is the ability to sucker and coppice.[4]
Conservation & threats
[edit]Most of the 41 sites[5] are under immediate threat from clearing for agriculture, urban expansion, feral animals, weeds, inappropriate use of fire and herbicide, quarrying, and road construction.[6] Only two small populations are conserved in the reserve system. The biggest and healthiest populations are on private property.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ "Delayed Redirect" (PDF). legislation.gov.au.
- ^ a b c d "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ Anders Bofeldt pers. comm.
- ^ a b c d e f g Floyd, A. G. (2008). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia (2nd, Revised ed.). Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-958943-67-3. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ "Daphnandra sp. C 'Illawarra' (Illawarra Socketwood) Recovery Plan | NSW Environment, Energy and Science" (PDF).
- ^ "Threatened species". NSW Environment & Heritage.