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{{Short description|Direct-controlled regions of Ming and Qing dynasties}} |
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{{For|the modern province in approximately the same location|Hebei}} |
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|t={{linktext|直隸}}|s={{linktext|直隶}} |w=Chih<sup>2</sup>-li<sup>4</sup> |p=Zhílì |l={{nowrap|Directly Ruled [Province]}} |
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{{Chinese |
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{{chinese |
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|t={{linktext|直隸}}|s={{linktext|直隶}} |w=Chih<sup>2</sup>-li<sup>4</sup> |p=Zhílì |l={{nowrap|Directly Ruled [Region]}} |
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|title=South Zhili |t={{linktext|南直隸}}|s={{linktext|南直隶}} |w=Nan Chih<sup>2</sup>-li<sup>4</sup> |p=Nánzhílì |l={{nowrap|Southern Directly Ruled [Province]}} |
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'''Zhili''', [[ |
'''Zhili''', [[Wade–Giles|alternately]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''Chihli''', was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th-century that lasted through the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]] until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a [[Provinces of China|province]], and renamed [[Hebei]] in 1928. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The name ''Zhili'' means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China. Zhili province was first constituted during the [[Ming |
The name ''Zhili'' means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bird|first=Thomas|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2159833/more-beijings-backyard-hebei-china-where-historical|title=More than Beijing’s backyard: Hebei in China, where historical treasures shine through the pollution|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|place=[[Hong Kong]]|date=2018-08-16|access-date=2024-04-01}} - See Jeremiah Jenne's statements.</ref> Zhili province was first constituted during the [[Ming dynasty]] when the capital of China was located at [[Nanjing]] along the [[Yangtze River]]. In 1403, the Ming [[Yongle Emperor]] relocated the capital to Beiping, which was subsequently renamed [[Beijing]].<ref name="peking">Susan Naquin, ''Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900'', p xxxiii</ref> The region known as [[North Zhili]] was composed of parts of the modern provinces of [[Hebei]], [[Henan]], [[Shandong]], including the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and [[Tianjin]]. There was another region located around the "reserve capital" Nanjing known as [[South Zhili]] that included parts of what are today the provinces of [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]], including the provincial-level municipality of [[Shanghai]]. |
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During the [[Qing |
During the [[Qing dynasty]], Nanjing lost its status as the "second capital" and Southern Zhili was reconstituted as a regular province, [[Jiangnan]], while Northern Zhili was renamed Zhili Province. In the 18th century the borders of Zhili province were redrawn and spread over what is today [[Beijing]], [[Tianjin]] and the provinces of [[Hebei]], Western [[Liaoning]], Northern [[Henan]], and the [[Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
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After the collapse of [[Qing dynasty]], in 1911, the [[Nationalist government|National Government of the Republic of China]] converted Zhili into a province as [[Hebei|Zhili Province]]. In 1928 the National Government assigned portions of northern Zhili province to its neighbors in the north and renamed the remainder [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|China}} |
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* [[Sili Province]], a similar administrative region during the Han dynasty |
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* [[Zhongshu Sheng]], a similar administrative region during the Yuan dynasty |
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* [[North Zhili]] and [[South Zhili]], similar administrative regions during the Ming dynasty |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Republic of China edcp location map (disputed territories) Hopeh.svg |Zhili during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican era]] |
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File:CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg| A |
File:CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg| A 1682 map of the "Kingdom of China, Presently Called [[Cathay]] and [[Manzi (geography)|Mangi]]", using the names "Peking" (Beijing) and "Nangking" (Nanjing) to refer to the Northern and Southern Zhilis |
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File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-2568.jpg|A 17th-century European map |
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File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-East-2570.jpg | The eastern half of [[Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville|D'Anville]]'s 1734 map of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet, displaying "Pe-tche-li" (North Zhili) after its southern counterpart became known as "Kiang-nan" (Jiangnan) |
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File:Qing Dynasty 1820.png| The [[Qing Empire]] in 1820 |
File:Qing Dynasty 1820.png| The [[Qing Empire]] in 1820, with pinyin romanization |
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File:1861 Johnson Map of China - Geographicus - China-johnson-1861.jpg|A map from 1861, which shows "Chihli" (Zhili). The former Jiangnan had already been divided between "Kiangsu" (Jiangsu) and "Nganhwui" (Anhui) |
File:1861 Johnson Map of China - Geographicus - China-johnson-1861.jpg|A map from 1861, which shows "Chihli" (Zhili). The former Jiangnan had already been divided between "Kiangsu" (Jiangsu) and "Nganhwui" (Anhui) |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Wikivoyage|Zhili|Zhili|a travel topic}} |
{{Wikivoyage|Zhili|Zhili|a travel topic}} |
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* {{en |
* {{in lang|en|zh}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4448 Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces] from 1821 to 1850 |
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{{Defunct Chinese provinces}} |
{{Defunct Chinese provinces}} |
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{{coord|display=title}} |
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{{Coord missing|People's Republic of China}} |
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[[Category:Administrative divisions of |
[[Category:Administrative divisions of Imperial China]] |
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[[Category:Provinces of the Republic of China ( |
[[Category:Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1928]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1928]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:56, 14 July 2024
| Zhili | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 直隸 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 直隶 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Directly Ruled [Region] | ||||||||
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Zhili, alternately romanized as Chihli, was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th-century that lasted through the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a province, and renamed Hebei in 1928.
History
[edit]The name Zhili means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China.[1] Zhili province was first constituted during the Ming dynasty when the capital of China was located at Nanjing along the Yangtze River. In 1403, the Ming Yongle Emperor relocated the capital to Beiping, which was subsequently renamed Beijing.[2] The region known as North Zhili was composed of parts of the modern provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shandong, including the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. There was another region located around the "reserve capital" Nanjing known as South Zhili that included parts of what are today the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui, including the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.
During the Qing dynasty, Nanjing lost its status as the "second capital" and Southern Zhili was reconstituted as a regular province, Jiangnan, while Northern Zhili was renamed Zhili Province. In the 18th century the borders of Zhili province were redrawn and spread over what is today Beijing, Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Western Liaoning, Northern Henan, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.[citation needed]
After the collapse of Qing dynasty, in 1911, the National Government of the Republic of China converted Zhili into a province as Zhili Province. In 1928 the National Government assigned portions of northern Zhili province to its neighbors in the north and renamed the remainder Hebei Province.
See also
[edit]
- Sili Province, a similar administrative region during the Han dynasty
- Zhongshu Sheng, a similar administrative region during the Yuan dynasty
- North Zhili and South Zhili, similar administrative regions during the Ming dynasty
Gallery
[edit]-
Zhili during the Republican era -
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The eastern half of D'Anville's 1734 map of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet, displaying "Pe-tche-li" (North Zhili) after its southern counterpart became known as "Kiang-nan" (Jiangnan) -
The Qing Empire in 1820, with pinyin romanization -
A map from 1861, which shows "Chihli" (Zhili). The former Jiangnan had already been divided between "Kiangsu" (Jiangsu) and "Nganhwui" (Anhui)
_Hopeh.svg)
References
[edit]- ^ Bird, Thomas (2018-08-16). "More than Beijing's backyard: Hebei in China, where historical treasures shine through the pollution". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2024-04-01. - See Jeremiah Jenne's statements.
- ^ Susan Naquin, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, p xxxiii
External links
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel topic for Zhili.
- (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850