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[[File:Mongol Rider with Administrator.jpg|thumb|Mongol rider with administrator. Painting on silk from the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan era]]. Art and History Collection, on loan to the [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]]]] |
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| ⚫ | '''''Darughachi''''' (Mongol form) or '''''Basqaq''''' (Turkic form) were originally designated officials in the [[Mongol Empire]] that were in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province. The plural form of the Mongolian word is ''[[darugha]]''.<ref name="Britnell">{{cite book |title=Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200–1330 |last=Britnell |first=R. H. |year=1997 |publisher=The Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-695-8 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_0xfZsdsn0C&q=darugha+darughachi+singular+plural&pg=PA223 |accessdate=June 13, 2011}}</ref> They were sometimes referred to as [[governors]].<ref>Elizabeth Endicott-West, ''Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'', 46.2 (1986): 523–549.</ref> The term corresponds to {{lang|fa-latn|dārugheh}} ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{lang|fa|{{Script|fa-Arab|داروغه}}|rtl=y}} )<ref>Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی – مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162037/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> and {{lang|trk-latn|basqaq}} or {{lang|trk-latn|baskak in}} [[Turkish language|Turkic]], {{lang|zh-latn|dálǔhuāchì}} in [[Pinyin]] or {{lang|zh-latn|ta lu hua ch'ih}} in [[Wade–Giles]] ([[Traditional Chinese characters]]: {{lang|zh|達魯花赤}}; [[Simplified Chinese characters]]: {{lang|zh|达鲁花赤}}) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. |
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| ⚫ | '''''Darughachi''''' (Mongol form) or '''''Basqaq''''' (Turkic form) |
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==History== |
==History== |
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| ⚫ | This title was established under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]] from 1211.<ref name = "Britnell" /> ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' relates that after the invasion and conquest of the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Rus' (region)|Rus]] between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei placed ''daruγačin''{{which lang?|date=March 2023}} and ''tammačin''{{which lang?|date=March 2023}} to govern the peoples whose cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, [[Bolghar]] and [[Kiev]].<ref name="Ostrowski">Donald Ostrowski ''The tamma and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire'' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no 2, 1998, p. 262-277 {{doi|10.1017/S0041977X0001380X}} </ref> |
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This title was established under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]] from 1211. <ref name = "Britnell" /> |
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''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' tells us that after the invasion and conquest of the [[kiptchaks]] and [[Rus']] countries between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei places daruγačin and tammačin for to govern the peoples whose cities are Ornas, Saḳsīn, [[Bolghar]] and [[Kiev]] <ref name = "Ostrowski" />. |
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| ⚫ | Under the [[Yuan Dynasty]], |
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Under the [[Golden Horde]], there was also an official named {{lang-zh | fr = basiha}} ({{chinese | court = o | c = 八 思哈| p = bāsīhā}}) close enough, but not quite equivalent.tammachi |
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| ⚫ | Under the [[Yuan Dynasty]], the title of '' Zhangguan'' replaced the former designation – there was one such official for each administrative subdivision, where functions of governor and chief of the armies were combined. This title was also given to a person at the head of a central government office. This charge usually fell to a Mongol, probably to a [[Semu]], thus guaranteeing the preservation of power within the Mongols. Some other populations, however, could have an administrative title with close functions. |
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{{chinese | court = o | c = 達魯花赤| p = dálǔhuāchì|mong = ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ|mon=Даргач|monr=Daruγači}} |
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| ⚫ | The Turkic term basqaq does not appear in Mongolian sources.<ref name = "Ostrowski" /> |
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| ⚫ | The Turkic term {{lang|trk-latn|basqaq}} does not appear in Mongolian sources.<ref name = "Ostrowski" /> In Russian sources, the ''darughachi'' were almost always referred to as {{lang|ru-latn|baskak}} (plural: {{lang|ru-latn|baskaki}}).<ref>See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov'' (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.</ref> They appear in the 13th-century soon after the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol Conquest]] but were withdrawn by 1328 and the [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] (usually the [[List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow|Prince of Moscow]]) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (''[[kürgen]]''), entrusted with gathering the ''dan'' or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>Charles J. Halperin, ''Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History''(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, ''Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).</ref> |
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In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156</ref> |
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The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] |
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156</ref> The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] in 1231, after the first (of six) [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]]. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and the Mongol military garrisons were withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original darughachi that were stationed were all killed by Goryeo forces in the summer of 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.<ref>"Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/70/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed, most reliable sources (including the ''[[Goryeo-sa]]'') indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.<ref> "Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/72/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> The extant record denoted 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position. While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources; after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition. |
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After 1921 the word |
After 1921 the word {{lang|mn-latn|darga}} ('boss') ([[Khalkha]] for ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''[[noyan]]'' as the term for high-level officials in [[Mongolia]].<ref name="atwood"> |
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C.P.Atwood ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', 2004 {{ISBN|0816046719}} {{ISBN|978-0816046713}} p. 412. |
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</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:Mongol Empire]] |
[[Category:Mongol Empire]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Russia]] |
[[Category:Medieval history of Russia]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:30, 10 July 2024
Darughachi (Mongol form) or Basqaq (Turkic form) were originally designated officials in the Mongol Empire that were in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province. The plural form of the Mongolian word is darugha.[1] They were sometimes referred to as governors.[2] The term corresponds to dārugheh (Persian: داروغه )[3] and basqaq or baskak in Turkic, dálǔhuāchì in Pinyin or ta lu hua ch'ih in Wade–Giles (Traditional Chinese characters: 達魯花赤; Simplified Chinese characters: 达鲁花赤) in Chinese.
History
[edit]This title was established under the rule of Genghis Khan from 1211.[1] The Secret History of the Mongols relates that after the invasion and conquest of the Kipchaks and the Rus between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei placed daruγačin[what language is this?] and tammačin[what language is this?] to govern the peoples whose cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, Bolghar and Kiev.[4]
Under the Yuan Dynasty, the title of Zhangguan replaced the former designation – there was one such official for each administrative subdivision, where functions of governor and chief of the armies were combined. This title was also given to a person at the head of a central government office. This charge usually fell to a Mongol, probably to a Semu, thus guaranteeing the preservation of power within the Mongols. Some other populations, however, could have an administrative title with close functions.
| Darughachi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 達魯花赤 | ||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Даргач | ||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ | ||||||
| |||||||
The texts of Yanghe mention that he should be paid a large sum of gold and silver when the Darugha Turfan was replaced.[5]
The Turkic term basqaq does not appear in Mongolian sources.[4] In Russian sources, the darughachi were almost always referred to as baskak (plural: baskaki).[6] They appear in the 13th-century soon after the Mongol Conquest but were withdrawn by 1328 and the Grand Prince of Vladimir (usually the Prince of Moscow) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (kürgen), entrusted with gathering the dan or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the Golden Horde.[7]
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol darughas were stationed in Vladimir[8] and Baghdad.[9] The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to Goryeo in 1231, after the first (of six) invasions. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and the Mongol military garrisons were withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original darughachi that were stationed were all killed by Goryeo forces in the summer of 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.[10] While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed, most reliable sources (including the Goryeo-sa) indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.[11] The extant record denoted 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position. While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources; after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition.
After 1921 the word darga ('boss') (Khalkha for darugha) replaced the aristocratic noyan as the term for high-level officials in Mongolia.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Britnell, R. H. (1997). Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200–1330. The Boydell Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-85115-695-8. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ Elizabeth Endicott-West, Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 46.2 (1986): 523–549.
- ^ Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی – مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [1] Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Donald Ostrowski The tamma and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no 2, 1998, p. 262-277 doi:10.1017/S0041977X0001380X
- ^ Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005 p. 300
- ^ See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.
- ^ Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
- ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128
- ^ Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156
- ^ "Henthorn, W. E., Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."
- ^ "Henthorn, W. E., Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."
- ^ C.P.Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, 2004 ISBN 0816046719 ISBN 978-0816046713 p. 412.