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m Add: agency. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were actually parameter name changes. | You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | Activated by User:Eastmain | Category:Seismic faults of California | via #UCB_Category
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{{Short description|Seismic fault in Southern California}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox fault
| name = Rose Canyon Fault
| other_name = Rose Canyon Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon-Vallecitos-San Miguel Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon-Descanso-Agua Blanca Fault Zone
| namedfor = Rose Canyon
| namedby =
| yeardef =
| image = Borderlands active faults page.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Rose Canyon Fault is located at the bottom right of the map
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_width =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_mark_size =
| location = Onshore and offshore San Diego
| country = United States
| region =
| state = California
| cities =
| coordinates =
| elevation =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref =
| topdepth_m =
| topdepth_ft =
| topdepth_ref =
| range =
| part_of = [[California Continental Borderland]]
| segments =
| length = ~{{convert|30-170|km|abbr=on}}
| width =
| depth =
| strike =
| dip =
| dip_angle =
| displacement =
| plate =
| status =
| earthquakes = 1862 San Diego earthquake
| type = Right-lateral [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip]]
| movement =
| rockunit =
| age =
| orogeny =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| embed =
}}
[[File:Rose Canyon Fault.png|thumbnail|Rose Canyon Fault Map]]
[[File:Rose Canyon Fault.png|thumbnail|Rose Canyon Fault Map]]
The '''Rose Canyon Fault''' is a right-lateral [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip]] fault running in a north-south direction through [[San Diego County]], California.<ref name="scec">Hart, E.W., Bryant, W.A., Wills, C.J., Treiman, J.A., and Kahle, J.E., [http://www.data.scec.org/fault_index/rosecany.html "Summary Report: Fault Evaluation Program, 1987–1988, Southwestern Basin and Range Region and Supplemental Areas."], Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report, 1989. Retrieved March 2, 2010.</ref>
The '''Rose Canyon Fault''' is a right-lateral [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip]] fault that runs in a north–south direction off the coast of [[San Diego County]], [[California]] until it comes ashore near downtown [[San Diego]]. The fault is linked to the [[Newport–Inglewood Fault]] (NIFZ) in the north and either the [[Agua Blanca Fault]] or [[San Miguel–Vallecitos Fault Zone]] in the south via en echelon [[Strike-slip tectonics#Stepovers|step overs]]. Conservative estimates of the fault place the length around {{convert|30–50|km|abbr=on}}, while interpretations including the NIFZ place the length at {{convert|170|km|abbr=on}}. There are not many earthquakes associated with the fault, however a magnitude 6–6.5 may have struck on the fault in 1862. The fault runs very near to populated areas when offshore, hence there is high potential for infrequent large and damaging earthquakes.


== Extent ==
== Tectonic setting ==
[[Southern California]] lies along a [[transform boundary]] between the [[Pacific Plate]] and [[North American Plate]]. Faulting is taken up by three main groups of faults: the [[San Andreas Fault]] and linked faults, the [[Eastern California Shear Zone]] (ECSZ), and the [[California Continental Borderland]] (CCB). The San Andreas system and the ECSZ take up around 85% of the deformation, while the CCB accommodates the rest.{{sfn|Bormann|Kent|p=2}}{{sfn|Liu|Wang|Li|2010|p=1}} The CCB is itself split into the Inner (ICB) and Outer Continental Borderlands. The ICB takes up ~{{convert|6-8|mm|abbr=on}} of the plate boundary's slip, with the Rose Canyon Fault being one of the most hazardous faults in the ICB system.{{sfn|Bormann|Kent|p=2}}{{sfn|Maloney|Legg|Nicholson|Rockwell|p=6}}
The Rose Canyon Fault is about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length. It starts in the [[Mission Valley, San Diego|Mission Valley]] area and heads past [[Mt. Soledad]] and [[La Jolla]] into the Pacific Ocean where it joins other faults such as the [[Oceanside Fault]].<ref name="findingfaults">Monroe, Robert, [http://explorations.ucsd.edu/faults/index.html "Finding Faults"], 2002. Retrieved March 2, 2010.</ref>


== Current state ==
== Fault characteristics ==
The right-lateral [[Strike-slip tectonics|strike-slip]] fault extends for {{convert|30–50|km|abbr=on}} and slips at a rate of {{convert|1.1–2|mm|abbr=on}}/yr.{{refn|group=note|The Southern California Earthquake Center has the fault at 30km,<ref name="SCEC"/> A 2010 paper by Thomas Rockwell has it at 40km,{{sfn|Rockwell|2010|p=9}} and a 1997 book by Glenn Roquemore has the length at 50km.{{sfn|Roquemore|1997}}}}<ref name="SCEC"/>{{sfn|Lindvall|Rockwell|1995|p=10}} The fault begins in the [[San Diego Bay]], then runs through [[La Jolla]] before turning offshore. It extends north paralleling the coastline before connecting with the [[Newport-Inglewood Fault]] via short en echelon [[Strike-slip tectonics#Stepovers|step overs]], and the two faults together extend for {{convert|170|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sahakian|Bormann|Driscoll|Harding|2017}}{{sfn|Rockwell|Singleton|2018|p=2}}
[[File:Rose canyon.jpg|right|thumb|Rose Canyon in 2007]]
Not much is known about the Rose Canyon fault, though its slip-rate is thought to be 1.1&nbsp;mm/year.<ref name="scec" />


=== Southern terminus ===
The Rose Canyon Fault has sustained at least one late Holocene rupture, with the date of the earthquake estimated to be after AD 1450 and most likely prior to construction of the San Diego Mission in 1769, as a large historical Rose Canyon earthquake would likely have destroyed that mission.<ref name="SONGSreport">"[http://www.songscommunity.com/docs/Paleoseismic_Trenching.pdf Southern California Edison, Paleoseismic Assessment of the Late Holocene Rupture History of the Rose Canyon Fault in San Diego]", December 2012.</ref> The last earthquake believed to have occurred on the fault occurring on May 27, 1862, which was around magnitude 6;<ref>{{cite news |last=De Wyze |first=Jeannete |date=March 2, 2000 |title=Earthquake San Diego Danger Zones |url=http://webshaker.ucsd.edu/homework/EarthquakeSanDiegoDangerZones.pdf |newspaper=San Diego Reader |access-date=October 4, 2016 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Gary |date=May 26, 2012 |title=SD marks 150th anniversary of biggest quake |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sdut-sd-marks-150th-anniversary-its-biggest-quake-2012may26-story.html |newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |access-date=October 4, 2016 }}</ref> however, its association with the Rose Canyon Fault is debatable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Glenn Roquemore|title=The Seismic Risk in the San Diego Region: Special Focus on the Rose Canyon Fault Systems: Workshop Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjnXWTMc4eMC&pg=PA6|date=April 1, 1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-4262-8|page=6}}</ref>
The southern terminus of the Rose Canyon Fault Zone has not been conclusively determined, and is considered to connect to the Descanso and Agua Blanca Faults and/or the San Miguel–Vallecitos Fault Zone.{{sfn|SONGS|2012|p=2}}{{sfn|Abbott|Elliott|1979|p=29}} Researchers have suggested that both of these faults may transfer slip to the Rose Canyon Fault via San Diego Bay step overs, however no clear connection has been determined.{{sfn|Maloney|Legg|Nicholson|Rockwell|p=7}} Around the San Diego Bay, the fault splays out into many different strands, such as the Silver Strand and Spanish Bight faults.{{sfn|Rockwell|Singleton|2018|p=4}}{{sfn|Lindvall|Rockwell|1995|p=1}} Some of these splay faults come very close to the Descanso Fault, which in turn links with the Agua Blanca Fault. This leads certain researchers to consider these faults interconnected as one major fault zone, the Newport Inglewood–Rose Canyon–Descanso–Agua Blanca Fault Zone.{{sfn|SONGS|2012|p=2}}{{sfn|Rockwell|Singleton|2018|p=3-4}}{{sfn|Grant|Rockwell|2002}} Others favor an interpretation which links the Rose Canyon to the San Miguel-Vallecitos Fault Zone, though just like with the Descanso and Agua Blanca faults, there are no visible faults connecting the two.{{sfn|Maloney|Legg|Nicholson|Rockwell|p=7}} Other researchers attempting to determine which of the two faults the Rose Canyon connects to in the south provide evidence for both faults having a potential link.{{sfn|Abbott|Elliott|1979|p=41}}{{sfn|Anderson|Rockwell|Agnew|1989|p=10}}{{sfn|Roquemore|1997|p=12}}


== Seismic activity ==
The Rose Canyon Fault has garnered more attention because it runs through such highly populated areas and was formerly thought not to be much of a threat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-04/san-diego-earthquake-fault-danger|title=San Diego faces critical earthquake danger from fault long believed to be inactive|last=Lin II|first=Rong-Gong|date=2020-03-04|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="eeri 2014">{{cite web|url=https://sandiego.eeri.org/2014-eq-scenario/|title=San Diego Earthquake Scenario|publisher=San Diego Regional Chapter, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute|accessdate=2020-03-05 }}</ref> Some [[geophysics|geophysicists]], such as [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] researcher Jeff Babcock, have hypothesized that a concentrated [[earthquake]] involving the Rose Canyon, Oceanside, and [[Newport–Inglewood fault]]s could result in an earthquake up to magnitude 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]].<ref name="findingfaults" /> A 2017 study concluded that, together, the Newport–Inglewood Fault and Rose Canyon Fault could produce an earthquake of 7.3 or 7.4 magnitude.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/study-california-fault-could-cause-magnitude-74-quake/2017/03/07/7af63b36-039a-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html | title = Study: California fault could cause magnitude-7.4 quake | agency = Associated Press | date = March 7, 2017 | location = San Diego, California | work = [[The Washington Post]] | access-date = March 8, 2017}}</ref>
The Rose Canyon Fault has little associated historic seismicity, however a magnitude 6–6.5 earthquake in 1862 is often attributed to it.{{sfn|De Wyze|2000|p=6}} The shock was assigned a [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli intensity]] shaking of VII (''Very strong''). Shaking was widespread and felt in [[Los Angeles]] (over {{cvt|100|mi|abbr=on}} away). However, due to the lack of reports in the area, it is not possible to guarantee that this earthquake occurred on the Rose Canyon Fault.{{sfn|Roquemore|1997|p=8}} [[Paleoseismology#Paleoseismic trenching|Trenching]] of the fault reveals multiple ruptures within the past 8,100 years, including a rupture that occurred between 300 years to shortly before the [[San Diego Mission]] was established.{{sfn|Lindvall|Rockwell|1995|p=9}} Some of these historic ruptures have an estimated magnitude of 7–7.3.{{sfn|De Wyze|2000|p=5}}

== Future hazard ==
The Rose Canyon Fault Zone can produce large earthquakes which can be very destructive due to its proximity to major population centers in [[Southern California]].{{sfn|Sahakian|Bormann|Driscoll|Harding|2017}} On the fault, earthquakes nearing magnitude 7 have a recurrence interval between 700±400{{sfn|Lin II|2020}} and 2,000 years.{{sfn|De Wyze|2000|p=5}} Scenarios modeling a magnitude 6.9 earthquake predict [[peak ground acceleration]] will reach 0.55&nbsp;[[Spectral acceleration|''g'']] in San Diego, and 0.35&nbsp;''g'' in [[Tijuana]]. [[Downtown San Diego]] and [[Mission Bay (San Diego)|Mission Bay]] will experience [[liquefaction]], while [[Mt. Soledad]] may experience [[landslides]]. Coastal areas such as La Jolla and [[Point Loma]] may experience localized coastal bluff failures, and submarine canyons may have landslides which trigger [[tsunami]].{{sfn|EERI|2020|p=34}} Other studies link the Rose Canyon Fault with the Newport-Inglewood, and the combined fault zone can produce M7.3–7.4 earthquakes.{{sfn|Sahakian|Bormann|Driscoll|Harding|2017}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="SCEC">{{cite web |title=Rose Canyon Fault Zone |url=http://www.data.scec.org/fault_index/rosecany.html |website=Southern California Earthquake Center |publisher=Southern California Earthquake Center |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716131700/http://www.data.scec.org/fault_index/rosecany.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}


'''Sources'''
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Patrick L. |last2=Elliott |first2=William J. |editor-last1=Legg |editor-first1=Mark R. |editor-last2=Kennedy |editor-first2=Michael P. |title=Earthquakes and other perils—San Diego region |date=November 1979 |publisher=San Diego Association of Geologists Guidebook |url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1929/ML19290D444.pdf |access-date=31 December 2023 |chapter=Faulting offshore San Diego and northern Baja California}}
* {{citation|title=Seismicity of the Rose Canyon fault zone near San Diego, California|url=http://www.bssaonline.org/content/83/6/1971.extract|first=H.|last=Magistrale|year=1993|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=83|number=6|pages=1971–1978}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=John G. |last2=Rockwell |first2=Thomas K. |last3=Agnew |first3=Duncan Carr |title=Past and Possible Future Earthquakes of Significance to the San Diego Region |journal=Earthquake Spectra |date=May 1989 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=299–335 |doi=10.1193/1.1585524 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/earthquake-spectra/article-abstract/5/2/299/584325/Past-and-Possible-Future-Earthquakes-of |access-date=1 January 2024}}
* {{cite report |last1=Bormann |first1=Jayne |last2=Kent |first2=Graham |title=Investigating recent deformation along the southern San Pedro Basin fault to assess evidence for connectivity between the San Pedro Basin and San Diego Trough fault systems |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/cfusion/external_grants/reports/G17AP00124.pdf |access-date=27 December 2023}}
* {{cite news |last=De Wyze |first=Jeannete |date=2 March 2000 |title=Earthquake San Diego Danger Zones |url=http://webshaker.ucsd.edu/homework/EarthquakeSanDiegoDangerZones.pdf |newspaper=San Diego Reader |access-date=1 January 2024}}
* {{Cite report |title=San Diego Earthquake Planning Scenario |date=2020 |url=https://sandiego.eeri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/EERI-San-Diego-Scenario-2020.pdf |last=EERI |access-date=1 January 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Lisa B. |last2=Rockwell |first2=Thomas K. |title=A Northward-propagating Earthquake Sequence in Coastal Southern California? |journal=Seismological Research Letters |date=2002 |volume=73 |issue=4 |doi=10.1785/GSSRL.73.4.461 |url=https://www.academia.edu/18351510/A_Northward_propagating_Earthquake_Sequence_in_Coastal_Southern_California |access-date=1 January 2024}}
* {{cite news |last1=Lin II |first1=Rong-Gong |title=San Diego faces critical earthquake danger from fault long believed to be inactive |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-04/san-diego-earthquake-fault-danger |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=LA Times |date=4 March 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lindvall |first1=Scott C. |last2=Rockwell |first2=Thomas K. |title=Holocene activity of the Rose Canyon fault zone in San Diego, California |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=10 December 1995 |volume=100 |issue=B12 |pages=24121–24132 |doi=10.1029/95JB02627 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/95JB02627 |access-date=31 December 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Mian |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |last3=Li |first3=Qingsong |title=Inception of the eastern California shear zone and evolution of the Pacific-North American plate boundary: From kinematics to geodynamics |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=7 July 2010 |volume=115 |issue=B7 |doi=10.1029/2009JB007055 |bibcode=2010JGRB..115.7401L |url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007055 |access-date=30 December 2023}}
* {{cite web |last1=Maloney |first1=Jillian M. |last2=Legg |first2=Mark |last3=Nicholson |first3=Craig |last4=Rockwell |first4=Thomas K. |title=White Paper: The California continental borderland |url=https://files.scec.org/s3fs-public/whitepapers/2020/Whitepaper_2020_Borderland.pdf?v=2 |website=Southern California Earthquake Center |access-date=30 December 2023}}
* {{Cite report |title=Mid to Late Holocene Rupture History of the Rose Canyon Fault in San Diego, California |date=April 2018 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/cfusion/external_grants/reports/G16AP00015.pdf |last=Rockwell |first=Thomas K. |access-date=30 December 2023 |last2=Singleton |first2=Drake}}
* {{Cite conference |title=The Rose Canyon Fault Zone in San Diego |conference=International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics |url=https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2907&context=icrageesd |last=Rockwell |first=Thomas K. |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=31 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roquemore |first1=Glenn |title=The Seismic Risk in the San Diego Region: Special Focus on the Rose Canyon Fault Systems: Workshop Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjnXWTMc4eMC&pg=PA6|date=1 April 1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-4262-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sahakian |first1=Valerie |last2=Bormann |first2=Jayne |last3=Driscoll |first3=Neal |last4=Harding |first4=Alistair |last5=Kent |first5=Graham |last6=Wesnousky |first6=Steve |title=Seismic constraints on the architecture of the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault: Implications for the length and magnitude of future earthquake ruptures |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=7 March 2017 |volume=122 |pages=2085–2105 |doi=10.1002/2016JB013467 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB013467 |access-date=1 January 2024|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite report |title=Paleoseismic Assessment of the Late Holocene Rupture History of the Rose Canyon Fault in San Diego |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.songscommunity.com/docs/Paleoseismic_Trenching.pdf |last=SONGS |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114713/http://www.songscommunity.com/docs/Paleoseismic_Trenching.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael P. |date=1975 |title=Geology of the San Diego metropolitan area, California |url=https://archive.org/details/geologyofsandieg00kennrich |publisher=California Division of Mines and Geology |page=}}
* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael P. |date=1975 |title=Geology of the San Diego metropolitan area, California |url=https://archive.org/details/geologyofsandieg00kennrich |publisher=California Division of Mines and Geology }}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 06:42, 1 July 2024

Rose Canyon Fault
Rose Canyon Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon-Vallecitos-San Miguel Fault Zone, Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon-Descanso-Agua Blanca Fault Zone
The Rose Canyon Fault is located at the bottom right of the map
EtymologyRose Canyon
LocationOnshore and offshore San Diego
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
Characteristics
Part ofCalifornia Continental Borderland
Length~30–170 km (19–106 mi)
Tectonics
Earthquakes1862 San Diego earthquake
TypeRight-lateral strike-slip
Rose Canyon Fault Map

The Rose Canyon Fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault that runs in a north–south direction off the coast of San Diego County, California until it comes ashore near downtown San Diego. The fault is linked to the Newport–Inglewood Fault (NIFZ) in the north and either the Agua Blanca Fault or San Miguel–Vallecitos Fault Zone in the south via en echelon step overs. Conservative estimates of the fault place the length around 30–50 km (19–31 mi), while interpretations including the NIFZ place the length at 170 km (110 mi). There are not many earthquakes associated with the fault, however a magnitude 6–6.5 may have struck on the fault in 1862. The fault runs very near to populated areas when offshore, hence there is high potential for infrequent large and damaging earthquakes.

Tectonic setting

Southern California lies along a transform boundary between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate. Faulting is taken up by three main groups of faults: the San Andreas Fault and linked faults, the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ), and the California Continental Borderland (CCB). The San Andreas system and the ECSZ take up around 85% of the deformation, while the CCB accommodates the rest.[1][2] The CCB is itself split into the Inner (ICB) and Outer Continental Borderlands. The ICB takes up ~6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) of the plate boundary's slip, with the Rose Canyon Fault being one of the most hazardous faults in the ICB system.[1][3]

Fault characteristics

The right-lateral strike-slip fault extends for 30–50 km (19–31 mi) and slips at a rate of 1.1–2 mm (0.043–0.079 in)/yr.[note 1][4][7] The fault begins in the San Diego Bay, then runs through La Jolla before turning offshore. It extends north paralleling the coastline before connecting with the Newport-Inglewood Fault via short en echelon step overs, and the two faults together extend for 170 km (110 mi).[8][9]

Southern terminus

The southern terminus of the Rose Canyon Fault Zone has not been conclusively determined, and is considered to connect to the Descanso and Agua Blanca Faults and/or the San Miguel–Vallecitos Fault Zone.[10][11] Researchers have suggested that both of these faults may transfer slip to the Rose Canyon Fault via San Diego Bay step overs, however no clear connection has been determined.[12] Around the San Diego Bay, the fault splays out into many different strands, such as the Silver Strand and Spanish Bight faults.[13][14] Some of these splay faults come very close to the Descanso Fault, which in turn links with the Agua Blanca Fault. This leads certain researchers to consider these faults interconnected as one major fault zone, the Newport Inglewood–Rose Canyon–Descanso–Agua Blanca Fault Zone.[10][15][16] Others favor an interpretation which links the Rose Canyon to the San Miguel-Vallecitos Fault Zone, though just like with the Descanso and Agua Blanca faults, there are no visible faults connecting the two.[12] Other researchers attempting to determine which of the two faults the Rose Canyon connects to in the south provide evidence for both faults having a potential link.[17][18][19]

Seismic activity

The Rose Canyon Fault has little associated historic seismicity, however a magnitude 6–6.5 earthquake in 1862 is often attributed to it.[20] The shock was assigned a Modified Mercalli intensity shaking of VII (Very strong). Shaking was widespread and felt in Los Angeles (over 100 mi (160 km) away). However, due to the lack of reports in the area, it is not possible to guarantee that this earthquake occurred on the Rose Canyon Fault.[21] Trenching of the fault reveals multiple ruptures within the past 8,100 years, including a rupture that occurred between 300 years to shortly before the San Diego Mission was established.[22] Some of these historic ruptures have an estimated magnitude of 7–7.3.[23]

Future hazard

The Rose Canyon Fault Zone can produce large earthquakes which can be very destructive due to its proximity to major population centers in Southern California.[8] On the fault, earthquakes nearing magnitude 7 have a recurrence interval between 700±400[24] and 2,000 years.[23] Scenarios modeling a magnitude 6.9 earthquake predict peak ground acceleration will reach 0.55 g in San Diego, and 0.35 g in Tijuana. Downtown San Diego and Mission Bay will experience liquefaction, while Mt. Soledad may experience landslides. Coastal areas such as La Jolla and Point Loma may experience localized coastal bluff failures, and submarine canyons may have landslides which trigger tsunami.[25] Other studies link the Rose Canyon Fault with the Newport-Inglewood, and the combined fault zone can produce M7.3–7.4 earthquakes.[8]

Notes

  1. ^ The Southern California Earthquake Center has the fault at 30km,[4] A 2010 paper by Thomas Rockwell has it at 40km,[5] and a 1997 book by Glenn Roquemore has the length at 50km.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b Bormann & Kent, p. 2.
  2. ^ Liu, Wang & Li 2010, p. 1.
  3. ^ Maloney et al., p. 6.
  4. ^ a b "Rose Canyon Fault Zone". Southern California Earthquake Center. Southern California Earthquake Center. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  5. ^ Rockwell 2010, p. 9.
  6. ^ Roquemore 1997.
  7. ^ Lindvall & Rockwell 1995, p. 10.
  8. ^ a b c Sahakian et al. 2017.
  9. ^ Rockwell & Singleton 2018, p. 2.
  10. ^ a b SONGS 2012, p. 2.
  11. ^ Abbott & Elliott 1979, p. 29.
  12. ^ a b Maloney et al., p. 7.
  13. ^ Rockwell & Singleton 2018, p. 4.
  14. ^ Lindvall & Rockwell 1995, p. 1.
  15. ^ Rockwell & Singleton 2018, p. 3-4.
  16. ^ Grant & Rockwell 2002.
  17. ^ Abbott & Elliott 1979, p. 41.
  18. ^ Anderson, Rockwell & Agnew 1989, p. 10.
  19. ^ Roquemore 1997, p. 12.
  20. ^ De Wyze 2000, p. 6.
  21. ^ Roquemore 1997, p. 8.
  22. ^ Lindvall & Rockwell 1995, p. 9.
  23. ^ a b De Wyze 2000, p. 5.
  24. ^ Lin II 2020.
  25. ^ EERI 2020, p. 34.

Sources

Further reading

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