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{{short description|American plant physiologist and circadian rhythms researcher (1914–1989)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Beatrice M. Sweeney
|name = Beatrice M. Sweeney
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|08|11}}<ref name="uoc_obit" />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]<ref name="uoc_obit" />
| birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|07|17|1914|08|11}}<ref name="uoc_obit" />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|07|17|1914|08|11}}
| death_place = [[Falmouth, Massachusetts]]<ref name="uoc_obit" />
| death_place = [[Falmouth, Massachusetts]]
| resting_place =
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| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
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*[[Yale University]]
*[[Yale University]]
*[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]}}
*[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Smith College]]<ref name="uoc_obit" />
| alma_mater = [[Smith College]]
| thesis_title = A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling<ref name="thesis" />
| thesis_title = A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling<ref name="thesis" />
| thesis_url =
| thesis_url =
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| notable_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Founding circadian biology
| known_for = Founding circadian biology
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_bot = Sweeney
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influences = [[Folke K. Skoog]]<ref name="annual_review" />
| influenced =
| influenced =
| awards =
| awards =
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt =
| signature_alt =
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Paul Lee
| spouse = Paul Lee
}}
}}
'''Eleanor Beatrice March "Beazy" Sweeney''' ({{Birth date|1914|08|11}}&ndash;{{Death date|1989|07|17}}) was an [[United States of America|American]] [[Plant physiology|plant physiologist]] and a pioneering investigator into [[circadian rhythms]]. She was Professor, Emerita at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].
'''Eleanor Beatrice Marcy "Beazy" Sweeney''' ({{Birth date|1914|08|11}}&ndash;{{Death date|1989|07|17}}) was an [[United States of America|American]] [[Plant physiology|plant physiologist]] and a pioneering investigator into [[circadian rhythms]]. At the time of her death she was professor emerita at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], where she had worked since 1961.


Having started her career as a botanist, serendipity led her to [[Dinoflagellate|dinoflagellate]] research. She investigated circadian rhythms in [[Photoluminescence|photoluminescent]] dinoflagellates, and other single celled organisms. Later in her career she served as a senior officer in many scientific organizations.
Having started her career as a botanist, serendipity led her to [[dinoflagellate]] research. She investigated circadian rhythms in [[Photoluminescence|photoluminescent]] dinoflagellates, and other single celled organisms. Later in her career she served as a senior officer in many scientific organizations, including the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] and the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]].<ref name="jbr_obit" />


==Early life and Education==
==Early life and education==
Sweeney was born on {{Birth date|1914|08|11}} in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="uoc_obit" /> A 1987 autobiography describes how her passion for botany emerged at an early age: She drew and photographed flowers before she could read, and a school essay on an unsuccessful attempt to construct a bog in her back yard was published in 1931.<ref name="annual_review" /> She gained her undergraduate degree at [[Smith College]] where she performed research into the effect of drugs on [[cytoplasmic streaming]].<ref name="plant_physiology_1937" /><ref name="annual_review" />
Sweeney was born Eleanor Beatrice Marcy on {{Birth date|1914|08|11}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], the daughter of Eleanor and Henry O. Marcy Jr.<ref name="who's who" /> She gained her undergraduate degree at [[Smith College]] where she performed research into the effect of drugs on [[cytoplasmic streaming]].<ref name="plant_physiology_1937" /><ref name="annual_review" />


She attended graduate school at [[Radcliffe College]], where she investigated how [[auxin]] affected cytoplasmic streaming in ''Avena'' seedlings under the supervision of [[Kenneth V. Thimann]]. She was helped in her research by [[Folke K. Skoog]], who was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard at the time.<ref name="thesis" /><ref name="annual_review" /> She completed her PhD in 1942.<ref name="uoc_obit" />
She attended graduate school at [[Radcliffe College]], where she investigated how [[auxin]] affected cytoplasmic streaming in ''Avena'' seedlings under the supervision of [[Kenneth V. Thimann]]. She was helped in her research by [[Folke K. Skoog]], who was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard at the time.<ref name="thesis" /><ref name="annual_review" /> She completed her Ph.D. degree in 1942.<ref name="uoc_obit" /> She married her first husband in 1932 and had four children.<ref name="Bailey1994"/> In 1961 married secondly the physicist Paul Hartmann Lee.<ref name=jbr_obit/><ref name="lee_obit"/>
[[File:Isla Vista international style beach house.jpg|thumb|Sweeney and Lee House in [[Isla Vista, California|Isla Vista]] near UC Santa Barbara, built in 1968 and designed by the same architect as the [[Hodgkins and Skubic House]] next door]]


==Career==
==Career==
Following the completion of her PhD, she followed her first husband to Rochester, MD. Since she was initially unable to find an academic job in botany, so she worked as a lab technician. She then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the [[Mayo Clinic]]. She again followed her husband to San Diego, and she found employment at the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], where she first began working with dinoflagellates, and began her investigations in circadian rhythms. In 1961 she moved to Yale, where she was appointed a lecturer in algal physiology. However, she was never given a permanent position, so in 1967, she returned to the west coast, with an appointment at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she was made professor in 1971, and professor emerita in 1982. She served as the associate provost of [[College of Creative Studies]] from 1978 to 1981.<ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="uoc_obit" /><ref name="annual_review" />
Following the completion of her Ph.D., she followed her first husband to Rochester, MD. She was initially unable to find an academic job in botany, so she worked as a lab technician. She then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the [[Mayo Clinic]]. She again followed her husband to San Diego, and she found employment at the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], where she first began working with dinoflagellates, and began her investigations in circadian rhythms. In 1961 she moved to Yale, where she was appointed a lecturer in algal physiology. However, at Yale she was never given a permanent position, so in 1967, she returned to the west coast, with an appointment at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she was made professor in 1971, and professor emerita in 1982. She served as the associate provost of [[College of Creative Studies]] from 1978 to 1981.<ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="uoc_obit" /><ref name="annual_review" />


While in Santa Barbara, Sweeney gave a tour of the campus to the daughter of a family friend, future Nobel laureate [[Carol W. Greider]], who was a high school student at the time. This led to Greider studying at the College of Creative Studies. Sweeney introduced Greider to research during her freshman year, and mentored her throughout the rest of her time at UCSB.<ref name="nuzzo_2005" /><ref name="nobel" />
⚫
Sweeney was president of the [[American Society for Photobiology]] in 1979, the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]] in 1980, the pacific division of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1981, and the [[Phycological Society of America]] in 1986.<ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="aibs_1997" />


⚫
Sweeney was president of the [[American Society for Photobiology]] in 1979, the American Institute of Biological Sciences in 1980, the pacific division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1981, and the [[Phycological Society of America]] in 1986.<ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="aibs_1997" />
⚫
In 1983, the [[Botanical Society of America]] awarded her the Darbaker Prize for Study of Microscopic Algae, with the citation as follows:

⚫
In 1983, the [[Botanical Society of America]] awarded her the [[Darbaker Prize]] for Study of Microscopic Algae, with the citation as follows:


<blockquote>Dr. Sweeney is a world-respected innovator in the study of circadian rhythms, particularly in the dinoflagellates. By bringing dinoflagellates into culture and by defining their multiple photoperiodic responses, especially the physiological and ultrastructural aspects of the circadian rhythms of their bioluminescence, she has influenced the research direction of many laboratories.<ref name="botany" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>Dr. Sweeney is a world-respected innovator in the study of circadian rhythms, particularly in the dinoflagellates. By bringing dinoflagellates into culture and by defining their multiple photoperiodic responses, especially the physiological and ultrastructural aspects of the circadian rhythms of their bioluminescence, she has influenced the research direction of many laboratories.<ref name="botany" /></blockquote>
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She suffered a stroke on 30 June 1989 while traveling to the Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, while visiting the [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] at the invitation of her long time collaborator [[John Woodland Hastings]], and fell into a coma. She died on 17 July 1989.<ref name=jbr_obit />
She suffered a stroke on 30 June 1989 while traveling to the Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, while visiting the [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] at the invitation of her long time collaborator [[John Woodland Hastings]], and fell into a coma. She died on 17 July 1989.<ref name=jbr_obit />
[[File:The Biological bulletin (19754734073).jpg|thumb|Dinoflagellate algal cell]]


==Research==
==Research==
Upon arrival at the Scripps Institution, Sweeney wanted to study photosynthesis of red and brown algae in different colors of light. However, she encountered delays in procuring the equipment, so on the suggestion of her colleague Marston Sargent, she attempted to culture dinoflagellates. An early success was the discovery that ''[[Akashiwo sanguinea]]'' (then known as ''Gymnodinium splendens'') requires [[vitamin B12]] in order to grow.<ref name="annual_review" /> <ref name="yayanos_2003" /><ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="uoc_obit" />
Upon arrival at the Scripps Institution, Sweeney wanted to study photosynthesis of red and brown algae in different colors of light. However, she encountered delays in procuring the equipment, so on the suggestion of her colleague Marston Sargent, she attempted to culture dinoflagellates. An early success was the discovery that ''[[Akashiwo sanguinea]]'' (then known as ''Gymnodinium splendens'') requires [[vitamin B12]] in order to grow.<ref name="annual_review" /><ref name="yayanos_2003" /><ref name="jbr_obit" /><ref name="uoc_obit" />


She was also able to culture ''[[Lingulodinium polyedra]]'' (then known as ''Gonyaulax polyedra''), and became interested in its bioluminescence. She noticed that it luminesced in daily cycles, and presented this result at a conference, also attended by John Woodland Hastings, who shared her interest in bioluminescent dinoflagellates. They began a collaboration, with Woodland joining her at the Scripps Institution during the summers of 1955 to 1957. Together with Woodland's student Marlene Karakashian, they characterized the circadian rhythm of the species. Later, at Yale, she used electron microscopy to image the internal structure of ''polyedra''.<ref name=annual_review /><ref name=yayanos_2003 />
She was also able to culture ''[[Lingulodinium polyedra]]'' (then known as ''Gonyaulax polyedra''), and became interested in its bioluminescence. She noticed that it luminesced in daily cycles, and presented this result at a conference. At that time, biological rhythms were known for a variety of assemblages of cells but Sweeney noted that when such rhythms shifted, it was impossible to tell if all cells shifted or if the population became unsynchronized. To address this question, she studied single cells in Cartesian divers and found that rhythms occurred in single cells that responded similarly to resetting stimuli.<ref name="sweeney_1960" /> John Woodland Hastings (known as Woody Hastings) heard Sweeney present her work on rhythms at a conference in Asilomar in 1955 and became acquainted with her because he shared her interest in bioluminescent dinoflagellates.<ref name="haxo_1955" /> They began a collaboration, with Woodland joining her at the Scripps Institution during the summers of 1955 to 1957.<ref name="jbr_obit" /> Together with Woodland's student Marlene Karakashian, they characterized the circadian rhythm of the species. Later, at Yale, she used electron microscopy to image the internal structure of ''G. polyedra''.<ref name=annual_review /><ref name=yayanos_2003 />


In 1960, she joined an expedition from [[Cairns]] to [[Thursday Island]] aboard a crocodile hunting boat. She was able to collect a sample of ''[[Acetabularia]]'', a green algae with the ability to survive for long periods without its nucleus, enabling her to determine that its presence was not required for the maintenance of a circadian rhythm. In 1969 and 1975, she went to sea aboard the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]'s RV Alpha Helix, and studied bioluminescence on voyages to New Guinea and South East Asia.<ref name="annual_review" /><ref name="schweiger" /><ref name="case_2004" />
In 1960, she joined an expedition from [[Cairns]] to [[Thursday Island]] aboard a crocodile hunting boat. She was able to collect a sample of ''[[Acetabularia]]'', a green algae with the ability to survive for long periods without its nucleus, enabling her to determine that a nucleus was not required for the maintenance of a circadian rhythm.<ref name="sweeney_1961" /> In 1969 and 1975, she went to sea aboard the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]'s RV Alpha Helix, and studied bioluminescence on voyages to New Guinea and South East Asia.<ref name="annual_review" /><ref name="schweiger" /><ref name="case_2004" /> She studied the red tides that killed fish, caused by dinoflagellate algae, and consulted with groups trying to combat these disasters.<ref name="sweeney_1975" />


She continued her research into circadian rhythms for the rest of her career, publishing her monograph Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants in 1969, and a second edition in 1987.<ref name="uoc_obit" />
She continued her research into circadian rhythms for the rest of her career, publishing her monograph Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants in 1969, and a second edition in 1987.<ref name="uoc_obit" />
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=== Selected publications ===
=== Selected publications ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=February 1957|title=Characteristics of the diurnal rhythm of luminescence in ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcp.1030490107|journal=Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=115–128|doi=10.1002/jcp.1030490107|issn=0095-9898}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Sweeney|first1=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=February 1957|title=Characteristics of the diurnal rhythm of luminescence in ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|journal=Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=115–128|doi=10.1002/jcp.1030490107|issn=0095-9898}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J. Woodland|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=April 1957|title=The luminescent reaction in extracts of the marine dinoflagellate, ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcp.1030490205|journal=Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=209–225|doi=10.1002/jcp.1030490205|issn=0095-9898}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Hastings|first1=J. Woodland|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=April 1957|title=The luminescent reaction in extracts of the marine dinoflagellate, ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|journal=Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=209–225|doi=10.1002/jcp.1030490205|pmid=13481063|issn=0095-9898}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J. Woodland|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=1957-09-15|title=On the Mechanism of Temperature Independence in a Biological Clock|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/43/9/804|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=43|issue=9|pages=804–811|doi=10.1073/pnas.43.9.804|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16590089}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Hastings|first1=J. Woodland|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=1957-09-15|title=On the Mechanism of Temperature Independence in a Biological Clock|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=43|issue=9|pages=804–811|doi=10.1073/pnas.43.9.804|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16590089|pmc=534330|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=August 1958|title=Rhythmic Cell Division in Populations of ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1958.tb02555.x|journal=The Journal of Protozoology|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=217–224|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1958.tb02555.x|issn=0022-3921}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Sweeney|first1=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=August 1958|title=Rhythmic Cell Division in Populations of ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|journal=The Journal of Protozoology|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=217–224|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1958.tb02555.x|issn=0022-3921}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=1960-01-01|title=Effects of Temperature upon Diurnal Rhythms|url=http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/25/87|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology|language=en|volume=25|pages=87–104|doi=10.1101/SQB.1960.025.01.009|issn=0091-7451|pmid=13774256}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Sweeney|first1=Beatrice M.|last2=Hastings|first2=J. Woodland|date=1960-01-01|title=Effects of Temperature upon Diurnal Rhythms|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology|language=en|volume=25|pages=87–104|doi=10.1101/SQB.1960.025.01.009|issn=0091-7451|pmid=13774256|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J. Woodland|last2=Astrachan|first2=Lazarus|last3=Sweeney|first3=Beatrice M.|date=1961-09-01|title=A Persistent Daily Rhythm in Photosynthesis|url=http://jgp.rupress.org/content/45/1/69|journal=The Journal of General Physiology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=69–76|doi=10.1085/jgp.45.1.69|issn=0022-1295|pmid=13712193}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Hastings|first1=J. Woodland|last2=Astrachan|first2=Lazarus|last3=Sweeney|first3=Beatrice M.|date=1961-09-01|title=A Persistent Daily Rhythm in Photosynthesis|journal=The Journal of General Physiology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=69–76|doi=10.1085/jgp.45.1.69|issn=0022-1295|pmid=13712193|pmc=2195161}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Prézelin|first=Barbara B.|last2=Meeson|first2=Blanche W.|last3=Sweeney|first3=Beatrice M.|date=1977-09-01|title=Characterization of Photosynthetic Rhythms in Marine Dinoflagellates: I. Pigmentation, Photosynthetic Capacity and Respiration|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/60/3/384|journal=Plant Physiology|language=en|volume=60|issue=3|pages=384–387|doi=10.1104/pp.60.3.384|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16660098}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Prézelin|first1=Barbara B.|last2=Meeson|first2=Blanche W.|last3=Sweeney|first3=Beatrice M.|date=1977-09-01|title=Characterization of Photosynthetic Rhythms in Marine Dinoflagellates: I. Pigmentation, Photosynthetic Capacity and Respiration|journal=Plant Physiology|language=en|volume=60|issue=3|pages=384–387|doi=10.1104/pp.60.3.384|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16660098|pmc=542621}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Prézelin|first=Barbara B.|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=1977-09-01|title=Characterization of Photosynthetic Rhythms in Marine Dinoflagellates: II. Photosynthesis-Irradiance Curves and in Vivo Chlorophyll a Fluorescence|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/60/3/388|journal=Plant Physiology|language=en|volume=60|issue=3|pages=388–392|doi=10.1104/pp.60.3.388|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16660099}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Prézelin|first1=Barbara B.|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=1977-09-01|title=Characterization of Photosynthetic Rhythms in Marine Dinoflagellates: II. Photosynthesis-Irradiance Curves and in Vivo Chlorophyll a Fluorescence|journal=Plant Physiology|language=en|volume=60|issue=3|pages=388–392|doi=10.1104/pp.60.3.388|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16660099|pmc=542622}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Harding|first=L. W.|last2=Meeson|first2=B. W.|last3=Prézelin|first3=B. B.|last4=Sweeney|first4=B. M.|year=1981|title=Diel periodicity of photosynthesis in marine phytoplankton|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00386649|journal=Marine Biology|language=en|volume=61|issue=2-3|pages=95–105|doi=10.1007/bf00386649|issn=0025-3162}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Harding|first1=L. W.|last2=Meeson|first2=B. W.|last3=Prézelin|first3=B. B.|last4=Sweeney|first4=B. M.|year=1981|title=Diel periodicity of photosynthesis in marine phytoplankton|journal=Marine Biology|language=en|volume=61|issue=2–3|pages=95–105|doi=10.1007/bf00386649|s2cid=84666246|issn=0025-3162}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15280852|title=Rhythmic phenomena in plants|last=M.|first=Sweeney, Beatrice|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0126790523|edition=2nd|location=San Diego|oclc=15280852|doi=10.1016/C2013-0-11566-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Rhythmic phenomena in plants|last=M.|first=Sweeney, Beatrice|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0126790528|edition=2nd|location=San Diego|oclc=15280852|doi=10.1016/C2013-0-11566-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|last2=Borgese|first2=M. Beatriz|date=March 1989|title=A Circadian Rhythm in Cell Division in a Prokaryote, the Cyanobacterium ''Synechococcus'' WH78031|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1989.00183.x|journal=Journal of Phycology|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=183–186|doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1989.00183.x|issn=0022-3646}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Sweeney|first1=Beatrice M.|last2=Borgese|first2=M. Beatriz|date=March 1989|title=A Circadian Rhythm in Cell Division in a Prokaryote, the Cyanobacterium ''Synechococcus'' WH78031|journal=Journal of Phycology|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=183–186|doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1989.00183.x|s2cid=83576869|issn=0022-3646}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|
{{Reflist|
refs=<ref name=uoc_obit>{{cite web|title=University of California: In Memoriam, 1989|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4p30063r&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00063&toc.depth=1&toc.id=|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref>
refs=<ref name=uoc_obit>{{cite web|title=University of California: In Memoriam, 1989|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4p30063r&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00063&toc.depth=1&toc.id=|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=thesis>{{Cite thesis |type=Ph.D |title=A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling |last=Sweeney |first=Beatrice Marcy |year=1942 |publisher= Radcliffe College |id= 0155719 }}</ref>
<ref name=thesis>{{Cite thesis |type=Ph.D |title=A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling |last=Sweeney |first=Beatrice Marcy |year=1942 |publisher= Radcliffe College |id= 0155719 }}</ref>
<ref name=annual_review>{{cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|title=Living in the Golden Age of Biology|journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology|date=June 1987|volume=38|pages=1–10|doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.38.060187.000245|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pp.38.060187.000245|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=annual_review>{{cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|title=Living in the Golden Age of Biology|journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology|date=June 1987|volume=38|pages=1–10|doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.38.060187.000245}}</ref>
<ref name=plant_physiology_1937>{{cite journal|last=Marcy|first=B.|title=Effect of ethylene chlorhydrin and thiourea on Elodea and Nitella|journal=Plant Physiology|date=January 1937|volume=12|issue=1|pages=207–212|doi=10.1104/pp.12.1.207}}</ref>
<ref name=plant_physiology_1937>{{cite journal|last=Marcy|first=B.|title=Effect of ethylene chlorhydrin and thiourea on Elodea and Nitella|journal=Plant Physiology|date=January 1937|volume=12|issue=1|pages=207–212|doi=10.1104/pp.12.1.207|pmid=16653405|pmc=439897}}</ref>
<ref name=jbr_obit>{{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J. Woodland|date=1991-03-01|title=BEATRICE M. SWEENEY August 11, 1914-July 17, 1989|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/074873049100600103|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–4|doi=10.1177/074873049100600103|issn=0748-7304}}</ref>
<ref name=jbr_obit>{{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J. Woodland|date=1991-03-01|title=BEATRICE M. SWEENEY August 11, 1914-July 17, 1989|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–4|doi=10.1177/074873049100600103|s2cid=86161606|issn=0748-7304|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=aibs_1997>{{Cite journal|last=DiSilvestro|first=R. L.|date=1997-11-01|title=The first half century: a history of AIBS|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/47/10/643/237808|journal=BioScience|language=en|volume=47|issue=10|pages=643–649|doi=10.1093/bioscience/47.10.643|issn=0006-3568}}</ref>
<ref name=aibs_1997>{{Cite journal|last=DiSilvestro|first=R. L.|date=1997-11-01|title=The first half century: a history of AIBS|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/47/10/643/237808|journal=BioScience|language=en|volume=47|issue=10|pages=643–649|doi=10.1093/bioscience/47.10.643|issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=yayanos_2003>{{Cite journal|last=Yayanos|first=Aristides|year=2003|title=Marine Microbiology at Scripps|url=https://tos.org/oceanography/article/marine-microbiology-at-scripps|journal=Oceanography|volume=16|issue=3|pages=67–75|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2003.33|issn=1042-8275}}</ref>
<ref name=yayanos_2003>{{Cite journal|last=Yayanos|first=Aristides|year=2003|title=Marine Microbiology at Scripps|journal=Oceanography|volume=16|issue=3|pages=67–75|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2003.33|issn=1042-8275|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=schweiger>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xz_1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA806&lpg=PA806|title=International Cell Biology 1980–1981: Papers Presented at the Second International Congress on Cell Biology Berlin (West), August 31 – September 5, 1980|last=Schweiger|first=H. G.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642679162|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=schweiger>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA806|title=International Cell Biology 1980–1981: Papers Presented at the Second International Congress on Cell Biology Berlin (West), August 31 – September 5, 1980|last=Schweiger|first=H. G.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642679162|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=case_2004>{{Cite journal|last=Case|first=James F.|last2=Hanson|first2=Frank E.|year=2004|title=The Luminous World of John and Elisabeth Buck|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884708|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=197–202}}</ref>
<ref name=case_2004>{{Cite journal|last1=Case|first1=James F.|last2=Hanson|first2=Frank E.|year=2004|title=The Luminous World of John and Elisabeth Buck|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=197–202|jstor=3884708|pmid=21676696|doi=10.1093/icb/44.3.197|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=botany>{{Cite journal|date=October 1983|editor-last=Rudolph|editor-first=Emanuel D|title=Botanical Society News|url=https://botany.org/PlantScienceBulletin/psb-1983-29-5.php|journal=Plant Science Bulletin|publisher=The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH|volume=29|issue=5|pages=34|via=}}</ref>
<ref name=botany>{{Cite journal|date=October 1983|editor-last=Rudolph|editor-first=Emanuel D|title=Botanical Society News|url=https://botany.org/PlantScienceBulletin/psb-1983-29-5.php|journal=Plant Science Bulletin|volume=29|issue=5|pages=34}}</ref>
<ref name=nuzzo_2005>{{Cite journal|last=Nuzzo|first=Regina|author-link= Regina Nuzzo |date=2005-06-07|title=Biography of Carol W. Greider|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=102|issue=23|pages=8077–8079|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503019102|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1149435|pmid=15928079|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=nobel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2009/greider/auto-biography/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>
<ref name=sweeney_1960>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|date=1960|title=The photosynthetic rhythm in single cells of ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology|volume=25|pages=145–148|issn=0091-7451|pmid=13774257|doi=10.1101/sqb.1960.025.01.013|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=haxo_1955>{{Cite conference|title=Bioluminescence in ''Gonyaulax polyedra''|conference=The Luminescence of Biological Systems|last1=Haxo|first1=Francis T.|last2=Sweeney|first2=Beatrice M.|date=1955|publisher=AAAS, Washington DC|pages=415–420|editor=Frank H. Johnson}}</ref>
<ref name=sweeney_1961>{{Cite journal|last1=Sweeney|first1=Beatrice M.|last2=Haxo|first2=Francis T.|date=1961-10-27|title=Persistence of a Photosynthetic Rhythm in Enucleated ''Acetabularia''|journal=Science|volume=134|issue=3487|pages=1361–1363|doi=10.1126/science.134.3487.1361|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17807341|bibcode=1961Sci...134.1361S|s2cid=7270309}}</ref>
<ref name=sweeney_1975>{{Cite conference|title=Red tides I have known|conference=Proceedings of the First International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms|last=Sweeney|first=Beatrice M.|date=1975|publisher=Massachusetts Science and Technology Foundation, Wakefield, MA|pages=225–234|editor=Vincent R. LoCicero}}</ref>
<ref name="lee_obit">{{Cite web|date=2011-03-30|title=Paul Hartmann Lee|url=https://www.independent.com/obits/2011/03/30/paul-lee/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Santa Barbara Independent|language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name="who's who">{{cite book |title=Who's Who in the West, 1982-1983 |date=1982 |publisher=Marquis Who's Who |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-8379-0918-9 |page=734 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinwest19800chic/page/n751/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="Bailey1994">{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Martha J. |title=American Women in Science |date=1994 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-740-9 |pages=380–381 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenins00bail_0/page/380/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}
}}

== External links ==

* [https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5c603759/dsc/ Preliminary Guide to the Beatrice Marcy Sweeney Papers] — Special Research Collections, [[University of California, Santa Barbara Library]]
{{Presidents of the Phycological Society of America|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sweeney, Beatrice M.}}
[[Category:American women biologists]]
[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:American microbiologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women]]
[[Category:20th-century American people]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Phycological Society of America]]

Latest revision as of 18:18, 29 June 2024

Beatrice M. Sweeney
Born(1914-08-11)August 11, 1914
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
DiedJuly 17, 1989(1989-07-17) (aged 74)
Falmouth, Massachusetts
Alma materSmith College
Known forFounding circadian biology
SpousePaul Lee
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Thesis A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling[1]  (1942)
Doctoral advisorKenneth V. Thimann
Author abbrev. (botany)Sweeney

Eleanor Beatrice Marcy "Beazy" Sweeney ((1914-08-11)August 11, 1914–(1989-07-17)July 17, 1989) was an American plant physiologist and a pioneering investigator into circadian rhythms. At the time of her death she was professor emerita at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she had worked since 1961.

Having started her career as a botanist, serendipity led her to dinoflagellate research. She investigated circadian rhythms in photoluminescent dinoflagellates, and other single celled organisms. Later in her career she served as a senior officer in many scientific organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Institute of Biological Sciences.[2]

Early life and education

[edit]

Sweeney was born Eleanor Beatrice Marcy on (1914-08-11)August 11, 1914 in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Eleanor and Henry O. Marcy Jr.[3] She gained her undergraduate degree at Smith College where she performed research into the effect of drugs on cytoplasmic streaming.[4][5]

She attended graduate school at Radcliffe College, where she investigated how auxin affected cytoplasmic streaming in Avena seedlings under the supervision of Kenneth V. Thimann. She was helped in her research by Folke K. Skoog, who was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard at the time.[1][5] She completed her Ph.D. degree in 1942.[6] She married her first husband in 1932 and had four children.[7] In 1961 married secondly the physicist Paul Hartmann Lee.[2][8]

Sweeney and Lee House in Isla Vista near UC Santa Barbara, built in 1968 and designed by the same architect as the Hodgkins and Skubic House next door

Career

[edit]

Following the completion of her Ph.D., she followed her first husband to Rochester, MD. She was initially unable to find an academic job in botany, so she worked as a lab technician. She then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Mayo Clinic. She again followed her husband to San Diego, and she found employment at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where she first began working with dinoflagellates, and began her investigations in circadian rhythms. In 1961 she moved to Yale, where she was appointed a lecturer in algal physiology. However, at Yale she was never given a permanent position, so in 1967, she returned to the west coast, with an appointment at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she was made professor in 1971, and professor emerita in 1982. She served as the associate provost of College of Creative Studies from 1978 to 1981.[2][6][5]

While in Santa Barbara, Sweeney gave a tour of the campus to the daughter of a family friend, future Nobel laureate Carol W. Greider, who was a high school student at the time. This led to Greider studying at the College of Creative Studies. Sweeney introduced Greider to research during her freshman year, and mentored her throughout the rest of her time at UCSB.[9][10]

Sweeney was president of the American Society for Photobiology in 1979, the American Institute of Biological Sciences in 1980, the pacific division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1981, and the Phycological Society of America in 1986.[2][11]

In 1983, the Botanical Society of America awarded her the Darbaker Prize for Study of Microscopic Algae, with the citation as follows:

Dr. Sweeney is a world-respected innovator in the study of circadian rhythms, particularly in the dinoflagellates. By bringing dinoflagellates into culture and by defining their multiple photoperiodic responses, especially the physiological and ultrastructural aspects of the circadian rhythms of their bioluminescence, she has influenced the research direction of many laboratories.[12]

She received honorary doctorates from Umeå University in 1985, and Knox College in 1986.[6]

She suffered a stroke on 30 June 1989 while traveling to the Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, while visiting the Marine Biological Laboratory at the invitation of her long time collaborator John Woodland Hastings, and fell into a coma. She died on 17 July 1989.[2]

Dinoflagellate algal cell

Research

[edit]

Upon arrival at the Scripps Institution, Sweeney wanted to study photosynthesis of red and brown algae in different colors of light. However, she encountered delays in procuring the equipment, so on the suggestion of her colleague Marston Sargent, she attempted to culture dinoflagellates. An early success was the discovery that Akashiwo sanguinea (then known as Gymnodinium splendens) requires vitamin B12 in order to grow.[5][13][2][6]

She was also able to culture Lingulodinium polyedra (then known as Gonyaulax polyedra), and became interested in its bioluminescence. She noticed that it luminesced in daily cycles, and presented this result at a conference. At that time, biological rhythms were known for a variety of assemblages of cells but Sweeney noted that when such rhythms shifted, it was impossible to tell if all cells shifted or if the population became unsynchronized. To address this question, she studied single cells in Cartesian divers and found that rhythms occurred in single cells that responded similarly to resetting stimuli.[14] John Woodland Hastings (known as Woody Hastings) heard Sweeney present her work on rhythms at a conference in Asilomar in 1955 and became acquainted with her because he shared her interest in bioluminescent dinoflagellates.[15] They began a collaboration, with Woodland joining her at the Scripps Institution during the summers of 1955 to 1957.[2] Together with Woodland's student Marlene Karakashian, they characterized the circadian rhythm of the species. Later, at Yale, she used electron microscopy to image the internal structure of G. polyedra.[5][13]

In 1960, she joined an expedition from Cairns to Thursday Island aboard a crocodile hunting boat. She was able to collect a sample of Acetabularia, a green algae with the ability to survive for long periods without its nucleus, enabling her to determine that a nucleus was not required for the maintenance of a circadian rhythm.[16] In 1969 and 1975, she went to sea aboard the NSF's RV Alpha Helix, and studied bioluminescence on voyages to New Guinea and South East Asia.[5][17][18] She studied the red tides that killed fish, caused by dinoflagellate algae, and consulted with groups trying to combat these disasters.[19]

She continued her research into circadian rhythms for the rest of her career, publishing her monograph Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants in 1969, and a second edition in 1987.[6]

Publications

[edit]

Over her career, Sweeney was the author of 139 manuscripts.[6]

Selected publications

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sweeney, Beatrice Marcy (1942). A Study Of The Effect Of Auxin On Protoplasmic Streaming In The Avena Seedling (Ph.D). Radcliffe College. 0155719.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hastings, J. Woodland (1991-03-01). "BEATRICE M. SWEENEY August 11, 1914-July 17, 1989". Journal of Biological Rhythms. 6 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1177/074873049100600103. ISSN 0748-7304. S2CID 86161606.
  3. ^ Who's Who in the West, 1982-1983. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1982. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-8379-0918-9.
  4. ^ Marcy, B. (January 1937). "Effect of ethylene chlorhydrin and thiourea on Elodea and Nitella". Plant Physiology. 12 (1): 207–212. doi:10.1104/pp.12.1.207. PMC 439897. PMID 16653405.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Sweeney, Beatrice M. (June 1987). "Living in the Golden Age of Biology". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 38: 1–10. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.38.060187.000245.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "University of California: In Memoriam, 1989". Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  7. ^ Bailey, Martha J. (1994). American Women in Science. ABC-CLIO. pp. 380–381. ISBN 978-0-87436-740-9.
  8. ^ "Paul Hartmann Lee". The Santa Barbara Independent. 2011-03-30. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  9. ^ Nuzzo, Regina (2005-06-07). "Biography of Carol W. Greider". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (23): 8077–8079. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503019102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1149435. PMID 15928079.
  10. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  11. ^ DiSilvestro, R. L. (1997-11-01). "The first half century: a history of AIBS". BioScience. 47 (10): 643–649. doi:10.1093/bioscience/47.10.643. ISSN 0006-3568.
  12. ^ Rudolph, Emanuel D, ed. (October 1983). "Botanical Society News". Plant Science Bulletin. 29 (5): 34.
  13. ^ a b Yayanos, Aristides (2003). "Marine Microbiology at Scripps". Oceanography. 16 (3): 67–75. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2003.33. ISSN 1042-8275.
  14. ^ Sweeney, Beatrice M. (1960). "The photosynthetic rhythm in single cells of Gonyaulax polyedra". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 25: 145–148. doi:10.1101/sqb.1960.025.01.013. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 13774257.
  15. ^ Haxo, Francis T.; Sweeney, Beatrice M. (1955). Frank H. Johnson (ed.). Bioluminescence in Gonyaulax polyedra. The Luminescence of Biological Systems. AAAS, Washington DC. pp. 415–420.
  16. ^ Sweeney, Beatrice M.; Haxo, Francis T. (1961-10-27). "Persistence of a Photosynthetic Rhythm in Enucleated Acetabularia". Science. 134 (3487): 1361–1363. Bibcode:1961Sci...134.1361S. doi:10.1126/science.134.3487.1361. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17807341. S2CID 7270309.
  17. ^ Schweiger, H. G. (2012-12-06). International Cell Biology 1980–1981: Papers Presented at the Second International Congress on Cell Biology Berlin (West), August 31 – September 5, 1980. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642679162.
  18. ^ Case, James F.; Hanson, Frank E. (2004). "The Luminous World of John and Elisabeth Buck". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1093/icb/44.3.197. JSTOR 3884708. PMID 21676696.
  19. ^ Sweeney, Beatrice M. (1975). Vincent R. LoCicero (ed.). Red tides I have known. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Massachusetts Science and Technology Foundation, Wakefield, MA. pp. 225–234.
[edit]
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