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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{chembox
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields = changed
| drug_name = Bulbocapnine
| Watchedfields = changed
| image = File:Bulbocapnine skeletal.svg
| verifiedrevid = 404125758
| Name = Bulbocapnine
| width =
| caption =
| ImageFile = Bulbocapnine skeletal.svg
| image2 = File:Bulbocapnine.png
| width2 =
| caption2 =


<!-- Clinical data -->
| ImageName =
| pronounce =
| IUPACName = (''S'')-6,7,7a,8-tetrahydro-11-methoxy-7-[[methyl]]-5''H''-
| tradename =
benzo[''g'']-1,3-benzodioxolo-[6,5,4-''de'']quinolin-2-ol
| Drugs.com =
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| MedlinePlus =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| licence_CA =
| licence_EU =
| DailyMedID =
| licence_US =
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_category =
| dependency_liability =
| addiction_liability =
| routes_of_administration =
| class =
| ATC_prefix =
| ATC_suffix =

<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_status =

<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life =
| duration_of_action =
| excretion =

<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number = 298-45-3
| CAS_supplemental =
| PubChem = 12441
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID = 11934
| ChemSpiderID = 11934
| UNII = O0TGI865QO
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 3211
| KEGG = C09367
| ChEBI = 3211
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 157912
| ChEMBL = 157912
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| InChI = 1/C19H19NO4/c1-20-6-5-11-8-14-19(24-9-23-14)17-15(11)12(20)7-10-3-4-13(22-2)18(21)16(10)17/h3-4,8,12,21H,5-7,9H2,1-2H3/t12-/m0/s1
| PDB_ligand =
| InChIKey = LODGIKWNLDQZBM-LBPRGKRZBH
| synonyms = Bulbokaprin
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

<!-- Chemical data -->
| IUPAC_name = (12S)-17-methoxy-11-methyl-3,5-dioxa-11-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,6.08,20.014,19]icosa-1(20),2(6),7,14(19),15,17-hexaen-18-ol
| C=19 | H=19 | N=1 | O=4
| SMILES = O1c4c(OC1)c3c2c(O)c(OC)ccc2C[C@H]5c3c(c4)CCN5C
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H19NO4/c1-20-6-5-11-8-14-19(24-9-23-14)17-15(11)12(20)7-10-3-4-13(22-2)18(21)16(10)17/h3-4,8,12,21H,5-7,9H2,1-2H3/t12-/m0/s1
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H19NO4/c1-20-6-5-11-8-14-19(24-9-23-14)17-15(11)12(20)7-10-3-4-13(22-2)18(21)16(10)17/h3-4,8,12,21H,5-7,9H2,1-2H3/t12-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = LODGIKWNLDQZBM-LBPRGKRZSA-N
| StdInChIKey = LODGIKWNLDQZBM-LBPRGKRZSA-N
| melting_point = 201 to 203
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| melting_high =
| CASNo = 298-45-3
| melting_notes = <br />[[racemic|Racemate]] 213–214 °C
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = O0TGI865QO
| PubChem = 12441
| SMILES = O1c4c(OC1)c3c2c(O)c(OC)ccc2C[C@H]5c3c(c4)CCN5C
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = [[C19H19NO4|C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>]]
| MolarMass = 325.36 g/mol
| Density =
| MeltingPtC = 201 to 203
| MeltingPt_notes = [[racemic|racemate]] 213-214 °C
| BoilingPt =
}}
}}
}}


'''Bulbocapnine''' is an [[alkaloid]] found in ''[[Corydalis]]'' (notably the European species [[Corydalis cava|C. cava]]) and ''[[Dicentra]]'', genera of the plant family [[Fumariaceae]] which have caused (notably the American species ''[[Corydalis caseana]]'') the fatal poisoning of [[sheep]] and [[cattle]].<ref> CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names ... p.1142.</ref> It has been shown to act as an [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Adsersen, A. |author2=Kjølbye, A. |author3=Dall, O. |author4=Jäger, A. K. | title = Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from ''Corydalis cava'' Schweigg. & Kort. | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=Aug 2007 | volume = 113 | issue = 1 | pages = 179–182 | pmid = 17574358 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.006}}</ref> and inhibits biosynthesis of [[dopamine]] via inhibition of the enzyme [[tyrosine hydroxylase]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Zhang, Y. H. |author2=Shin, J. S. |author3=Lee, S. S. |author4=Kim, S. H. |author5=Lee, M. K. | title = Inhibition of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by Bulbocapnine | journal = Planta Medica |date=Aug 1997 | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 362–363 | pmid = 9270381 | doi=10.1055/s-2006-957702}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shin, J. S. |author2=Kim, K. T. |author3=Lee, M. K. | title = Inhibitory Effects of Bulbocapnine on Dopamine Biosynthesis in PC12 Cells | journal = Neuroscience Letters |date=Mar 1998 | volume = 244 | issue = 3 | pages = 161–164 | pmid = 9593514 | doi=10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00148-7}}</ref> Like [[apomorphine]], it is reported to be an inhibitor of [[amyloid beta]] protein (Aβ) fiber formation, whose presence is a hallmark of [[Alzheimer's disease]] (AD). Bulbocapnine is thus a potential therapeutic under the [[Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease|amyloid hypothesis]].<ref name=lashuel>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Balakhaneh D, Aggarwal A, Teichberg S, Callaway DJ | title = New class of inhibitors of amyloid-beta fibril formation. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 45 | pages = 42881–90 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12167652 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206593200 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/277/45/42881.full | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to the ''Dorlands Medical Dictionary'', it "inhibits the reflex and motor activities of striated muscle. It has been used in the treatment of muscular tremors and vestibular [[pathologic nystagmus|nystagmus]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_b_26zPzhtm | title = Dorlands Medical Dictionary at Merck | access-date = 2006-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080301182012/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_b_26zPzhtm# | archive-date = 2008-03-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
'''Bulbocapnine''' is an [[alkaloid]] found in ''[[Corydalis]]'' (notably the European species [[Corydalis cava|C. cava]]) and ''[[Dicentra]]'', genera of the plant family [[Fumariaceae]] which have caused (notably the American species ''[[Corydalis caseana]]'') the fatal poisoning of [[sheep]] and [[cattle]].<ref> CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names ... p.1142.</ref> It has been shown to act as an [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adsersen A, Kjølbye A, Dall O, Jäger AK | title = Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from Corydalis cava Schweigg. & Kort | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 113 | issue = 1 | pages = 179–182 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17574358 | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.006 }}</ref> and inhibits biosynthesis of [[dopamine]] via inhibition of the enzyme [[tyrosine hydroxylase]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang YH, Shin JS, Lee SS, Kim SH, Lee MK | title = Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by bulbocapnine | journal = Planta Medica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 362–363 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9270381 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-957702 | s2cid = 29474171 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin JS, Kim KT, Lee MK | title = Inhibitory effects of bulbocapnine on dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 244 | issue = 3 | pages = 161–164 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9593514 | doi = 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00148-7 | s2cid = 2415472 }}</ref> Like [[apomorphine]], it is reported to be an inhibitor of [[amyloid beta]] protein (Aβ) fiber formation, whose presence is a hallmark of [[Alzheimer's disease]] (AD). Bulbocapnine is thus a potential therapeutic under the [[Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease|amyloid hypothesis]].<ref name=lashuel>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Balakhaneh D, Aggarwal A, Teichberg S, Callaway DJ | title = New class of inhibitors of amyloid-beta fibril formation. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 45 | pages = 42881–42890 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12167652 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206593200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to the ''Dorlands Medical Dictionary'', it "inhibits the reflex and motor activities of striated muscle. It has been used in the treatment of muscular tremors and vestibular [[pathologic nystagmus|nystagmus]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_b_26zPzhtm | title = Dorlands Medical Dictionary at Merck | access-date = 2006-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080301182012/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_b_26zPzhtm | archive-date = 2008-03-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


A psychiatrist at [[Tulane University]] named [[Robert Galbraith Heath|Robert Heath]] carried out experiments on prisoners at the [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]] using bulbocapnine to induce [[stupor]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Scheflin, A. W. |author2=Opton, E. M. | year = 1978 | title = The Mind Manipulators: A non-fiction Account | publisher = Paddington Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-448-22977-3 | pages = 314–315 }}</ref> This work at Tulane inspired, and was continued parallel to, experiments carried out at the behest of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The bulbocapnine work Heath conducted for the government was one component of [[Project MKUltra|a large investigation]] into the potential of psychoactive compounds as aids to interrogation.<ref>{{cite news|title=CIA Revelations: Behavior Control|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000100100019-3.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=ABC News|publisher=Radio TV Reports|date=20 July 1977}}</ref>
A psychiatrist at [[Tulane University]] named [[Robert Galbraith Heath|Robert Heath]] carried out experiments on prisoners at the [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]] using bulbocapnine to induce [[stupor]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Scheflin AW, Opton EM | year = 1978 | title = The Mind Manipulators: A non-fiction Account | publisher = Paddington Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-448-22977-3 | pages = 314–315 }}</ref> This work at Tulane inspired, and was continued parallel to, experiments carried out at the behest of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The bulbocapnine work Heath conducted for the government was one component of [[Project MKUltra|a large investigation]] into the potential of psychoactive compounds as aids to interrogation.<ref>{{cite news|title=CIA Revelations: Behavior Control|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000100100019-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123120237/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000100100019-3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 23, 2017|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=ABC News|publisher=Radio TV Reports|date=20 July 1977}}</ref>


== Effects ==
== Effects ==
It can induce [[catalepsy]] featuring the curious symptom of [[waxy flexibility]] <ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00401786</ref> and the state produced by the drug has been compared to [[Akinetic mutism]].<ref>Science direct 'Bulbocapnine' https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/bulbocapnine Retrieved 9.58 on 15/9/20 featuring link to abstract of paper Johnson, John, Stupor and akinetic mutism
It can induce [[catalepsy]] featuring the curious symptom of [[waxy flexibility]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loizzo A, De Carolis AS, Longo VG | title = Studies on the central effects of bulbocapnine | journal = Psychopharmacologia | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 234–249 | date = September 1971 | pmid = 5316197 | doi = 10.1007/BF00401786 | s2cid = 41534659 }}</ref> and the state produced by the drug has been compared to [[Akinetic mutism]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-407-00308-8.50018-5 |chapter=Stupor and akinetic mutism |title=Contemporary Neurology |year=1984 | vauthors = Johnson J |pages=96–102 |isbn=978-0-407-00308-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJujAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = de Jong HH |title=Experimental catatonia, a general reaction-form of the central nervous system and its implications for human pathology |date=1945 |publisher=The Williams & Wilkins Company |page=6 |oclc=989851203 }}</ref>
''Contemporary Neurology'' , 1984 pps. 96-102 .</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
Line 68: Line 94:
== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}



{{Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators}}
{{Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators}}
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[[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Isoquinoline alkaloids]]
[[Category:Aporphine alkaloids]]
[[Category:Alkaloids found in Papaveraceae]]
[[Category:Alkaloids found in Papaveraceae]]
[[Category:Phenols]]
[[Category:Phenol ethers]]
[[Category:Nitrogen heterocycles]]
[[Category:Nitrogen heterocycles]]
[[Category:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Benzodioxoles]]
[[Category:Benzodioxoles]]
[[Category:Heterocyclic compounds (4 or more rings)]]
[[Category:Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings]]
[[Category:Plant toxins]]

[[Category:Methoxy compounds]]

[[Category:Toxicology]]
{{nervous-system-drug-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:19, 28 June 2024

Bulbocapnine
Clinical data
Other namesBulbokaprin
Identifiers
  • (12S)-17-methoxy-11-methyl-3,5-dioxa-11-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,6.08,20.014,19]icosa-1(20),2(6),7,14(19),15,17-hexaen-18-ol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.511 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H19NO4
Molar mass325.364 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point201 to 203 °C (394 to 397 °F)
Racemate 213–214 °C
  • O1c4c(OC1)c3c2c(O)c(OC)ccc2C[C@H]5c3c(c4)CCN5C
  • InChI=1S/C19H19NO4/c1-20-6-5-11-8-14-19(24-9-23-14)17-15(11)12(20)7-10-3-4-13(22-2)18(21)16(10)17/h3-4,8,12,21H,5-7,9H2,1-2H3/t12-/m0/s1
  • Key:LODGIKWNLDQZBM-LBPRGKRZSA-N

Bulbocapnine is an alkaloid found in Corydalis (notably the European species C. cava) and Dicentra, genera of the plant family Fumariaceae which have caused (notably the American species Corydalis caseana) the fatal poisoning of sheep and cattle.[1] It has been shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor,[2] and inhibits biosynthesis of dopamine via inhibition of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.[3][4] Like apomorphine, it is reported to be an inhibitor of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) fiber formation, whose presence is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Bulbocapnine is thus a potential therapeutic under the amyloid hypothesis.[5] According to the Dorlands Medical Dictionary, it "inhibits the reflex and motor activities of striated muscle. It has been used in the treatment of muscular tremors and vestibular nystagmus".[6]

A psychiatrist at Tulane University named Robert Heath carried out experiments on prisoners at the Louisiana State Penitentiary using bulbocapnine to induce stupor.[7] This work at Tulane inspired, and was continued parallel to, experiments carried out at the behest of the Central Intelligence Agency. The bulbocapnine work Heath conducted for the government was one component of a large investigation into the potential of psychoactive compounds as aids to interrogation.[8]

Effects

[edit]

It can induce catalepsy featuring the curious symptom of waxy flexibility[9] and the state produced by the drug has been compared to Akinetic mutism.[10][11]

[edit]

In literature

[edit]
  • The author William S. Burroughs references the drug in his book Naked Lunch (1959), in which the fictional Dr. Benway uses it to induce obedience in torture victims.

In television

[edit]
  • The drug's use to treat Mayor Kane's father-in-law and predecessor is a plot point in season 2 of the TV series Boss, e.g., in episodes s2.e8 ("Consequences"; October 5, 2012) and s2.e9 ("Church"; October 12, 2012).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names ... p.1142.
  2. ^ Adsersen A, Kjølbye A, Dall O, Jäger AK (August 2007). "Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from Corydalis cava Schweigg. & Kort". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 113 (1): 179–182. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.006. PMID 17574358.
  3. ^ Zhang YH, Shin JS, Lee SS, Kim SH, Lee MK (August 1997). "Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by bulbocapnine". Planta Medica. 63 (4): 362–363. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957702. PMID 9270381. S2CID 29474171.
  4. ^ Shin JS, Kim KT, Lee MK (March 1998). "Inhibitory effects of bulbocapnine on dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells". Neuroscience Letters. 244 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00148-7. PMID 9593514. S2CID 2415472.
  5. ^ Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Balakhaneh D, Aggarwal A, Teichberg S, Callaway DJ (November 2002). "New class of inhibitors of amyloid-beta fibril formation. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (45): 42881–42890. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206593200. PMID 12167652.
  6. ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary at Merck". Archived from the original on 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2006-12-25.
  7. ^ Scheflin AW, Opton EM (1978). The Mind Manipulators: A non-fiction Account. New York: Paddington Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0-448-22977-3.
  8. ^ "CIA Revelations: Behavior Control" (PDF). Radio TV Reports. ABC News. 20 July 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  9. ^ Loizzo A, De Carolis AS, Longo VG (September 1971). "Studies on the central effects of bulbocapnine". Psychopharmacologia. 22 (3): 234–249. doi:10.1007/BF00401786. PMID 5316197. S2CID 41534659.
  10. ^ Johnson J (1984). "Stupor and akinetic mutism". Contemporary Neurology. pp. 96–102. doi:10.1016/B978-0-407-00308-8.50018-5. ISBN 978-0-407-00308-8.
  11. ^ de Jong HH (1945). Experimental catatonia, a general reaction-form of the central nervous system and its implications for human pathology. The Williams & Wilkins Company. p. 6. OCLC 989851203.