Turpan Khanate: Difference between revisions

Turpan Khanate
Turpan Khanate
1487–1660?
	Yarkent and Turpan khanates in 1517
Capital	Turpan
Common languages	Chagatai language
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Khan
• 1487-1504 (first)	Ahmad Alaq
• 1570 (last)	Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan
History
• Established	1487
• Disestablished	1660?
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Moghulistan
Yarkent Khanate
Today part of	China

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The Turpan Khanate (Chinese: 吐魯番汗國), also known as the Eastern Moghulistan,^[1] Kingdom of Uyghurstan^[2] or Turfan Khanate,^[3] was a Sunni Muslim Turco-Mongol khanate ruled by the descendants of Chagatai Khan. It was founded by Ahmad Alaq in 1487 based in Turpan as the eastern division of Moghulistan, itself an eastern offshoot of the Chagatai Khanate.

Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by the Yarkent Khanate, the western offshoot of Moghulistan, in 1570.

History

In 1487, Ahmad Alaq gained independence from his brother Mahmud,^[4] and ruled the northern part of the Tarim Basin from Turpan in the east (now Gaochang, Turpan in Xinjiang).^[5] Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest son Mansur, Turpan became more Muslim.^[6]

Ahmad Alaq made peace with the Ming China, which had been in conflict over the control of the Kara Del in Hami since the time of his father Yunus Khan, and exchanged envoys.^[4] In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle against Muhammad Shaybani of the Khanate of Bukhara.^[4]

Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan and Aksu.^[7]^[8] Mansur defeated his brother Sultan Said Khan who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.^[9] With the conquest Buddhists from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared.^[10] Historian Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "holy war".^[10]

"Mughal embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely, Luciano Petech) think that the emissaries portrayed had come from Turpan, rather than all the way from the Moghul India.^[11]

While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, Babur of the Timurid dynasty, in Kabul.^[5] In response to Babur's capture of Samarkand, the Mir of Duglat captured the Ferghana Valley and presented it to Sultan Said Khan.^[5] Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in Dughlat, and in 1514 declared himself Khan.^[4]^[12] There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.^[8]

At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled,^[13] and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west.^[12] Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the Uzbeks and Kazakhs, and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered on Kashgar and Yarkand. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the Yarkent Khanate.^[14]

From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the Khojas came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.^[4]^[15]

The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign of Shah Khan, and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of Abdul Karim Khan),^[16] the governor of Khotan in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch, Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate.^[8]^[16] The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.^[17]

List of rulers

#	Name	Reign
1	Ahmad Alaq	1487-1504
2	Mansur Khan	1503–1543
3	Barberchak	1543
4	Shah Khan	1545–1570
5	Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan	1570

References

^ Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1037. ISBN 9780231038331.
^ Jeong, Su-il (2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. p. 908. ISBN 9781624120763.
^ Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1028. ISBN 9780231038331.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 丸山 2009, p. 158
^ ^a ^b ^c 丸山 2014, p. 51
^ 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 299
^ 佐口 1962, pp. 54–55
^ ^a ^b ^c 江上 1987, p. 425
^ Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr.; Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-300-02672-2.
^ ^a ^b 濱田 1998, p. 101
^ Lach, Donald F. (Donald Frederick) (1965). Asia in the making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-226-46733-7. Nieuhof's report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, "Shah Jehan's Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.," Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, "La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina," Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27.
^ ^a ^b 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 300
^ 丸山 2014, p. 52
^ 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 301
^ 川口 2005, pp. 334–335
^ ^a ^b 丸山 2014, p. 53
^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Retrieved 20 November 2016.

Bibliography

江上波夫 (January 1987). 中央アジア史. 世界各国史. 山川出版社.
佐口透 (1962), "モグリスタン", アジア歴史事典, vol. 9, 平凡社
中見立夫; 濱田正美; 小松久男 (October 2000), "中央ユーラシアの周縁化", in 小松久男 (ed.), 中央ユーラシア史, 新版世界各国史, 山川出版社
濱田正美 (August 1998), "モグール・ウルスから新疆へ東トルキスタンと明清王朝", 東アジア・東南アジア伝統社会の形成, 岩波講座13, 岩波書店
川口琢司 (April 2005), "チャガタイ・ウルス", 中央ユーラシアを知る事典, 平凡社
丸山鋼二 (2009-07-01). "新疆におけるイスラム教の定着 : 東チャガタイ汗国─ 新疆イスラム教小史③ ─". 文教大学国際学部紀要. 20 (1). 文教大学国際学部: 147–160. ISSN 0917-3072.
丸山鋼二 (2014-01-11). "ヤルカンド・ハン朝の建国と「聖戦」─ 新疆イスラム教小史⑦ ─". 文教大学国際学部紀要. 24 (2). 文教大学国際学部: 47–64. ISSN 0917-3072.

[1] Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1037. ISBN 9780231038331.

[uyghurstan-2] Jeong, Su-il (2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. p. 908. ISBN 9781624120763.

[3] Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1028. ISBN 9780231038331.

[Maruyama158-4] 丸山 2009, p. 158

[Maruyama51-5] 丸山 2014, p. 51

[6] 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 299

[Saguchi54-55-7] 佐口 1962, pp. 54–55

[Egami425-8] 江上 1987, p. 425

[9] Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr.; Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-300-02672-2.

[hamada101-10] 濱田 1998, p. 101

[11] Lach, Donald F. (Donald Frederick) (1965). Asia in the making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-226-46733-7. Nieuhof's report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, "Shah Jehan's Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.," Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, "La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina," Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27.

[nhk300-12] 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 300

[Maruyama52-13] 丸山 2014, p. 52

[14] 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 301

[15] 川口 2005, pp. 334–335

[Maruyama53-16] 丸山 2014, p. 53

[17] Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Retrieved 20 November 2016.

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@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | image_map              = File:1517 Yarkent and Turpan.png
 | image_map_size         = 300px
-| image_map_caption      = {{center|Yarkent and Turpan in 1517}}
+| image_map_caption      = {{center|Yarkent and Turpan khanates in 1517}}
 | today                  = [[China]]
 }}
-The '''Turpan Khanate''', also known as the '''Eastern Moghulistan''', was a [[Sunni Muslim]] [[Turco-Mongol]] khanate ruled by the descendants of [[Chagatai Khan]]. It was founded by [[Ahmad Alaq]] in 1487 as the eastern division of [[Moghulistan]], itself an eastern offshoot of the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by the [[Yarkent Khanate]] (the western offshoot of Moghulistan) in 1570.
+The '''Turpan Khanate''' ({{zh|t=吐魯番汗國}}), also known as the '''Eastern Moghulistan''',<ref>{{Cite book|title = Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2|last = Carrington|first = Luther|publisher = Columbia University Press|year = 1976|isbn = 9780231038331|page = 1037|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1037}}</ref> '''Kingdom of Uyghurstan'''<ref name="uyghurstan">{{Cite book|title = The Silk Road Encyclopedia|last = Jeong|first = Su-il|publisher = Seoul Selection|year = 2016|isbn = 9781624120763|page = 908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT908}}</ref> or '''Turfan Khanate''',<ref>{{Cite book|title = Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2|last = Carrington|first = Luther|publisher = Columbia University Press|year = 1976|isbn = 9780231038331|page = 1028|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1028}}</ref> was a [[Sunni Muslim]] [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] [[khanate]] ruled by the descendants of [[Chagatai Khan]]. It was founded by [[Ahmad Alaq]] in 1487 based in [[Turpan]] as the eastern division of [[Moghulistan]], itself an eastern offshoot of the [[Chagatai Khanate]].
+Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by the [[Yarkent Khanate]], the western offshoot of Moghulistan, in 1570.
 == History ==
-In 1487, [[Ahmad Alaq]] gained independence from his brother [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mahmud]] and ruled the northern part of the [[Tarim Basin]] from [[Turfan]] in the east (present-day [[Gaochang District]] of [[Turfan City]] in [[Xinjiang]]). Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest son [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur]], Turfan became more [[Islam]]ic.
+In 1487, [[Ahmad Alaq]] gained independence from his brother [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mahmud]],<ref name="Maruyama158">{{Harvnb|丸山|2009|p=158}}</ref> and ruled the northern part of the [[Tarim Basin]] from [[Turpan]] in the east (now [[Gaochang, Turpan]] in [[Xinjiang]]).<ref name="Maruyama51">{{Harvnb|丸山|2014|p=51}}</ref> Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest son [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur]], Turpan became more Muslim.<ref>{{Harvnb|中見|濱田|小松|2000|p=299}}</ref>
-Ahmad Alaq made peace with the [[Ming dynasty]] of China, which had been [[Ming–Turpan conflict|in conflict]] over the control of the [[Kara Del]] in [[Hami]] since the time of his father [[Yunus Khan]], and exchanged envoys. In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle against [[Muhammad Shaybani]] of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]].
+Ahmad Alaq made peace with the [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]], which had been [[Ming–Turpan conflict|in conflict]] over the control of the [[Kara Del]] in [[Hami]] since the time of his father [[Yunus Khan]], and exchanged envoys.<ref name="Maruyama158"/> In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle against [[Muhammad Shaybani]] of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]].<ref name="Maruyama158"/>
-Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turfan and [[Aksu]]. Mansur defeated his brother [[Sultan Said Khan]] who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riPEes0xs-YC&pg=PA177 |title=From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China|author1=Jonathan D. Spence |author2=John E. Wills, Jr. |author3=Jerry B. Dennerline |year=1979|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-02672-2|page=177}}</ref> With the conquest [[Buddhist]]s from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared. Historian [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]] characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "[[holy war]]".
+Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan and [[Aksu City|Aksu]].<ref name="Saguchi54-55">{{Harvnb|佐口|1962|pp=54-55}}</ref><ref name="Egami425">{{Harvnb|江上|1987|p=425}}</ref> Mansur defeated his brother [[Sultan Said Khan]] who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riPEes0xs-YC&pg=PA177 |title=From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China|author1=Jonathan D. Spence |author2=John E. Wills, Jr. |author3=Jerry B. Dennerline |year=1979|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-02672-2|page=177}}</ref> With the conquest [[Buddhist]]s from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared.<ref name="hamada101">{{Harvnb|濱田|1998|p=101}}</ref> Historian [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]] characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "[[holy war]]".<ref name="hamada101"/>
+[[File:Nieuhof-p-189-Mogolsche-gezant-Lach-van-Kley-plate-315.jpg|thumb|left|"[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely, [[Luciano Petech]]) think that the emissaries portrayed had come from Turpan, rather than all the way from the Moghul India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. (Donald Frederick) |title=Asia in the making of Europe |date=1965 |publisher=Chicago : University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-46733-7 |page=238 |url=https://archive.org/details/asiainmakingofeu0003lach_w4t0-c1/page/n237/mode/2up|quote="Nieuhof’s report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, “Shah Jehan’s Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.,” Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, “La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina,” Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27."}}</ref>]]
-While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, [[Babur]] of the [[Timurid dynasty]], in [[Kabul]]. In response to Babur's capture of [[Samarkand]], the Mir of Duglat captured the [[Ferghana Valley]] and presented it to Sultan Said Khan. Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated [[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat]] in [[Dughlat]], and in 1514 declared himself Khan. There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.
+While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, [[Babur]] of the [[Timurid dynasty]], in [[Kabul]].<ref name="Maruyama51">{{Harvnb|丸山|2014|p=51}}</ref> In response to Babur's capture of [[Samarkand]], the Mir of Duglat captured the [[Ferghana Valley]] and presented it to Sultan Said Khan.<ref name="Maruyama51"/> Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated [[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat]] in [[Dughlat]], and in 1514 declared himself Khan.<ref name="Maruyama158"/><ref name="nhk300">{{Harvnb|中見|濱田|小松|2000|p=300}}</ref> There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.<ref name="Egami425"/>
+At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled,<ref name="Maruyama52">{{Harvnb|丸山|2014|p=52}}</ref> and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west.<ref name="nhk300"/> Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the [[Uzbeks]] and [[Kazakhs]], and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered on [[Kashgar]] and [[Yarkand]]. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the [[Yarkent Khanate]].<ref>{{Harvnb|中見|濱田|小松|2000|p=301}}</ref>
+[[File:Dutch and Moghol embassies at the Chinese court in 1656.jpg|thumb|The presumed Turpan "Mughal embassy" (group "3") at the Chinese court in 1656, together with the embassy from Holand ("Batavorum", group "2").]]
-At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled, and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west. Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the Uzbeks and Kazakhs, and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered on Kashgar and Yarkand. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the [[Yarkent Khanate]].
+From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the [[Khoja]]s came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.<ref name="Maruyama158">{{Harvnb|丸山|2009|p=158}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|川口|2005|pp=334-335}}</ref>
+The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign of [[Shah Khan]], and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]]),<ref name="Maruyama53">{{Harvnb|丸山|2014|p=53}}</ref> the governor of [[Khotan]] in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch, [[Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan]] was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate.<ref name="Egami425"/><ref name="Maruyama53"/> The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to [[Beijing]] in 1647 and 1657. The [[Qing dynasty]] of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.<ref>{{cite book |last = Grousset |first = René |author-link = René Grousset |title = The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |url = https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |url-access = registration |access-date = 20 November 2016 |year = 1970 |publisher = Rutgers University Press |location = New Brunswick, New Jersey |isbn = 978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/498/mode/2up 499]}}</ref>
-From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the [[Khoja]]s came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.
+== List of rulers ==
-The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign of [[Shah Khan]], and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]]), the governor of [[Khotan]] in the Yarkand Khanate, and the then monarch, [[Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan]] was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. [[Quraish]], who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turfan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate. The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to [[Beijing]] in 1647 and 1657. The [[Qing dynasty]] of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/498/mode/2up 499]}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Amiot |first1=Joseph Marie |title=Mémoires concernant l'histoire, les sciences, les arts, les mœurs, les usages, &c. des Chinois |date=1776 |publisher=Paris : Nyon |pages=15-16 |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoiresconcerna03sacygoog/page/14/mode/2up}}</ref>
+{{seealso|List of khans of the Yarkent and Turpan khanates}}
+{|class="wikitable" width=30%
+|-
+! style="background-color:#C0EEC0" width=1% | #
+! style="background-color:#C0EEC0" width=4% | Name
+! style="background-color:#C0EEC0" width=4% | Reign
+|-
+|align="center"| 1
+|align="center"|[[Ahmad Alaq]]
+|align="center"| 1487-1504
+|-
+|align="center"| 2
+|align="center"|[[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]]
+|align="center"| 1503–1543
+|-
+|align="center"| 3
+|align="center"| Barberchak
+|align="center"| 1543
+|-
+|align="center"| 4
+|align="center"|[[Shah Khan]]
+|align="center"| 1545–1570
+|-
+|align="center"| 5
+|align="center"|[[Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan]]
+|align="center"| 1570
+|-
+|}
 == See also ==
+{{History of Xinjiang}}
+{{History of the Mongols}}
 *[[List of Chagatai khans]]
 *[[List of Mongol states]]
@@ Line 46: / Line 82: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+== Bibliography ==
+* {{Cite book|author=江上波夫|authorlink=江上波夫|title=中央アジア史|series=世界各国史|publisher=[[山川出版社]]|date=January 1987|ref={{SfnRef|江上|1987}}}}
+* {{Citation|author=佐口透|author-link=佐口透|contribution=モグリスタン|title=アジア歴史事典|volume=9|publisher=[[平凡社]]|date=1962|ref={{SfnRef|佐口|1962}}}}
+* {{Citation|author1=中見立夫|author1-link=中見立夫|author2=濱田正美|author3=小松久男|author3-link=小松久男|contribution=中央ユーラシアの周縁化|title=中央ユーラシア史|editor=小松久男|series=新版世界各国史|publisher=山川出版社|date=October 2000|ref={{SfnRef|中見|濱田|小松|2000}}}}
+* {{Citation|author=濱田正美|contribution=モグール・ウルスから新疆へ 東トルキスタンと明清王朝|title=東アジア・ 東南アジア伝統社会の形成|series=岩波講座13|publisher=[[岩波書店]]|date=August 1998|ref={{SfnRef|濱田|1998}}}}
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+* {{Cite journal|author=丸山鋼二|date=2009-07-01|title=新疆におけるイスラム教の定着 : 東チャガタイ汗国─ 新疆イスラム教小史③ ─|periodical=文教大学国際学部紀要|volume=20|number=1|pages=147–160|publisher=[[文教大学]]国際学部|url=https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=3654&item_no=1&page_id=29&block_id=40|issn=0917-3072|ref={{SfnRef|丸山|2009}}}}
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 {{Chagatai Khanate}}
@@ Line 53: / Line 98: @@
 [[Category:Moghulistan| ]]
-[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
 [[Category:Mongol peoples]]
 [[Category:Chagatai Khanate]]

v t e Historical polities in Xinjiang
Pre-Mongol Empire	Wusun (5th century BC–5th century AD) Shule Kingdom (200 BC-709 AD) Loulan Kingdom (?–77 BC) Protectorate of the Western Regions (60 BC–107) Jushi Kingdom (?-460) Shanshan (77 BC–630) Gaochang (460-640) Kucha (?–789) Yanqi (?–9th century) Kingdom of Khotan (?–1006) Protectorate General to Pacify the West (640-790) Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) Qocho (843–1209) Qara Khitai (1124–1218)
Mongol	Chagatai Khanate (1225–1370) Moghulistan (1347–1680s) Kara Del (1389–1513) Turpan Khanate (1487-1660?) Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) Dzungar Khanate (1634–1758) Kumul Khanate (1696–1930)
Modern	Xinjiang under Qing rule (1757-1912) Xinjiang (ROC) (1912-1992) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1949-)

v t e Xinjiang topics
Ürümqi (capital)
History	Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Han dynasty Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official of the Western Regions Kingdom of Khotan Sixteen Kingdoms Gaochang Göktürks: First, Western, Eastern and Second Tang dynasty Protectorate General to Pacify the West Four Garrisons of Anxi Beiting Protectorate Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Qocho Kara-Khanid Khanate Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate Moghulistan Kara Del Turpan Khanate Yarkent Khanate Dzungar Khanate Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar–Qing Wars Dzungar genocide Kumul Khanate Qing dynasty Qing rule Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas Afaqi Khoja revolts Holy War of the Seven Khojas General of Ili Reconquest of Xinjiang Republic of China Xinjiang Wars First East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic Ili Rebellion People's Republic of China PRC incorporation
Geography	Cities Tian Shan Junggar Basin (Dzungaria) Tarim Basin (Southern Xinjiang) Gurbantünggüt Desert Kumtag Desert Taklamakan Desert Turpan Depression Karakoram Mountains Altai Mountains Kunlun Mountains Pamir Mountains Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
Education	Xinjiang University Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Medical University
Culture	Doppa Festival Music Meshrep gathering Muqam Tocharian clothing
Cuisine	Dapanji Nan Sangza Samsa Youtazi Pamirdin Xurpa Tunurkawab Chinese Islamic cuisine
Economy	Cotton industry Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Visitor attractions	Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb Flaming Mountains Jiaohe ruins Gaochang Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi Id Kah Mosque Karakul Lake Kizil Caves Niya ruins
Xinjiang conflict	1989 Ürümqi unrest Barin uprising 1992 Ürümqi bombings Ghulja incident 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings 2007 Xinjiang raid 2008 Uyghur unrest 2008 Kashgar attack Shaoguan incident July 2009 Ürümqi riots September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 2010 Aksu bombing 2011 Hotan attack 2011 Kashgar attacks Pishan hostage crisis 2012 Yecheng attack Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 April 2013 Bachu unrest June 2013 Shanshan riots 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Kunming attack 2014 China–Vietnam border shootout April 2014 Ürümqi attack May 2014 Ürümqi attack Assassination of Juma Tayir Xinjiang internment camps Persecution of Uyghurs in China
People	Amursana Mingrui Jahangir Khoja Yaqub Beg Zuo Zongtang Yang Zengxin Jin Shuren Sabit Damolla Sheng Shicai Ehmetjan Qasim Wang Zhen Saifuddin Azizi Rebiya Kadeer Nur Bekri Li Zhi Wang Lequan Zhang Chunxian Ilham Tohti Salih Hudayar Sattar Sawut Shirzat Bawudun Ghulam Osman Yaghma Rahile Dawut
Related	Uyghur people Migration to Xinjiang Altishahr Chinese Turkestan East Turkestan East Turkistan Government in Exile East Turkistan National Awakening Movement Independence movement World Uyghur Congress China–Kazakhstan relations China–Kyrgyzstan relations China–Pakistan relations China–Turkey relations
Category Commons

History of the Mongols

Timeline History Rulers Nobility Culture Language Mongols Proto-Mongols
States Mongol khanates IX-X Khereid Khanate X-1203 Merkit Khanate XI–XII Tatar Khanate IX – XII Naiman Khanate -1204 Khamag Mongol Khanate X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206-1368 Yuan dynasty 1271-1368 Chagatai Khanate 1225-1340s Moghulistan 1346-1462 Turpan Khanate 1487-1660? Yarkent Khanate 1514-1705 Golden Horde 1240-1502 Ilkhanate 1256-1335 Chobanids 1335-1357 Jalairid Sultanate 1335-1432 Injuids 1335-1357 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368-1691 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kara Del 1383-1513 Four Oirat 1399-1634 Arghun dynasty 1479-1599 Mughal Empire (in India) 1526–1857 Kalmyk Khanate 1630-1731 Khoshut Khanate 1640s-1717 Dzungar Khanate 1634-1758 Bogd Khaganate 1911-1924 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Mongolia 1992-present
v t e