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{{short description|Species of rare bird in the Caribbean}}
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| image=Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
| image=Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
| image_caption = At the [[Dominica Botanical Gardens#Conservation facilities|Parrot Conservation and Research Centre]], Roseau, Dominica
| image_caption = At the [[Dominica Botanical Gardens#Conservation facilities|Parrot Conservation and Research Centre]], Roseau, Dominica
| status = EN
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22686411 |title=''Amazona imperialis'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Amazona imperialis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22686411A154800996 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22686411A154800996.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name ="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org|archive-date=2017-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205014647/https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| genus = Amazona
| genus = Amazona
| species = imperialis
| species = imperialis
| authority = [[Charles Wallace Richmond|Richmond]], 1899
| authority = [[Charles Wallace Richmond|Richmond]], 1899

| range_map = Amazona imperialis map.svg
}}
}}


The '''imperial amazon''' (''Amazona imperialis'') or '''Dominican amazon''', also known as the '''sisserou''', is a [[parrot]] found only on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Dominica]].<ref name="animaldiversity2017">{{cite web|title=ADW: Amazona imperialis|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/amazona_imperialis/|website=Animal Diversity Web|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref> It has been designated as the national bird of Dominica.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bird|url=http://www.dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-bird|website=Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica|accessdate=15 September 2017}}</ref>
The '''imperial amazon''' ('''''Amazona imperialis''''') or '''Dominican amazon''', also known as the '''sisserou''' or '''sisserou parrot''', is a [[parrot]] found only on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Dominica]].<ref name="animaldiversity2017">{{cite web|title=ADW: Amazona imperialis|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/amazona_imperialis/|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307150311/http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/amazona_imperialis/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been designated as the [[national bird]] of Dominica,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bird|url=http://www.dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-bird|website=Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213070407/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-bird|url-status=live}}</ref> and features on the [[Flag of Dominica|national flag of Dominica]]. The species is [[critically endangered]]. In 2019, it was estimated there were only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild.


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Amazona_imperialis_Mitchell.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of the imperial amazon parrot by English zoologist [[David William Mitchell]]]]
[[File:Amazona_imperialis_Mitchell.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of the imperial amazon parrot by English zoologist [[David William Mitchell]]]]
The imperial amazon measures an average of {{convert|48|cm|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=parrots2013>[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/imperial_amazon/ "Imperial Amazon." Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis)]. World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> With males weighing an average of {{convert|900|g|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|650|g|abbr=on}}, the species is large for its genus.<ref name=parrots2013 />
The imperial amazon measures an average of {{convert|48|cm|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=parrots2013>[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/imperial_amazon/ "Imperial Amazon" (Amazona Imperialis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430142315/https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia/imperial-amazon/ |date=2024-04-30 }}. World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> With males weighing an average of {{convert|900|g|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|650|g|abbr=on}}, the species is large for its genus.<ref name=parrots2013 />
Being of the family Psittacidae, the sisserou has [[zygodactyl]] feet and a thick, hooked bill with a muscular tongue.<ref name=nhptv2013 /> This bill is fashioned in such a way that, using its hinged mandibles and tongue, the sisserou can easily move food around in its mouth.<ref name=nhptv2013>[http://www.nhptv.org/wild/Psittacidae.asp "Psittacidae - Parrots, Parakeets, Macaws, Cockatoos"], New Hampshire Public Television. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref>
Being of the family Psittacidae, the sisserou has [[zygodactyl]] feet and a thick, hooked bill with a muscular tongue.<ref name=nhptv2013 /> This bill is fashioned in such a way that, using its hinged mandibles and tongue, the sisserou can easily move food around in its mouth.<ref name=nhptv2013>[http://www.nhptv.org/wild/Psittacidae.asp "Psittacidae – Parrots, Parakeets, Macaws, Cockatoos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191206/http://www.nhptv.org/wild/Psittacidae.asp |date=2013-10-29 }}, New Hampshire Public Television. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref>
Males and females have identical plumage: the chest is a dark shade of purple, and the upper parts and feathers are a dark shade of green, with black-edged feather tips.<ref name=parrots2013 /> The eye-ring is dark brown, with the eye being a mix of orange and red.<ref name=parrots2013 /> Juvenile appearance does not differ much, with a higher occurrence of green plumage and strictly brown eyes.<ref name=parrots2013 />
Males and females have identical plumage: the chest is a dark shade of purple, and the upper parts and feathers are a dark shade of green, with black-edged feather tips.<ref name=parrots2013 /> The eye-ring is dark brown, with the eye being a mix of orange and red.<ref name=parrots2013 /> Juvenile appearance does not differ much, with a higher occurrence of green plumage and strictly brown eyes.<ref name=parrots2013 />
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===Breeding===
===Breeding===
Between February and April, nesting occurs and the female will lay a clutch of two white eggs in a deep cavity inside a rainforest tree,<ref name=parrots2013/> returning to the same tree year after year. For 26–28 days, the female will incubate the eggs.<ref name=parrots2013/> During fledging, which occurs between June and early September, both parents will take care of and feed the chicks until they are fully feathered and ready to leave the nest.<ref name=parrots2013 /> The chicks use typical "begging calls" when hungry, to which either parent will respond with food.<ref name=dominica2013>Durand, Stephan. [http://www.dominica.gov.dm/resources/two-sisserou-chicks-from-one-nest-new-discovery-by-dominica "Two Sisserou Chicks From One Nest: New Discovery by Dominica"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194800/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/resources/two-sisserou-chicks-from-one-nest-new-discovery-by-dominica |date=2013-10-29 }}. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> Usually only one chick survives to fledging and, typically, sisserou pairs fledge a single chick every other year; however, there have been documented exceptions.<ref name=dominica2013/>
Between February and April, nesting occurs and the female will lay a clutch of two white eggs in a deep cavity inside a rainforest tree,<ref name=parrots2013/> returning to the same tree year after year. For 26–28 days, the female will incubate the eggs.<ref name=parrots2013/> During fledging, which occurs between June and early September, both parents will take care of and feed the chicks until they are fully feathered and ready to leave the nest.<ref name=parrots2013 /> The chicks use typical "begging calls" when hungry, to which either parent will respond with food.<ref name=dominica2013>Durand, Stephan. [http://www.dominica.gov.dm/resources/two-sisserou-chicks-from-one-nest-new-discovery-by-dominica "Two Sisserou Chicks From One Nest: New Discovery by Dominica"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194800/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/resources/two-sisserou-chicks-from-one-nest-new-discovery-by-dominica |date=2013-10-29 }}. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> Usually only one chick survives to fledging and, typically, sisserou pairs fledge a single chick every other year; however, there have been documented exceptions.<ref name=dominica2013/>


These parrots mate for life and are extremely faithful to each other.<ref name=johnson2013 /> They might seek another mate only after a mate dies. However, the bird may grieve to death rather than find a new mate.<ref name=johnson2013 />
These parrots mate for life and are extremely faithful to each other.<ref name=johnson2013 /> They might seek another mate only after a mate dies. However, the bird may grieve to death rather than find a new mate.<ref name=johnson2013 />


===Feeding===
===Feeding===
The sisserou’s diet consists of fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, blossoms and palm shoots.<ref name=animaldiversity2017 /> Their favorite foods include the fruits of ''[[Dacryodes]]'' species, ''[[Licania ternatensis]]'', ''[[Richeria grandis]]'', ''[[Amanoa carboea]]'', ''[[Simarouba amara]]'', ''[[Symphonia globulifera]]'', ''[[Pouteria pollida]]'', ''[[Tapuru atillan]]'', the flowers and seeds of ''[[Chimarcis cymosa]]'', and the nuts and young shoots of ''[[Euterpe (plant)|Euterpe]]'' palms.<ref name=jandp2013 /> Usually, they feed in the morning and evening.<ref name=jandp2013>Juniper, Tony, and Mike Parr. ''Parrots: a guide to parrots of the world''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.</ref>
The sisserou's diet consists of fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, blossoms and palm shoots.<ref name=animaldiversity2017 /> Their favorite foods include the fruits of ''[[Dacryodes]]'' species, ''[[Licania ternatensis]]'', ''[[Richeria grandis]]'', ''[[Amanoa carboea]]'', ''[[Simarouba amara]]'', ''[[Symphonia globulifera]]'', ''[[Pouteria pollida]]'', ''[[Tapuru atillan]]'', the flowers and seeds of ''[[Chimarcis cymosa]]'', and the nuts and young shoots of ''[[Euterpe (plant)|Euterpe]]'' palms.<ref name=jandp2013 /> Usually, they feed in the morning and evening.<ref name=jandp2013>Juniper, Tony, and Mike Parr. ''Parrots: a guide to parrots of the world''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|thumb|right|On the [[flag of Dominica]]]]
[[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|thumb|right|On the [[flag of Dominica]]]]
The imperial amazon is endemic to the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles where it inhabits mountain forest areas above 2,100&nbsp;ft (625&nbsp;m).<ref name=johnson2013>Johnson, Sibylle. [http://www.avianweb.com/imperialamazons.html Imperial Amazon / Imperial Parrot]. 22 October 2013.</ref> It is the island's national bird.<ref name=rarespecies2013>[http://www.rarespecies.org/siss.html "Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704230949/http://www.rarespecies.org/siss.html |date=2010-07-04 }} Rare Species Conservatory Foundation. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> The species frequently occurs in the [[Morne Diablotins]] in northern Dominica, especially the upper [[Picard River]] Valley on the northwest side of the mountain.<ref name=carbone2013 /> A small population has been [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] in the [[Morne Trois Pitons National Park]].<ref name=birdlife2013>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106001690/0 BirdLife. Amazona imperialis. 20] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111071406/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106001690/0 |date=2012-11-11 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref>
The imperial amazon is endemic to the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles where it inhabits mountain forest areas above 2,100&nbsp;ft (625&nbsp;m).<ref name=johnson2013>Johnson, Sibylle. [http://www.avianweb.com/imperialamazons.html Imperial Amazon / Imperial Parrot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195051/http://www.avianweb.com/imperialamazons.html |date=2013-10-29 }}. 22 October 2013.</ref> It is the island's national bird<ref name=rarespecies2013>[http://www.rarespecies.org/siss.html "Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704230949/http://www.rarespecies.org/siss.html |date=2010-07-04 }} Rare Species Conservatory Foundation. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref> and also appears on the country's flag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-flag|title=National Flag - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-date=2024-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430142310/http://dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-flag|url-status=live}}</ref> The species frequently occurs in the [[Morne Diablotins]] in northern Dominica, especially the upper [[Picard River]] Valley on the northwest side of the mountain.<ref name=carbone2013 /> A small population has been [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] in the [[Morne Trois Pitons National Park]].<ref name=birdlife2013>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106001690/0 BirdLife. Amazona imperialis. 20] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111071406/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106001690/0 |date=2012-11-11 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2013.</ref>
Imperial amazons are found primarily in mountain rainforest, sometimes in [[elfin forest]].<ref name=jandp2013 /> They occur mostly at elevations of 600–1300&nbsp;m above sea level.<ref name=carbone2013>Carbone, Jim. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Amazona_imperialis/#habitat Amazona imperialis. 2001]. Retrieved 23 October 2013.</ref> However, there have been reports of them at 150 to 300 meters in elevation because of food storage or foraging preferences.<ref name=jandp2013 />
Imperial amazons are found primarily in mountain rainforest, sometimes in [[elfin forest]].<ref name=jandp2013 /> They occur mostly at elevations of 600–1300&nbsp;m above sea level.<ref name=carbone2013>Carbone, Jim. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Amazona_imperialis/#habitat Amazona imperialis. 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901220947/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Amazona_imperialis/#habitat |date=2014-09-01 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2013.</ref> However, there have been reports of them at 150 to 300 meters in elevation because of food storage or foraging preferences.<ref name=jandp2013 />


==Status and conservation==
==Status and conservation==
The imperial amazon is an endangered species. The number of birds has increased in the past few years; however, as of 2012, there were estimated to be only 250—350 individuals.<ref name=IUCN /> There have been many efforts to help the habitat for these parrots. With the help of Dominica’s Forestry, and the Wildlife and Parks Division and the Rare Species Conservatory Foundation (RSCF), areas such as the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve are protected.<ref name=bird2013>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1690 "Species." Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)]. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</ref> However areas adjacent to the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve remain unprotected.<ref name=bird2013 /> Efforts are being made to help make other areas of Dominica protected. Many of the organizations have helped create groups of people to raise awareness, provide education, and conduct research.<ref name=imperialamazon2013 /> The educational programs held in Dominica have reduced the bird trade.<ref name=imperialamazon2013>[http://www.arkive.org/imperial-amazon/amazona-imperialis/ "Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202246/http://www.arkive.org/imperial-amazon/amazona-imperialis/ |date=2013-10-29 }}. Imperial Amazon Videos, Photos and Facts. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</ref>
The imperial amazon is a critically endangered species. There are estimated to be only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=2020-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been many efforts to help the habitat for these parrots. With the help of Dominica's Forestry, and the Wildlife and Parks Division and the Rare Species Conservatory Foundation (RSCF), areas such as the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve are protected.<ref name=bird2013>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1690 "Species." Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411183500/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1690 |date=2016-04-11 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</ref> However areas adjacent to the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve remain unprotected.<ref name=bird2013 /> Efforts are being made to help make other areas of Dominica protected. Many of the organizations have helped create groups of people to raise awareness, provide education, and conduct research.<ref name=imperialamazon2013 /> The educational programs held in Dominica have reduced the bird trade.<ref name=imperialamazon2013>[http://www.arkive.org/imperial-amazon/amazona-imperialis/ "Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202246/http://www.arkive.org/imperial-amazon/amazona-imperialis/ |date=2013-10-29 }}. Imperial Amazon Videos, Photos and Facts. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</ref>
The first successful breeding of this species by humans was conducted in 2011.<ref name=bird2013 /> The captive-bred parrot developed fully in 12 weeks and resembled the wild imperial amazon parrots.<ref name=ncbi2013>{{cite journal | pmid = 21181874 | doi=10.1002/zoo.20374 | volume=30 | title=First captive breeding of the imperial parrot (Amazona imperialis) | journal=Zoo Biol | pages=328–41 | last1 = Reillo | first1 = PR | last2 = Durand | first2 = S | last3 = Burton | first3 = M}}</ref> No one really knew what the reproductive potential of these parrots was. The imperial amazon has the lowest reproductive potential of any of the ''Amazona'' species.<ref name=ncbi2013 />
The first successful breeding of this species by humans was conducted in 2011.<ref name=bird2013 /> The captive-bred parrot developed fully in 12 weeks and resembled the wild imperial amazon parrots.<ref name=ncbi2013>{{cite journal | pmid = 21181874 | doi=10.1002/zoo.20374 | volume=30 | title=First captive breeding of the imperial parrot (Amazona imperialis) | journal=Zoo Biol | pages=328–41 | last1 = Reillo | first1 = PR | last2 = Durand | first2 = S | last3 = Burton | first3 = M| year=2011 | issue=3 }}</ref> No one really knew what the reproductive potential of these parrots was. The imperial amazon has the lowest reproductive potential of any of the ''Amazona'' species.<ref name=ncbi2013 />


===Threats===
===Threats===
A major cause of population decline has been [[tropical cyclone|hurricanes]]. [[Hurricane David]] of August 1979 was one of the strongest that hit Dominica and impacted the population. Another hit was by [[Hurricane Maria]] in September 2017, which caused extensive damage on the island, affecting habitat.
A major cause of population decline has been [[tropical cyclone|hurricanes]]. [[Hurricane David]] of August 1979 was one of the strongest that hit Dominica and impacted the population. Another hit was by [[Hurricane Maria]] in September 2017, which caused extensive damage on the island, affecting habitat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=Charlotte A.|last2=Martin|first2=Thomas E.|last3=Durand|first3=Stephen|last4=Lamont|first4=Myles|date=2018|title=First observations of the impacts of Hurricane Maria on the endemic imperial amazon|journal=Oryx|language=en|volume=52|issue=3|pages=410–411|doi=10.1017/S0030605318000364|issn=0030-6053|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Habitat loss is caused by human disturbance in the forest, with selective logging and the deforestation. Illegal animal trading is a big market, and these birds are hunted to be sold on the black market. In the 1900s there were efforts to ban all illegal bird captivity and trading, but foreign traders still try to hunt this bird; some are successful. The development of plantations has also reduced their habitat, especially the cultivation of bananas (Snyder et al. 2000). Encroachment of human development has been a big issue as well, and conservationist are trying save the birds' preferred habitat.
Habitat loss is caused by human disturbance in the forest, with selective logging and the deforestation. Trapping for food and trade is still a threat, even though education programmes have reduced the local market greatly. Illegal animal trading is a big market, and these birds are hunted to be sold on the black market. In the 1900s there were efforts to ban all illegal bird captivity and trading, but foreign traders still try to hunt this bird; some are successful. The development of plantations has also reduced their habitat, especially the cultivation of bananas (Snyder et al. 2000). Encroachment of human development has been a big issue as well, and conservationists are trying save the birds' preferred habitat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Imperial Amazon - Text account|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/imperial-amazon-amazona-imperialis/text|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032942/http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/imperial-amazon-amazona-imperialis/text|archive-date=2021-01-16|access-date=|website=Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|url-status=live}}</ref>


Nesting cavity competition with red-necked amazons and [[owl]]s creates a tough living environment for imperial amazons. They mate only for a couple of months of the year, and guard their nests the rest of the year. A good quality nesting site is key to the survival and upbringing of their offspring.
Nesting cavity competition with red-necked amazons and [[owl]]s creates a tough living environment for imperial amazons. They mate only for a couple of months of the year, and guard their nests the rest of the year. A good quality nesting site is key to the survival and upbringing of their offspring.
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===Guadeloupe amazon===
===Guadeloupe amazon===
The hypothetical or extinct [[Guadeloupe amazon]] (''A. violacea'') may be the same bird as the imperial amazon, if not a close relative. Based on old descriptions alone, the information on the Gaudeloupe amazon, pairs well with what is observed about the imperial amazon. A bone found on [[Marie-Galante]] (between Dominica and Guadeloupe) has been assigned to ''A. violacea'' and suggests that ''A. imperialis'' either inhabited, or was traded between, all three islands in prehistoric times.<ref name=carrib2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = S. L. | last2 = López | first2 = E. J. Máiz | year = 2008 | title = New evidence of Ara autochthones from an archeological site in Puerto Rico: a valid species of West Indian macaw of unknown geographical origin (Aves: Psittacidae)" (pdf) | url = | journal = Caribbean Journal of Science | volume = 44 | issue = 2| pages = 215–222 }}</ref>
The hypothetical or extinct [[Guadeloupe amazon]] (''A. violacea'') may be the same bird as the imperial amazon, if not a close relative. Based on old descriptions alone, the information on the Guadeloupe amazon, pairs well with what is observed about the imperial amazon. A bone found on [[Marie-Galante]] (between Dominica and Guadeloupe) has been assigned to ''A. violacea'' and suggests that ''A. imperialis'' either inhabited, or was traded between, all three islands in prehistoric times.<ref name=carrib2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = S. L. | last2 = López | first2 = E. J. Máiz | year = 2008 | title = New evidence of Ara autochthones from an archeological site in Puerto Rico: a valid species of West Indian macaw of unknown geographical origin (Aves: Psittacidae)" | journal = Caribbean Journal of Science | volume = 44 | issue = 2| pages = 215–222 | doi = 10.18475/cjos.v44i2.a9 | s2cid = 54593515 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{Commonscat-inline|Amazona imperialis}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Amazona imperialis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629055033/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Amazona_imperialis/ Fact file] - ARKive
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629055033/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Amazona_imperialis/ Fact file] - ARKive
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1690 Species factsheet] - BirdLife International
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1690 Species factsheet] - BirdLife International
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{{DEFAULTSORT:amazon, imperial}}
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[[Category:Amazona|imperial amazon]]
[[Category:Amazon parrots|Imperial amazon]]
[[Category:Amazon parrots|Imperial amazon]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Dominica]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Dominica]]
[[Category:National symbols of Dominica]]
[[Category:National symbols of Dominica]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1899|imperial amazon]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1899|imperial amazon]]
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[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Wallace Richmond|imperial amazon]]

Latest revision as of 13:49, 14 June 2024

Imperial amazon
At the Parrot Conservation and Research Centre, Roseau, Dominica
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Amazona
Species:
A. imperialis
Binomial name
Amazona imperialis
Richmond, 1899

The imperial amazon (Amazona imperialis) or Dominican amazon, also known as the sisserou or sisserou parrot, is a parrot found only on the Caribbean island of Dominica.[3] It has been designated as the national bird of Dominica,[4] and features on the national flag of Dominica. The species is critically endangered. In 2019, it was estimated there were only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild.

Description

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Illustration of the imperial amazon parrot by English zoologist David William Mitchell

The imperial amazon measures an average of 48 cm (19 in) in length.[5] With males weighing an average of 900 g (32 oz) and females 650 g (23 oz), the species is large for its genus.[5]

Being of the family Psittacidae, the sisserou has zygodactyl feet and a thick, hooked bill with a muscular tongue.[6] This bill is fashioned in such a way that, using its hinged mandibles and tongue, the sisserou can easily move food around in its mouth.[6]

Males and females have identical plumage: the chest is a dark shade of purple, and the upper parts and feathers are a dark shade of green, with black-edged feather tips.[5] The eye-ring is dark brown, with the eye being a mix of orange and red.[5] Juvenile appearance does not differ much, with a higher occurrence of green plumage and strictly brown eyes.[5]

Behavior

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The call of the sisserou resides in the higher frequencies, a loud and even "squeaky" mix between shriek, squawk, and trill.[5] They are shy, difficult to approach, and usually travel in groups of three or fewer.[5][7] They sometimes flock together with red-necked amazons.[7] They are good climbers and strong flyers with powerful wings.[8] They prefer to perch on the tops of trees.[8] They are difficult to detect, as they are well camouflaged by their plumage.[3]

Breeding

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Between February and April, nesting occurs and the female will lay a clutch of two white eggs in a deep cavity inside a rainforest tree,[5] returning to the same tree year after year. For 26–28 days, the female will incubate the eggs.[5] During fledging, which occurs between June and early September, both parents will take care of and feed the chicks until they are fully feathered and ready to leave the nest.[5] The chicks use typical "begging calls" when hungry, to which either parent will respond with food.[9] Usually only one chick survives to fledging and, typically, sisserou pairs fledge a single chick every other year; however, there have been documented exceptions.[9]

These parrots mate for life and are extremely faithful to each other.[8] They might seek another mate only after a mate dies. However, the bird may grieve to death rather than find a new mate.[8]

Feeding

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The sisserou's diet consists of fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, blossoms and palm shoots.[3] Their favorite foods include the fruits of Dacryodes species, Licania ternatensis, Richeria grandis, Amanoa carboea, Simarouba amara, Symphonia globulifera, Pouteria pollida, Tapuru atillan, the flowers and seeds of Chimarcis cymosa, and the nuts and young shoots of Euterpe palms.[10] Usually, they feed in the morning and evening.[10]

Distribution and habitat

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On the flag of Dominica

The imperial amazon is endemic to the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles where it inhabits mountain forest areas above 2,100 ft (625 m).[8] It is the island's national bird[11] and also appears on the country's flag.[12] The species frequently occurs in the Morne Diablotins in northern Dominica, especially the upper Picard River Valley on the northwest side of the mountain.[7] A small population has been reintroduced in the Morne Trois Pitons National Park.[13]

Imperial amazons are found primarily in mountain rainforest, sometimes in elfin forest.[10] They occur mostly at elevations of 600–1300 m above sea level.[7] However, there have been reports of them at 150 to 300 meters in elevation because of food storage or foraging preferences.[10]

Status and conservation

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The imperial amazon is a critically endangered species. There are estimated to be only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild as of 2019.[14] There have been many efforts to help the habitat for these parrots. With the help of Dominica's Forestry, and the Wildlife and Parks Division and the Rare Species Conservatory Foundation (RSCF), areas such as the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve are protected.[15] However areas adjacent to the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve remain unprotected.[15] Efforts are being made to help make other areas of Dominica protected. Many of the organizations have helped create groups of people to raise awareness, provide education, and conduct research.[16] The educational programs held in Dominica have reduced the bird trade.[16] The first successful breeding of this species by humans was conducted in 2011.[15] The captive-bred parrot developed fully in 12 weeks and resembled the wild imperial amazon parrots.[17] No one really knew what the reproductive potential of these parrots was. The imperial amazon has the lowest reproductive potential of any of the Amazona species.[17]

Threats

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A major cause of population decline has been hurricanes. Hurricane David of August 1979 was one of the strongest that hit Dominica and impacted the population. Another hit was by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, which caused extensive damage on the island, affecting habitat.[18]

Habitat loss is caused by human disturbance in the forest, with selective logging and the deforestation. Trapping for food and trade is still a threat, even though education programmes have reduced the local market greatly. Illegal animal trading is a big market, and these birds are hunted to be sold on the black market. In the 1900s there were efforts to ban all illegal bird captivity and trading, but foreign traders still try to hunt this bird; some are successful. The development of plantations has also reduced their habitat, especially the cultivation of bananas (Snyder et al. 2000). Encroachment of human development has been a big issue as well, and conservationists are trying save the birds' preferred habitat.[19]

Nesting cavity competition with red-necked amazons and owls creates a tough living environment for imperial amazons. They mate only for a couple of months of the year, and guard their nests the rest of the year. A good quality nesting site is key to the survival and upbringing of their offspring.

Imperial amazons are preyed on by boa constrictors, broad-winged hawks, common opossums and rats.

Guadeloupe amazon

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The hypothetical or extinct Guadeloupe amazon (A. violacea) may be the same bird as the imperial amazon, if not a close relative. Based on old descriptions alone, the information on the Guadeloupe amazon, pairs well with what is observed about the imperial amazon. A bone found on Marie-Galante (between Dominica and Guadeloupe) has been assigned to A. violacea and suggests that A. imperialis either inhabited, or was traded between, all three islands in prehistoric times.[20]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Amazona imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22686411A154800996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22686411A154800996.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c "ADW: Amazona imperialis". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  4. ^ "National Bird". Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Imperial Amazon" (Amazona Imperialis) Archived 2024-04-30 at the Wayback Machine. World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Psittacidae – Parrots, Parakeets, Macaws, Cockatoos" Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, New Hampshire Public Television. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Carbone, Jim. Amazona imperialis. 2001 Archived 2014-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Sibylle. Imperial Amazon / Imperial Parrot Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. 22 October 2013.
  9. ^ a b Durand, Stephan. "Two Sisserou Chicks From One Nest: New Discovery by Dominica". Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Juniper, Tony, and Mike Parr. Parrots: a guide to parrots of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
  11. ^ "Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)" Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine Rare Species Conservatory Foundation. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  12. ^ "National Flag - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica". Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  13. ^ BirdLife. Amazona imperialis. 20 Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  14. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  15. ^ a b c "Species." Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis) Archived 2016-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  16. ^ a b "Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis)" Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. Imperial Amazon Videos, Photos and Facts. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  17. ^ a b Reillo, PR; Durand, S; Burton, M (2011). "First captive breeding of the imperial parrot (Amazona imperialis)". Zoo Biol. 30 (3): 328–41. doi:10.1002/zoo.20374. PMID 21181874.
  18. ^ Palmer, Charlotte A.; Martin, Thomas E.; Durand, Stephen; Lamont, Myles (2018). "First observations of the impacts of Hurricane Maria on the endemic imperial amazon". Oryx. 52 (3): 410–411. doi:10.1017/S0030605318000364. ISSN 0030-6053.
  19. ^ "Imperial Amazon - Text account". Data Zone. BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 2021-01-16.
  20. ^ Olson, S. L.; López, E. J. Máiz (2008). "New evidence of Ara autochthones from an archeological site in Puerto Rico: a valid species of West Indian macaw of unknown geographical origin (Aves: Psittacidae)"". Caribbean Journal of Science. 44 (2): 215–222. doi:10.18475/cjos.v44i2.a9. S2CID 54593515.
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