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{{Short description|Military coup against Turkish Prime Minister Menderes}}
{{Short description|Military coup against Turkish Prime Minister Menderes}}
{{Expand Turkish|27 Mayıs Darbesi|date=February 2013}}
{{Expand Turkish|topic=mil|27 Mayıs Darbesi|date=February 2013}}


{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
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| status =
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[National Unity Committee]]
| combatant1 = [[National Unity Committee]]
| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[23rd government of Turkey]]
| combatant2 = [[23rd government of Turkey]]
| combatant3 =
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Turkey}} Gen. [[Cemal Gürsel]]<br />{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Lt. Gen. [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] <br />{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Col. [[Alparslan Türkeş]]
| commander1 = Gen. [[Cemal Gürsel]]<br />Lt. Gen. [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] <br />Col. [[Alparslan Türkeş]]
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Celâl Bayar]]<br>{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Adnan Menderes]]{{Executed}}<br>{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Hasan Polatkan]]{{Executed}}<br>{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]]{{Executed}}
| commander2 = [[Celâl Bayar]]<br>[[Adnan Menderes]]{{Executed}}<br>[[Hasan Polatkan]]{{Executed}}<br>[[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]]{{Executed}}
| commander3 =
| commander3 =
| units1 = 38 Committee members
| units1 = 38 Committee members
| units2 = -
| units2 = –
| strength1 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength2 =
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}}
}}


The '''1960 Turkish coup d'état''' ({{lang-tr|27 Mayıs Darbesi}}) was the first [[Turkish coup d'état|coup d'état]] in the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]]. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38<ref name="Gunn">{{cite journal|last1=Gunn|first1=Christopher|title=The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|date=Spring 2015|volume=17|issue=2|page=103|doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00550|s2cid=57560759|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/JCWS_a_00550#.VyP-SjArLIU}}</ref> young [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkish military]] officers, acting outside the military [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. The officers were ''de facto'' led by [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] until the actual coup date. After a threat by [[Ragıp Gümüşpala]] that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General [[Cemal Gürsel]] as their leader.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military interventions in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/darbe.htm|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]], and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, [[Adnan Menderes]], alongside two of his ministers, [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]] and [[Hasan Polatkan]].
The '''1960 Turkish coup d'état''' ({{lang-tr|27 Mayıs Darbesi}}), also known as the '''27th May Revolution''' ({{lang-tr|27 Mayıs İhtilali}} or ''27 Mayıs Devrimi''), was the first [[Turkish coup d'état|coup d'état]] in the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]]. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38<ref name="Gunn">{{cite journal|last1=Gunn|first1=Christopher|title=The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|date=Spring 2015|volume=17|issue=2|page=103|doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00550|s2cid=57560759|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/JCWS_a_00550#.VyP-SjArLIU}}</ref> young [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkish military]] officers, acting outside the military [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. The officers were ''de facto'' led by [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] until the actual coup date. After a threat by [[Ragıp Gümüşpala]] that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General [[Cemal Gürsel]] as their leader.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military interventions in Turkey|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/darbe.htm|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]], and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, [[Adnan Menderes]], alongside two of his ministers, [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]] and [[Hasan Polatkan]].


==Background==
==Background==
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==Purge==
==Purge==
The junta forced 235 generals and more than 3,000 other [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officers]] into retirement; purged more than 500 judges and public prosecutors and 1400 university faculty members and put the [[General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces|chief of the General Staff]], the president, the prime minister and other members of the administration under arrest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mümtaz'er |first=Türköne |title=27 Mayıs'ın hesabı |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/full-name/27-mayisin-hesabi_988554.html |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2013 |work=Zaman Gazetesi |language=tr |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109105311/http://www.zaman.com.tr/full-name/27-mayisin-hesabi_988554.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cunta, en büyük tasfiyeyi yargıda ve orduda yaptı |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/_cunta-en-buyuk-tasfiyeyi-yargida-ve-orduda-yapti_989947.html |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2013 |work=Zaman Gazetesi |language=tr |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109105352/http://www.zaman.com.tr/_cunta-en-buyuk-tasfiyeyi-yargida-ve-orduda-yapti_989947.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> Several hundred [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Alevism|Alevi]] notables were detained in a Camp in [[Sivas Province|Sivas]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Challenges to the Ethnicity Regime in Turkey: Alevi and Kurdish Demands for Recognition, 1923–1980 |date=2012 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/regimes-of-ethnicity-and-nationhood-in-germany-russia-and-turkey/challenges-to-the-ethnicity-regime-in-turkey/1B3612389DC1C59AD21A067A86969CE8 |work=Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey |pages=143 |editor-last=Aktürk |editor-first=Şener |series=Problems of International Politics |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02143-3 |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref> 55, of which most were affiliated with the DP and several were Kurdish Members of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] were deported to western provinces.<ref name=":1" /> It followed by the appointment of the [[List of commanders of the Turkish Land Forces|commander of the army]] General [[Cemal Gürsel]], as the provisional head of state, prime minister and the minister of defense.
The junta forced 235 generals and more than 3,000 other [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officers]] into retirement; purged more than 500 judges and public prosecutors and 1400 university faculty members and put the [[General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces|chief of the General Staff]], the president, the prime minister and other members of the administration under arrest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mümtaz'er |first=Türköne |title=27 Mayıs'ın hesabı |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/full-name/27-mayisin-hesabi_988554.html |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2013 |work=Zaman Gazetesi |language=tr |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109105311/http://www.zaman.com.tr/full-name/27-mayisin-hesabi_988554.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cunta, en büyük tasfiyeyi yargıda ve orduda yaptı |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/_cunta-en-buyuk-tasfiyeyi-yargida-ve-orduda-yapti_989947.html |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2013 |work=Zaman Gazetesi |language=tr |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109105352/http://www.zaman.com.tr/_cunta-en-buyuk-tasfiyeyi-yargida-ve-orduda-yapti_989947.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> Several hundred [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Alevism|Alevi]] notables were detained in a Camp in [[Sivas Province|Sivas]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Challenges to the Ethnicity Regime in Turkey: Alevi and Kurdish Demands for Recognition, 1923–1980 |date=2012 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/regimes-of-ethnicity-and-nationhood-in-germany-russia-and-turkey/challenges-to-the-ethnicity-regime-in-turkey/1B3612389DC1C59AD21A067A86969CE8 |work=Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey |pages=143 |editor-last=Aktürk |editor-first=Şener |series=Problems of International Politics |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139108898.006 |isbn=978-1-107-02143-3 |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref> 55, of which most were affiliated with the DP and several were Kurdish Members of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] were deported to western provinces.<ref name=":1" /> It followed by the appointment of the [[List of commanders of the Turkish Land Forces|commander of the army]] General [[Cemal Gürsel]], as the provisional head of state, prime minister and the minister of defense.


==Yassıada trials==
==Yassıada trials==
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A [[1961 Turkish constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] was held on 9 July 1961. A [[Turkish Constitution of 1961|new constitution]] was drawn up to replace the one from [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|1924]]. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with an 81.0% turnout.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p254 {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}</ref>
A [[1961 Turkish constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] was held on 9 July 1961. A [[Turkish Constitution of 1961|new constitution]] was drawn up to replace the one from [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|1924]]. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with an 81.0% turnout.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p254 {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}</ref>


A month after the execution of Menderes and other members of the Turkish government, [[1961 Turkish general election|general elections]] were held on 15 October 1961. The administrative authority was returned to civilians, but the military continued to dominate the political scene until October 1965.<ref name="allaboutturkey.com"/> [[İsmet İnönü]] held the office of Prime Minister for the third time from 1961 to 1965. Turkish Army Colonel [[:tr:Talat_Aydemir|Talat Aydemir]] organised two failed coups d'état in [[1962 Turkish coup d'état attempt|February 1962]] and [[:tr:20_Mayıs_1963_Ayaklanması|May 1963]]. In the first free [[1965 Turkish general election|elections]] after the coup, in 1965, [[Süleyman Demirel]] was elected and held the office until 1971, when he was removed by [[1971 Turkish military memorandum|a military memorandum]].
A month after the execution of Menderes and other members of the Turkish government, [[1961 Turkish general election|general elections]] were held on 15 October 1961. The administrative authority was returned to civilians, but the military continued to dominate the political scene until October 1965.<ref name="allaboutturkey.com"/> [[İsmet İnönü]] held the office of Prime Minister for the third time from 1961 to 1965. Turkish Army Colonel [[Talat Aydemir]] organised two failed coups d'état in [[1962 Turkish coup d'état attempt|February 1962]] and [[:tr:20_Mayıs_1963_Ayaklanması|May 1963]]. In the first free [[1965 Turkish general election|elections]] after the coup, in 1965, [[Süleyman Demirel]] was elected and held the office until 1971, when he was removed by [[1971 Turkish military memorandum|a military memorandum]].


The government that was formed after the coup, although it did not last long in power, created a political atmosphere that led to the most unique and mass emergence of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] in Turkey's history. It is considered a revolution by the [[People's Liberation Party (Turkey)|People's Liberation Party]] (HKP) as well as the [[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Patriotic Party]] (VP).
The government that was formed after the coup, although it did not last long in power, created a political atmosphere that led to the most unique and mass emergence of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] in Turkey's history. It is considered a revolution by the [[People's Liberation Party (Turkey)|People's Liberation Party]] (HKP) as well as the [[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Patriotic Party]] (VP).
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[[Category:Adnan Menderes]]
[[Category:Adnan Menderes]]
[[Category:1960 in Turkish politics]]
[[Category:1960 in Turkish politics]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Turkey]]
[[Category:1960 crimes in Turkey]]
[[Category:1960 crimes in Turkey]]

Revision as of 20:59, 3 June 2024

1960 Turkish coup d'etat
Date27 May 1960
Location
Turkey
Result

Coup successful

Belligerents
National Unity Committee 23rd government of Turkey
Commanders and leaders
Gen. Cemal Gürsel
Lt. Gen. Cemal Madanoğlu
Col. Alparslan Türkeş		 Celâl Bayar
Adnan Menderes Executed
Hasan Polatkan Executed
Fatin Rüştü Zorlu Executed
Units involved
38 Committee members –
Casualties and losses
2 soldiers, 1 civilian 7 Democrat Party members

The 1960 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 27 Mayıs Darbesi), also known as the 27th May Revolution (Turkish: 27 Mayıs İhtilali or 27 Mayıs Devrimi), was the first coup d'état in the Republic of Turkey. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38[1] young Turkish military officers, acting outside the military chain of command. The officers were de facto led by Cemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader.[2] The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan.

Background

See also: 28–29 April events (Turkey) and 555k protests

The incident took place at a time of both socio-political turmoil and economic hardship, as US aid from the Truman doctrine and the Marshall Plan was running out and so Prime Minister Adnan Menderes planned to visit Moscow in the hope of establishing alternative lines of credit.[3][4][5]

Coup

Colonel Alparslan Türkeş was among the officers who led the coup.[6] He was a member of the junta (National Unity Committee) and had been among the first 16 officers trained by the United States in 1948 to form a stay-behind counter-guerrilla. As such, he explicitly stated his anticommunism and his faith and allegiance to NATO and CENTO in his short address to nation, but he remained vague on the reasons of the coup. On the morning of May 27, Türkeş declared the coup over radio, which ultimately announced "the end of one period in Turkish history, and usher in a new one":

The Great Turkish Nation: Starting at 3:00 am on the 27th of May, the Turkish armed forces have taken over administration throughout the entire country. This operation, thanks to the close cooperation of all our citizens and security forces, has succeeded without loss of life. Until further notice, a curfew has been imposed, exempt only to members of the armed forces. We request our citizens to facilitate the duty of our armed forces, and assist in reestablishing the nationally desired democratic regime.

— Alparslan Türkeş, Radio broadcast May, 27th 1960[7]

In a press conference on the following day, Cemal Gürsel emphasized that the "purpose and the aim of the coup is to bring the country with all speed to a fair, clean and solid democracy.... I want to transfer power and the administration of the nation to the free choice of the people"[8] However, a younger group [tr] within the junta around Türkeş supported a steadfast military leadership, an authoritarian rule similar as it was with the Committee of Union and Progress or during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's regime.[6] This group then attempted to discharge from their offices 147 University teachers.[6] This then led to a reaction from the officers within the junta who demanded a return to democracy and a multiparty system, following which Türkeş and his group were sent abroad.[6]

Purge

The junta forced 235 generals and more than 3,000 other commissioned officers into retirement; purged more than 500 judges and public prosecutors and 1400 university faculty members and put the chief of the General Staff, the president, the prime minister and other members of the administration under arrest.[9][10] Several hundred Kurdish Alevi notables were detained in a Camp in Sivas.[11] 55, of which most were affiliated with the DP and several were Kurdish Members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey were deported to western provinces.[11] It followed by the appointment of the commander of the army General Cemal Gürsel, as the provisional head of state, prime minister and the minister of defense.

Yassıada trials

Main article: Yassıada trials
2
3
4
Members of the Turkish government who were hanged after the Yassıada trials

The Minister of the Interior, Namık Gedik, committed suicide while he was detained in the Turkish Military Academy. President Celal Bayar, prime minister Adnan Menderes and several other members of the administration were put on trial before a court appointed by the junta on the island Yassıada in the Sea of Marmara. The politicians were charged with high treason, misuse of public funds and abrogation of the constitution.

The tribunals ended with the execution of Minister of Foreign Affairs Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Minister of Finance Hasan Polatkan on İmralı island on 16 September 1961, and Adnan Menderes on 17 September 1961.[12] Celal Bayar was not hanged, but imprisoned on İmralı prison.[13]

Aftermath

See also: 55s incident

A constitutional referendum was held on 9 July 1961. A new constitution was drawn up to replace the one from 1924. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with an 81.0% turnout.[14]

A month after the execution of Menderes and other members of the Turkish government, general elections were held on 15 October 1961. The administrative authority was returned to civilians, but the military continued to dominate the political scene until October 1965.[8] İsmet İnönü held the office of Prime Minister for the third time from 1961 to 1965. Turkish Army Colonel Talat Aydemir organised two failed coups d'état in February 1962 and May 1963. In the first free elections after the coup, in 1965, Süleyman Demirel was elected and held the office until 1971, when he was removed by a military memorandum.

The government that was formed after the coup, although it did not last long in power, created a political atmosphere that led to the most unique and mass emergence of the left in Turkey's history. It is considered a revolution by the People's Liberation Party (HKP) as well as the Patriotic Party (VP).

See also

References

  1. ^ Gunn, Christopher (Spring 2015). "The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?". Journal of Cold War Studies. 17 (2): 103. doi:10.1162/JCWS_a_00550. S2CID 57560759.
  2. ^ "Military interventions in Turkey". Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  3. ^ Çavdar, Tevfik (1996). "Birinci Bölüm". Türkiye'nin Demokrasi Tarihi 1950-1995 (in Turkish) (2nd ed.).
  4. ^ "Darbe olmasaydı Menderes Moskova'ya gidecekti". Zaman Gazetesi (in Turkish). 24 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  5. ^ "Menderes'i Nato Astırdı". Habertürk (in Turkish). 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d Landau, Jacob M. (1974). Radical Politics in Modern Turkey. Brill. pp. 206–208. ISBN 978-90-04-04016-8.
  7. ^ Dilipak, Abdurrahman (1991). Ihtilaller Donemi. Istanbul: Dogan Ofset. p. 70.
  8. ^ a b "Military interventions in Turkey | All About Turkey". www.allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  9. ^ Mümtaz'er, Türköne (27 May 2010). "27 Mayıs'ın hesabı". Zaman Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  10. ^ "Cunta, en büyük tasfiyeyi yargıda ve orduda yaptı". Zaman Gazetesi (in Turkish). 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  11. ^ a b Aktürk, Şener, ed. (2012), "Challenges to the Ethnicity Regime in Turkey: Alevi and Kurdish Demands for Recognition, 1923–1980", Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey, Problems of International Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 143, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139108898.006, ISBN 978-1-107-02143-3, retrieved 2022-06-08
  12. ^ Ahmad, Feroz (1977). The Turkish Experiment in Democracy: 1950-1975. London: C. Hurst and Co. (Publishers) Ltd. p. 171. ISBN 0-903983-54-0.
  13. ^ Hudgins, Graven (18 September 1960). "Turks hang ex-Premier Menderes". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 3.
  14. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p254 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
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