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| birth_name = Jean Margaret Wemyss
| birth_name = Jean Margaret Wemyss
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|7|18}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Neepawa]], [[Manitoba]], Canada
| birth_place = [[Neepawa]], Manitoba, Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|1|5|1926|7|18}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|1|5|1926|7|18}}
| death_place = [[Lakefield, Ontario|Lakefield]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| death_place = [[Lakefield, Ontario]], Canada
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|essayist|academic}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|essayist|academic}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Winnipeg|United College]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Winnipeg|United College]]
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}}
}}


'''Jean Margaret Laurence''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CC}} (née '''Wemyss'''; July 18, 1926 – January 5, 1987) was a Canadian [[novelist]] and [[short story]] writer, and is one of the major figures in [[Canadian literature]]. She was also a founder of the [[Writers' Trust of Canada]], a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community.
'''Jean Margaret Laurence''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CC}} (née '''Wemyss'''; July 18, 1926 – January 5, 1987) was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, and is one of the major figures in [[Canadian literature]]. She was also a founder of the [[Writers' Trust of Canada]], a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community.
[[File:Margaret Laurence Grave Neepawa.jpg|thumb|right| Marker for Margaret Laurence at Neepawa, Manitoba]]
[[File:Margaret Laurence Grave Neepawa.jpg|thumb|right| Marker for Margaret Laurence at Neepawa, Manitoba]]


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
=== Early years ===
=== Early years ===
Margaret Laurence was born Jean Margaret Wemyss on 18 July 1926 in [[Neepawa]], [[Manitoba]], the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. She was known as "Peggy" during her childhood. Her mother died when she was four, after which a maternal aunt, Margaret Simpson, came to take care of the family. A year later Margaret Simpson married Robert Wemyss, and in 1933 they adopted a son, Robert. In 1935, when Laurence was nine, Robert Wemyss Sr. died of pneumonia. Laurence then moved into her maternal grandfather's home with her stepmother and brother. She lived in Neepawa until she was 18.
Margaret Laurence was born Jean Margaret Wemyss on 18 July 1926 in [[Neepawa]], Manitoba, the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. She was known as "Peggy" during her childhood. Her mother died when she was four, after which a maternal aunt, Margaret Simpson, came to take care of the family. A year later Margaret Simpson married Robert Wemyss, and in 1933 they adopted a son, Robert. In 1935, when Laurence was nine, Robert Wemyss Sr. died of pneumonia. Laurence then moved into her maternal grandfather's home with her stepmother and brother. She lived in Neepawa until she was 18.


=== Education ===
=== Education ===
In 1944, Laurence attended [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]'s [[United College, Winnipeg|United College]], an arts and theology college associated with the [[University of Manitoba]], that would later become the [[University of Winnipeg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections|last = Staines|first = David|publisher = University of Ottawa Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780776604466|location = Ottawa|pages = 2}}</ref> Before attending, she applied for academic scholarships that were granted based on her academic record and financial need.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Xiques|first=Donez|url=https://archive.org/details/margaretlaurence0000xiqu/page/133|title=Margaret Laurence: The Making of a Writer|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2005|isbn=9781550025798|location=Toronto|pages=135–149}}</ref> During her first year at United College, Laurence studied in a liberal arts program which included courses in English, History, Ethics, and Psychology. Laurence's interest in English literature was present even in high school, and her interest in writing her own works continued into her formal education. Within the first few weeks of attending the college, Laurence had works of poetry published in the University of Manitoba's publication ''The Manitoban.''<ref name=":1" /> She submitted this work under the pseudonym "Steve Lancaster", in what she later credits as a reference to the [[Lancaster Bomber|Lancaster bomber]], a highly powerful and successful bomber of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Another of Laurence's achievements during her first year of college was being welcomed into the English Club, an organization of senior students who discussed poetry, led by professor Arthur L. Phelps.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence|last1 = Powers|first1 = Lyall|publisher = University of Manitoba Press|year = 2005|isbn = 9780887551758|location = Winnipeg|pages = 56|first2 = J.M.|last2 = Bumsted}}</ref> This was her first time being around peers who were also passionate about literature, and it was an opportunity for her to expand her knowledge as both scholar and writer. "Tony's", a part-cafeteria, part-coffee shop in the basement of United College, was another important place for Laurence to share her literary interests with colleagues. She would meet with friends and discuss literature; those who were writers would share their works with the group.<ref name=":2" /> Laurence's years in college not only shaped her from an academic perspective, they also provided opportunities for her to develop creatively and professionally.
In 1944, Laurence attended [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]'s [[United College, Winnipeg|United College]], an arts and theology college associated with the [[University of Manitoba]], that later became the [[University of Winnipeg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections|last = Staines|first = David|publisher = University of Ottawa Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780776604466|location = Ottawa|pages = 2}}</ref> Before attending, she applied for academic scholarships that were granted based on her academic record and financial need.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Xiques|first=Donez|url=https://archive.org/details/margaretlaurence0000xiqu/page/133|title=Margaret Laurence: The Making of a Writer|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2005|isbn=9781550025798|location=Toronto|pages=135–149}}</ref> During her first year at United College, Laurence studied in a liberal arts program which included courses in English, History, Ethics, and Psychology. Laurence's interest in English literature was present even in high school, and her interest in writing her own works continued into her formal education. Within the first few weeks of attending the college, Laurence had works of poetry published in the University of Manitoba's publication ''The Manitoban.''<ref name=":1" /> She submitted this work under the pseudonym "Steve Lancaster", in what she later credits as a reference to the [[Lancaster Bomber|Lancaster bomber]], a highly powerful and successful bomber of the Second World War. Another of Laurence's achievements during her first year of college was being welcomed into the English Club, an organization of senior students who discussed poetry, led by professor Arthur L. Phelps.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence|last1 = Powers|first1 = Lyall|publisher = University of Manitoba Press|year = 2005|isbn = 9780887551758|location = Winnipeg|pages = 56|first2 = J.M.|last2 = Bumsted}}</ref> This was her first time being around peers who were also passionate about literature, and it was an opportunity for her to expand her knowledge as both scholar and writer. "Tony's", a part-cafeteria, part-coffee shop in the basement of United College, was another important place for Laurence to share her literary interests with colleagues. She met with friends and discuss literature; those who were writers shared their works with the group.<ref name=":2" /> Laurence's years in college not only shaped her from an academic perspective, they also provided opportunities for her to develop creatively and professionally.


During this period Laurence became associated with the Christian socialist movement known as the [[Social Gospel]], which would remain important to her for the remainder of her life. In her senior year of college, Laurence had an increasing number of responsibilities while also continuing to have her own work printed in local publications. She became an associate editor of ''Vox'', United College's literary journal, and was also the publicity president of the Student Council.<ref name=":1" /> These opportunities encouraged Laurence to hone her craft of writing, while also giving her the tools to work in journalism—as she would do upon graduation. She showed promise and success in her early literary pursuits. During her undergraduate years, Laurence had at least eighteen poems, three short stories, and a critical essay published.<ref name=":1" />
During this period Laurence became associated with the Christian socialist movement known as the [[Social Gospel]], which remained important to her for the remainder of her life. In her senior year of college, Laurence had an increasing number of responsibilities while also continuing to have her own work printed in local publications. She became an associate editor of ''Vox'', United College's literary journal, and was also the publicity president of the Student Council.<ref name=":1" /> These opportunities encouraged Laurence to hone her craft of writing, while also giving her the tools to work in journalism—as she did upon graduation. She showed promise and success in her early literary pursuits. During her undergraduate years, Laurence had at least 18 poems, three short stories, and a critical essay published.<ref name=":1" />


Laurence graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in 1947.<ref name=":2" />
Laurence graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in 1947.<ref name=":2" />


=== Personal and later life ===
=== Personal and later life ===
Following her graduation from United College, Laurence worked at a leftist weekly newspaper, ''The Westerner'', and then at a new independent newspaper, the ''Winnipeg Citizen''. In her reporting, she covered numerous social and political issues; she also wrote a radio column and reviewed books.<ref name=":1" /> Also not long after graduating, she married Jack Fergus Laurence, an engineer. His work took them to England (1949), the then-British [[protectorate]] of [[British Somaliland]] (1950–1952), as well as the British [[colony]] of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (1952–1957).
Following her graduation from United College, Laurence worked at a leftist weekly newspaper, ''The Westerner'', and then at a new independent newspaper, the ''Winnipeg Citizen''. In her reporting, she covered numerous social and political issues; she also wrote a radio column and reviewed books.<ref name=":1" /> Also not long after graduating, she married Jack Fergus Laurence, an engineer. His work took them to England (1949), the then-British [[protectorate]] of [[British Somaliland]] (1950–1952), as well as the British colony of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (1952–1957).


Laurence developed an admiration for [[Africa]] and its various populations, which found expression in her writing. Laurence was so moved by the oral literature of Somalia that she began recording and translating poetry and folk tales, which would later be compiled into the work ''A Tree for Poverty|A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose'' (1954).<ref name=":0" /> The two-year experience of witnessing attempts to drill wells in Somalia's desert, and observing the social lives of both ex-pats and Somalis, would later be documented in her 1963 memoir, ''The Prophet's Camel Bell''.
Laurence developed an admiration for Africa and its various populations, which found expression in her writing. Laurence was so moved by the oral literature of Somalia that she began recording and translating poetry and folk tales, which would later be compiled into the work ''A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose'' (1954).<ref name=":0" /> The two-year experience of witnessing attempts to drill wells in Somalia's desert, and observing the social lives of both ex-pats and Somalis, would later be documented in her 1963 memoir, ''The Prophet's Camel Bell''.


In 1952, Laurence gave birth to daughter Jocelyn during a leave in England. Son David was born in 1955 in the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]. The family left the Gold Coast just before it gained independence as [[Ghana]] in 1957, moving to [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], where they stayed for five years.
In 1952, Laurence gave birth to daughter Jocelyn during a leave in England. Son David was born in 1955 in the Gold Coast. The family left the Gold Coast before it gained independence as Ghana in 1957, moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, where they stayed for five years.


In 1962, she separated from her husband and moved to [[London]], England for a year. She then moved to Elm Cottage ([[Penn, Buckinghamshire|Penn]], [[Buckinghamshire]]) where she lived for more than ten years, although she visited Canada often. Her divorce became final in 1969. That year, she became writer-in-residence at the [[University of Toronto]]. A few years later, she moved to [[Lakefield, Ontario|Lakefield]], [[Ontario]]. She also bought a cabin on the [[Otonabee River]] near [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]], where she wrote ''The Diviners'' (1974) during the summers of 1971 to 1973. In 1978, she was the subject of a [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary, ''Margaret Laurence: First Lady of Manawaka'''''.'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqCdAgAAQBAJ&q=%22ROBERT+DUNCAN%22+film&pg=PA222|title=Films You Saw in School: A Critical Review of 1,153 Classroom Educational Films (1958-1985) in 74 Subject Categories|last=Alexander|first=Geoff|date=2013-12-27|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786472635|pages=222|language=en}}</ref> Laurence served as Chancellor of [[Trent University]] in Peterborough from 1981 to 1983.
In 1962, she separated from her husband and moved to London, England for a year. She then moved to Elm Cottage ([[Penn, Buckinghamshire|Penn]], [[Buckinghamshire]]) where she lived for more than ten years, although she visited Canada often. Her divorce became final in 1969. That year, she became writer-in-residence at the [[University of Toronto]]. A few years later, she moved to Lakefield, Ontario. She also bought a cabin on the Otonabee River near Peterborough, Ontario, where she wrote ''The Diviners'' (1974) during the summers of 1971 to 1973. In 1978, she was the subject of a [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary, ''Margaret Laurence: First Lady of Manawaka'''''.'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqCdAgAAQBAJ&q=%22ROBERT+DUNCAN%22+film&pg=PA222|title=Films You Saw in School: A Critical Review of 1,153 Classroom Educational Films (1958-1985) in 74 Subject Categories|last=Alexander|first=Geoff|date=2013-12-27|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786472635|pages=222|language=en}}</ref> Laurence served as Chancellor of [[Trent University]] in Peterborough from 1981 to 1983.


=== Death ===
=== Death ===
In 1986, Laurence was diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] late in the disease's development. According to the James King biography, ''The Life of Margaret Laurence'', the prognosis was grave, and as the cancer had spread to other organs, there was no treatment offered beyond [[palliative care]]. Laurence decided the best course of action was to spare herself and her family further suffering. She committed suicide at her home at 8 Regent St., Lakefield, on January 5, 1987, by taking a drug overdose, documenting her decision in writing up to the time of her death. She was buried in her hometown in the Neepawa Cemetery, Neepawa, Manitoba. Laurence's house in Neepawa has been turned into a museum. Her literary papers are housed in the Clara Thomas Archives at [[York University]] in Toronto and at [[McMaster University]]'s [[William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections]] in Hamilton.
In 1986, Laurence was diagnosed with lung cancer late in the disease's development. According to the James King biography, ''The Life of Margaret Laurence'', the prognosis was grave, and as the cancer had spread to other organs, there was no treatment offered beyond palliative care. Laurence decided the best course of action was to spare herself and her family further suffering. She died by suicide at her home at 8 Regent St., Lakefield, on January 5, 1987, by taking a drug overdose, documenting her decision in writing until the time of her death. She was buried in her hometown in the Neepawa Cemetery, Neepawa, Manitoba. Laurence's house in Neepawa has been turned into a museum. Her literary papers are housed in the Clara Thomas Archives at York University in Toronto and at McMaster University's [[William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections]] in Hamilton.


== Literary career ==
== Literary career ==
One of Canada's most esteemed and beloved authors by the end of her literary career,<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-74-161/people/margaret_laurence/ Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer | CBC Archives]</ref> Laurence began writing short stories in her teenage years while in Neepawa. Her first published piece "The Land of Our Father" was submitted to a competition held by the ''[[Winnipeg Free Press]]''. This story contains the first appearance of the name "Manawaka" (a fictional Canadian town used in many of her later works).<ref>The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King. Alfred A. Knopf. 1997</ref> Shortly after her marriage, Margaret began to write more prolifically, as did her husband. Each published fiction in literary periodicals while living in Africa, but Margaret continued to write and expand her range. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. They show a strong sense of [[Christian symbolism]] and ethical concern for being a white person in a colonial state.
One of Canada's most esteemed and beloved authors by the end of her literary career,<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-74-161/people/margaret_laurence/ Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer | CBC Archives]</ref> Laurence began writing short stories in her teenage years while in Neepawa. Her first published piece "The Land of Our Father" was submitted to a competition held by the ''[[Winnipeg Free Press]]''. This story contains the first appearance of the name "Manawaka" (a fictional Canadian town used in many of her later works).<ref>The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King. Alfred A. Knopf. 1997</ref> Shortly after her marriage, Margaret began to write more prolifically, as did her husband. Each published fiction in literary periodicals while living in Africa, but Margaret continued to write and expand her range. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. They show a strong sense of [[Christian symbolism]] and ethical concern for being a white person in a colonial state.


It was after her return to Canada that she wrote ''[[The Stone Angel]]'' (1964), the novel for which she is best known. Set in a fictional [[Manitoba]] small town called [[Manawaka]], the story is narrated by ninety-year-old Hagar Shipley, alternating between her present moments and recollections of her entire life. The novel was for a time required reading in many North American school systems and colleges.<ref>[http://januarymagazine.com/stoneangel.html Review – The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence] – ''[[January Magazine]]''</ref> Laurence went on to write four more works of fiction set in Manawaka. Laurence was published by the Canadian publishing company [[McClelland and Stewart]], and she became one of the key figures in the emerging [[Canadian literature]] tradition.
It was after her return to Canada that she wrote ''[[The Stone Angel]]'' (1964), the novel for which she is best known. Set in a fictional Manitoba small town named [[Manawaka]], the story is narrated by 90-year-old Hagar Shipley, alternating between her present moments and recollections of her entire life. The novel was for a time required reading in many North American school systems and colleges.<ref>[http://januarymagazine.com/stoneangel.html Review – The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence] – ''[[January Magazine]]''</ref> Laurence wrote four more works of fiction set in Manawaka. Laurence was published by the Canadian publishing company [[McClelland and Stewart]], and she became one of the key figures in the emerging [[Canadian literature]] tradition.


''[[Rachel, Rachel]]'' is a 1968 film directed by [[Paul Newman]], based on Laurence's novel ''[[A Jest of God]]''. ''[[The Stone Angel (film)|The Stone Angel]]'', a feature-length film based on Laurence's novel, written and directed by [[Kari Skogland]] and starring [[Ellen Burstyn]] premiered in the fall of 2007.
''[[Rachel, Rachel]]'' is a 1968 film directed by [[Paul Newman]], based on Laurence's novel ''[[A Jest of God]]''. ''[[The Stone Angel (film)|The Stone Angel]]'', a feature-length film based on Laurence's novel, written and directed by [[Kari Skogland]] and starring [[Ellen Burstyn]], premiered in Fall 2007.


=== Awards and recognition ===
=== Awards and recognition ===
Laurence won two [[Governor General's Awards]] for her novels ''A Jest of God'' (1966) and ''The Diviners'' (1974). In 1972 she was invested as a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]].
Laurence won two [[Governor General's Awards]] for her novels ''A Jest of God'' (1966) and ''The Diviners'' (1974). In 1972 she was invested as a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]].


The [[Writers' Trust of Canada#Margaret Laurence Memorial Lecture|Margaret Laurence Memorial Lecture]] is an annual lecture series organized by the [[Writers' Trust of Canada]].
The [[Writers' Trust of Canada#Margaret Laurence Lecture|Margaret Laurence Memorial Lecture]] is an annual lecture series organized by the [[Writers' Trust of Canada]].


''[[The Stone Angel]]'' was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of ''[[Canada Reads]]'', championed by [[Leon Rooke]].
''[[The Stone Angel]]'' was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of ''[[Canada Reads]]'', championed by [[Leon Rooke]].


The [[University of Winnipeg]] named a [[Women's Studies]] Centre, and an annual speaker series, in Laurence's honour.
The University of Winnipeg named a Women's Studies Centre, and an annual speaker series, in Laurence's honour.


At [[York University]] in [[Toronto]], one of the undergraduate residence buildings (Bethune Residence) named a floor after her.
At York University in Toronto, one of the undergraduate residence buildings (Bethune Residence) named a floor after her.


In 2016, she was named a [[Persons of National Historic Significance|National Historic Person]].<ref>[http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=2&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=68&nid=1033409&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2015&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=23&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=11&crtr.page=2&crtr.yrndVl=2016&crtr.dyndVl=21 Margaret Laurence (1926-1987), Parks Canada backgrounder, Feb. 15, 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304005057/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=2&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=68&nid=1033409&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2015&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=23&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=11&crtr.page=2&crtr.yrndVl=2016&crtr.dyndVl=21 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
In 2016, she was named a [[Persons of National Historic Significance|National Historic Person]].<ref>[http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=2&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=68&nid=1033409&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2015&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=23&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=11&crtr.page=2&crtr.yrndVl=2016&crtr.dyndVl=21 Margaret Laurence (1926-1987), Parks Canada backgrounder, Feb. 15, 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304005057/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=2&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=68&nid=1033409&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2015&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=23&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=11&crtr.page=2&crtr.yrndVl=2016&crtr.dyndVl=21 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
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* ''[[The Fire-Dwellers]]'' (1969)
* ''[[The Fire-Dwellers]]'' (1969)
* ''[[The Diviners]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Diviners]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Loons]]''


===Short story collections===
===Short story collections===
* ''[[The Drummer of All the World]]'' (1956)
* ''[[The Tomorrow-Tamer]]'' (1963)
* ''[[The Tomorrow-Tamer]]'' (1963)
* ''[[A Bird in the House]]'' (1970)
* ''[[A Bird in the House]]'' (1970)
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===Non-fiction===
===Non-fiction===
* ''[[A Tree for Poverty]]'' (1954) — anthology of [[Somali people|Somali]] poetry and folk stories
* ''[[A Tree for Poverty]]'' (1954) — anthology of Somali poetry and folk stories
* ''[[The Prophet's Camel Bell]]'' (1963) — non-fiction account of Laurence's life in British Somaliland
* ''[[The Prophet's Camel Bell]]'' (1963) — non-fiction account of Laurence's life in British Somaliland
* ''Long Drums and Cannons: Nigerian Dramatists and Novelists 1952-1966'' (1968)
* ''Long Drums and Cannons: Nigerian Dramatists and Novelists 1952-1966'' (1968)
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* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/margaret-laurence/ Margaret Laurence] at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/margaret-laurence/ Margaret Laurence] at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050301032858/http://info.library.yorku.ca/depts/asc/Bios/mlwho.htm Biography (York University)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050301032858/http://info.library.yorku.ca/depts/asc/Bios/mlwho.htm Biography (York University)]
* [https://atom.library.yorku.ca/index.php/margaret-laurence-fonds Mararet Laurence archives] at the [[Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections]], [[York University Libraries]], [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]]
* [https://atom.library.yorku.ca/index.php/margaret-laurence-fonds Margaret Laurence archives] at the [[Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections]], York University Libraries, Toronto, Ontario
* [http://archives.mcmaster.ca/index.php/margaret-laurence-fonds Archival description (McMaster University)]
* [http://archives.mcmaster.ca/index.php/margaret-laurence-fonds Archival description (McMaster University)]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/literature/margaret-laurence-canadas-divine-writer/laurences-first-novel.html CBC Digital Archives: Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/literature/margaret-laurence-canadas-divine-writer/laurences-first-novel.html CBC Digital Archives: Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer]
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* {{IMDb name|id=0491129|name=Margaret Laurence}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0491129|name=Margaret Laurence}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100806150641/http://www.mts.net/~mlhome/ Margaret Laurence Home, Neepawa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100806150641/http://www.mts.net/~mlhome/ Margaret Laurence Home, Neepawa]
* [http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/31891 Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections] from the [http://www.press.uottawa.ca/ University of Ottawa Press]
* [http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/31891 Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225242/https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/31891 |date=2021-04-14 }} from the [http://www.press.uottawa.ca/ University of Ottawa Press]
* [https://www.nfb.ca/film/margaret_laurence_first_lady_of_manawaka/ A film biography and interview]
* {{find a Grave|7291813}}


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{{succession box
{{succession box
| before=[[William Morton (academic)|William Morton]]
| before=[[William Morton (academic)|William Morton]]
| title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Trent University]]
| title=Chancellor of Trent University
| years=1981–1983
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Revision as of 22:07, 29 May 2024

For those of the same or a similar name, see Margaret Laurence (actress) and Margaret Lawrence (disambiguation).
Margaret Laurence

CC
BornJean Margaret Wemyss
(1926-07-18)July 18, 1926
Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada
DiedJanuary 5, 1987(1987-01-05) (aged 60)
Lakefield, Ontario, Canada
Pen nameSteve Lancaster
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • essayist
  • academic
Alma materUnited College
GenreCanadian literature
Children's literature
Literary movementCanLit
Feminism
Notable worksThe Stone Angel
The Diviners

Jean Margaret Laurence CC (née Wemyss; July 18, 1926 – January 5, 1987) was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, and is one of the major figures in Canadian literature. She was also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community.

Marker for Margaret Laurence at Neepawa, Manitoba

Biography

Early years

Margaret Laurence was born Jean Margaret Wemyss on 18 July 1926 in Neepawa, Manitoba, the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. She was known as "Peggy" during her childhood. Her mother died when she was four, after which a maternal aunt, Margaret Simpson, came to take care of the family. A year later Margaret Simpson married Robert Wemyss, and in 1933 they adopted a son, Robert. In 1935, when Laurence was nine, Robert Wemyss Sr. died of pneumonia. Laurence then moved into her maternal grandfather's home with her stepmother and brother. She lived in Neepawa until she was 18.

Education

In 1944, Laurence attended Winnipeg's United College, an arts and theology college associated with the University of Manitoba, that later became the University of Winnipeg.[1] Before attending, she applied for academic scholarships that were granted based on her academic record and financial need.[2] During her first year at United College, Laurence studied in a liberal arts program which included courses in English, History, Ethics, and Psychology. Laurence's interest in English literature was present even in high school, and her interest in writing her own works continued into her formal education. Within the first few weeks of attending the college, Laurence had works of poetry published in the University of Manitoba's publication The Manitoban.[2] She submitted this work under the pseudonym "Steve Lancaster", in what she later credits as a reference to the Lancaster bomber, a highly powerful and successful bomber of the Second World War. Another of Laurence's achievements during her first year of college was being welcomed into the English Club, an organization of senior students who discussed poetry, led by professor Arthur L. Phelps.[3] This was her first time being around peers who were also passionate about literature, and it was an opportunity for her to expand her knowledge as both scholar and writer. "Tony's", a part-cafeteria, part-coffee shop in the basement of United College, was another important place for Laurence to share her literary interests with colleagues. She met with friends and discuss literature; those who were writers shared their works with the group.[3] Laurence's years in college not only shaped her from an academic perspective, they also provided opportunities for her to develop creatively and professionally.

During this period Laurence became associated with the Christian socialist movement known as the Social Gospel, which remained important to her for the remainder of her life. In her senior year of college, Laurence had an increasing number of responsibilities while also continuing to have her own work printed in local publications. She became an associate editor of Vox, United College's literary journal, and was also the publicity president of the Student Council.[2] These opportunities encouraged Laurence to hone her craft of writing, while also giving her the tools to work in journalism—as she did upon graduation. She showed promise and success in her early literary pursuits. During her undergraduate years, Laurence had at least 18 poems, three short stories, and a critical essay published.[2]

Laurence graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in 1947.[3]

Personal and later life

Following her graduation from United College, Laurence worked at a leftist weekly newspaper, The Westerner, and then at a new independent newspaper, the Winnipeg Citizen. In her reporting, she covered numerous social and political issues; she also wrote a radio column and reviewed books.[2] Also not long after graduating, she married Jack Fergus Laurence, an engineer. His work took them to England (1949), the then-British protectorate of British Somaliland (1950–1952), as well as the British colony of the Gold Coast (1952–1957).

Laurence developed an admiration for Africa and its various populations, which found expression in her writing. Laurence was so moved by the oral literature of Somalia that she began recording and translating poetry and folk tales, which would later be compiled into the work A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose (1954).[1] The two-year experience of witnessing attempts to drill wells in Somalia's desert, and observing the social lives of both ex-pats and Somalis, would later be documented in her 1963 memoir, The Prophet's Camel Bell.

In 1952, Laurence gave birth to daughter Jocelyn during a leave in England. Son David was born in 1955 in the Gold Coast. The family left the Gold Coast before it gained independence as Ghana in 1957, moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, where they stayed for five years.

In 1962, she separated from her husband and moved to London, England for a year. She then moved to Elm Cottage (Penn, Buckinghamshire) where she lived for more than ten years, although she visited Canada often. Her divorce became final in 1969. That year, she became writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto. A few years later, she moved to Lakefield, Ontario. She also bought a cabin on the Otonabee River near Peterborough, Ontario, where she wrote The Diviners (1974) during the summers of 1971 to 1973. In 1978, she was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary, Margaret Laurence: First Lady of Manawaka.[4] Laurence served as Chancellor of Trent University in Peterborough from 1981 to 1983.

Death

In 1986, Laurence was diagnosed with lung cancer late in the disease's development. According to the James King biography, The Life of Margaret Laurence, the prognosis was grave, and as the cancer had spread to other organs, there was no treatment offered beyond palliative care. Laurence decided the best course of action was to spare herself and her family further suffering. She died by suicide at her home at 8 Regent St., Lakefield, on January 5, 1987, by taking a drug overdose, documenting her decision in writing until the time of her death. She was buried in her hometown in the Neepawa Cemetery, Neepawa, Manitoba. Laurence's house in Neepawa has been turned into a museum. Her literary papers are housed in the Clara Thomas Archives at York University in Toronto and at McMaster University's William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections in Hamilton.

Literary career

One of Canada's most esteemed and beloved authors by the end of her literary career,[5] Laurence began writing short stories in her teenage years while in Neepawa. Her first published piece "The Land of Our Father" was submitted to a competition held by the Winnipeg Free Press. This story contains the first appearance of the name "Manawaka" (a fictional Canadian town used in many of her later works).[6] Shortly after her marriage, Margaret began to write more prolifically, as did her husband. Each published fiction in literary periodicals while living in Africa, but Margaret continued to write and expand her range. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. They show a strong sense of Christian symbolism and ethical concern for being a white person in a colonial state.

It was after her return to Canada that she wrote The Stone Angel (1964), the novel for which she is best known. Set in a fictional Manitoba small town named Manawaka, the story is narrated by 90-year-old Hagar Shipley, alternating between her present moments and recollections of her entire life. The novel was for a time required reading in many North American school systems and colleges.[7] Laurence wrote four more works of fiction set in Manawaka. Laurence was published by the Canadian publishing company McClelland and Stewart, and she became one of the key figures in the emerging Canadian literature tradition.

Rachel, Rachel is a 1968 film directed by Paul Newman, based on Laurence's novel A Jest of God. The Stone Angel, a feature-length film based on Laurence's novel, written and directed by Kari Skogland and starring Ellen Burstyn, premiered in Fall 2007.

Awards and recognition

Laurence won two Governor General's Awards for her novels A Jest of God (1966) and The Diviners (1974). In 1972 she was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada.

The Margaret Laurence Memorial Lecture is an annual lecture series organized by the Writers' Trust of Canada.

The Stone Angel was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of Canada Reads, championed by Leon Rooke.

The University of Winnipeg named a Women's Studies Centre, and an annual speaker series, in Laurence's honour.

At York University in Toronto, one of the undergraduate residence buildings (Bethune Residence) named a floor after her.

In 2016, she was named a National Historic Person.[8]

Bibliography

Novels

Short story collections

Children's books

  • Jason's Quest (1970)
  • Six Darn Cows (1979)
  • The Olden Days Coat (1980)
  • The Christmas Birthday Story (1982)

Non-fiction

Notes

  1. ^ a b Staines, David (2001). Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780776604466.
  2. ^ a b c d e Xiques, Donez (2005). Margaret Laurence: The Making of a Writer. Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp. 135–149. ISBN 9781550025798.
  3. ^ a b c Powers, Lyall; Bumsted, J.M. (2005). Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780887551758.
  4. ^ Alexander, Geoff (2013-12-27). Films You Saw in School: A Critical Review of 1,153 Classroom Educational Films (1958-1985) in 74 Subject Categories. McFarland. p. 222. ISBN 9780786472635.
  5. ^ Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer | CBC Archives
  6. ^ The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King. Alfred A. Knopf. 1997
  7. ^ Review – The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence – January Magazine
  8. ^ Margaret Laurence (1926-1987), Parks Canada backgrounder, Feb. 15, 2016 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine

References

  • King, James. The Life of Margaret Laurence. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1998. ISBN 0-676-97129-6.
  • Powers, Lyall. Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-87013-714-X.
  • New, W. H., ed. Margaret Laurence: the Writer and Her Critics (1977)
  • Thomas, Clara. Margaret Laurence (1969)
  • Thomas, Clara. The Manawaka World of Margaret Laurence (1975)
  • Woodcock, George, ed. A Place To Stand On: Essays By and About Margaret Laurence (1983)
  • Mujahid, Syed:Feminism in Margaret Laurence's 'The Stone Angel', Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language, Vol. 2. No. 2pp. 95–101
  • Gupta, Rashmi:Social Taboo of Patriarchal Society:A reading of Margaret Laurence's A Jest of God.Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language, Vol. 2. No. 2 pp. 102–106
  • Shiny, V.S.:Sundogs-A post-colonial Protest and Affirmation of the Native Canadian Consciousness.Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language, Vol. 2. No. 2 pp. 102–107
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of Trent University
1981–1983 		Succeeded by
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