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Architectural details of a *Domus italica* with the *tablinum* marked number 5.

In Roman architecture, a tablinum (or tabulinum, from tabula, board, picture) was a room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. The walls were richly decorated with fresco pictures, and busts of the family were arranged on pedestals on the two sides of the room.^[1]

Description

The tablinum was the office in a Roman house, the father's centre for business, where he would receive his clients. It was originally the master bedroom, but later became the main office and reception room for the house master.

Takhtabush

Takhtabush is the Arabic term for a tablinum. Like the ancient Roman tablinum, it opens onto a heavily shaded courtyard and, on the other side, a rear garden. Unlike the Roman tablinum, the garden side is closed with a mashrabiya lattice^[2]^{: Ch. 6} (Roman tablinums may have had open-weave curtains^{[citation needed]}).

If there is a wind, it tends to blow down into the windward court and up out of the leeward court.^[2]^{: Ch. 6} A draft can, however, be driven by convection. One of the courts will generally be hotter than the other; which is hotter may vary.^[2]^{: Ch. 6}^[3] The courtyard is often pale, paved and narrow, and may be shaded by an awning and evaporatively cooled by a fountain. The garden is generally darker in colour, but evaporatively-cooled by evapotranspiration^{[citation needed]}. The larger court will generally be less shaded by its own walls, and more exposed to hot winds; it may also be less sheltered by surrounding rooms.^[2]^{: Ch. 6}^[4] From both wind pressure and convection forces, the hottest air in the hotter court rises and escapes over the wall, pulling fresh air from the cooler courtyard through the takhtabush into the hotter court.^[2]^{: Ch. 6}^[4] The cooler court is replenished with air from the side (drawn through doors, evaporatively-cooled projecting mashrabiya bow windows, and small vents in the wall), or from above^{[citation needed]}, which cools by contact with masonry and evaporative cooling. The takhtabush thus has a strong cross-breeze from the cooler court. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection, and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling,^[2]^{: Ch. 6}^[4]^[3] so the gardens and courtyards are used as windcatchers.

Similar systems may be used to create a cool, breezy public roofed space between two public squares.^[2]^{: Ch. 6}

References

^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tablinum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fathy, Hassan. "The wind factor in air movement". Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture.
^ ^a ^b Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice" (PDF). Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312. S2CID 110209529.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mohamed, Mady A. A. (2010). S. Lehmann; H.A. Waer; J. Al-Qawasmi (eds.). Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development. Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266. (low-res bw version)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Room between the peristyle and atrium in Roman home architecture}}
-{{Italic title}}
+{{Italics title}}
-[[File:Domusitalica.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Architectural details of a ''Domus italica'' with the ''tablinum'' marked number 5.]]
+[[File:Domusitalica.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Architectural details of a {{lang|la|Domus italica}} with the {{lang|la|tablinum}} marked number 5.]]
-In [[Roman architecture]], a '''''tablinum''''' (or ''tabulinum'', from ''tabula'', board, picture) was a room generally situated on one side of the [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto the [[peristyle]], with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. The walls were richly decorated with [[fresco]] pictures, and busts of the family were arranged on pedestals on the two sides of the room.
+In [[Roman architecture]], a '''{{lang|la|tablinum}}''' (or {{lang|la|tabulinum}}, from {{lang|la|tabula}}, board, picture) was a room generally situated on one side of the [[cavaedium|atrium]] and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto the [[peristyle]], with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. The walls were richly decorated with [[fresco]] pictures, and busts of the family were arranged on pedestals on the two sides of the room.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tablinum|volume=26|page=337}}</ref>
+== Description ==
 [[File:The tablinum of the House of Menander (Regio I), Pompeii (14978936569).jpg|thumb|left|The ''tablinum'' of the [[Casa del Menandro|House of Menander]] (Regio I), Pompeii]]
 The ''tablinum'' was the office in a Roman house, the father's centre for business, where he would receive his clients.
@@ Line 10: / Line 12: @@
 ==''Takhtabush''==
-{{see also|windtower}}
+{{See also|Windtower}}
-"{{lang|ar|Takhtabush}}" is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for a tablinum. Like the ancient Roman tablinum, it opens onto a heavily-shaded courtyard and, on the other side, a rear garden. Unlike the Roman tablinium, the garden side is shaded with a {{lang|ar|[[mashrabiya]]}} lattice<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}} (Roman tablinums may have had open-weave curtains{{cn|date=August 2020}}).
+{{lang|ar|Takhtabush}} is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for a tablinum. Like the ancient Roman tablinum, it opens onto a heavily shaded courtyard and, on the other side, a rear garden. Unlike the Roman tablinum, the garden side is closed with a {{lang|ar|[[mashrabiya]]}} lattice<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}} (Roman tablinums may have had open-weave curtains{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}).
-If there is a wind, it tends to blow down into the windward court and up out of the leeward court.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}} A draft can, however, be driven by convection. One of the courts will generally be hotter than the other; which is hotter may vary.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=PDEC>{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Brian |title=Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice |journal=Architectural Research Quarterly |date=September 2001 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–280 |doi=10.1017/S1359135501001312 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6317345C8FB8B405AADE7BA99CD62E8B/S1359135501001312a.pdf/passive_downdraught_evaporative_cooling_principles_and_practice.pdf}}</ref>  The courtyard is often pale, paved and narrow, and may be shaded by an awning and [[evaporatively cooled]] by a fountain. The garden is generally  darker in colour, but evaporatively-cooled by [[evapotranspiration]]{{cn|date=August 2020}}. The larger court will generally be less shaded by its own walls, and more exposed to hot winds; it may also be less sheltered by surrounding rooms.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad/> From both wind pressure and convection forces, the hottest air in the hotter court rises and escapes over the wall, pulling fresh air from the cooler courtyard through the {{lang|ar|takhtabush}} into the hotter court.<ref name=Fathy>{{cite book|last=Fathy|first=Hassan|title=Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture|chapter=The wind factor in air movement|chapter-url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E00.htm}}</ref>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad>{{cite conference |last1=Mohamed |first1=Mady A. A. |title=Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt |journal=Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development |date=2010 |pages=247-266 |doi= |conference=The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010) |editor=S. Lehmann |editor2=H.A.  Waer |editor3=J. Al-Qawasmi |publisher=The Center for  the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press)|location= Amman, Jordan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mady_Mohamed3/publication/273122348_Traditional_Ways_of_Dealing_with_Climate_in_Egypt/links/54f75a940cf210398e9296f0.pdf}} ([https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB22610.pdf|low-res bw version])</ref>  The cooler court is replenished with air from the side (drawn through doors, evaporatively-cooled projecting {{lang|ar|[[mashrabiya]]}} bow windows, and small vents in the wall), or from above{{cn|date=August 2020}}, which cools by contact with masonry and evaporative cooling. The {{lang|ar|takhtabush}} thus has a strong cross-breeze from the cooler court. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection, and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling,<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad/><ref name=PDEC/> so the gardens and courtyards are used as [[windcatcher]]s.
+If there is a wind, it tends to blow down into the windward court and up out of the leeward court.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}} A draft can, however, be driven by convection. One of the courts will generally be hotter than the other; which is hotter may vary.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=PDEC>{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Brian |title=Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice |journal=Architectural Research Quarterly |date=September 2001 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–280 |doi=10.1017/S1359135501001312 |s2cid=110209529 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6317345C8FB8B405AADE7BA99CD62E8B/S1359135501001312a.pdf/passive_downdraught_evaporative_cooling_principles_and_practice.pdf}}</ref>  The courtyard is often pale, paved and narrow, and may be shaded by an awning and [[evaporatively cooled]] by a fountain. The garden is generally darker in colour, but evaporatively-cooled by [[evapotranspiration]]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}. The larger court will generally be less shaded by its own walls, and more exposed to hot winds; it may also be less sheltered by surrounding rooms.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad/> From both wind pressure and convection forces, the hottest air in the hotter court rises and escapes over the wall, pulling fresh air from the cooler courtyard through the {{lang|ar|takhtabush}} into the hotter court.<ref name=Fathy>{{cite book|last=Fathy|first=Hassan|title=Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture|chapter=The wind factor in air movement|chapter-url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E00.htm}}</ref>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad>{{cite conference |last1=Mohamed |first1=Mady A. A. |title=Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt |journal=Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development |date=2010 |pages=247–266 |conference=The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010) |editor=S. Lehmann |editor2=H.A. Waer |editor3=J. Al-Qawasmi |publisher=The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press)|location= Amman, Jordan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273122348}} ([https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB22610.pdf low-res bw version])</ref>  The cooler court is replenished with air from the side (drawn through doors, evaporatively-cooled projecting {{lang|ar|[[mashrabiya]]}} bow windows, and small vents in the wall), or from above{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}, which cools by contact with masonry and evaporative cooling. The {{lang|ar|takhtabush}} thus has a strong cross-breeze from the cooler court. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection, and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling,<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}<ref name=egypt_trad/><ref name=PDEC/> so the gardens and courtyards are used as [[windcatcher]]s.
 Similar systems may be used to create a cool, breezy public roofed space between two public squares.<ref name=Fathy/>{{rp|Ch. 6}}
 ==See also==
+* ''[[Tsubo-niwa]]'' – a similar traditional Japanese architectural element
-*{{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=Mady Ahmed |title=The mastery of the Takhtabush as a paradigm traditional design element in the hot zone climate |journal=EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality |date=30 January 2018 |volume=28 |issue=0 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.6092/issn.2281-4485/7661 |url=https://eqa.unibo.it/article/view/7661 |language=en |issn=2281-4485}}
-*{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Brian |title=Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice |journal=Architectural Research Quarterly |date=September 2001 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–280 |doi=10.1017/S1359135501001312 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6317345C8FB8B405AADE7BA99CD62E8B/S1359135501001312a.pdf/passive_downdraught_evaporative_cooling_principles_and_practice.pdf}}
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-*{{1911|wstitle=Tablinum|volume=26|page=337}}
+==Further reading==
+*{{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=Mady Ahmed |title=The mastery of the Takhtabush as a paradigm traditional design element in the hot zone climate |journal=EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality |date=30 January 2018 |volume=28 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.6092/issn.2281-4485/7661 |url=https://eqa.unibo.it/article/view/7661 |language=en |issn=2281-4485}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Brian |title=Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice |journal=Architectural Research Quarterly |date=September 2001 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–280 |doi=10.1017/S1359135501001312 |s2cid=110209529 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6317345C8FB8B405AADE7BA99CD62E8B/S1359135501001312a.pdf/passive_downdraught_evaporative_cooling_principles_and_practice.pdf}}
 [[Category:Ancient Roman architectural elements]]
 [[Category:Rooms]]
 [[Category:Passive ventilation]]
 {{Ancient-Rome-stub}}