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{{Short description|Place to store freshwater near seas}}
{{Short description|Place to store freshwater near seas}}
[[File:Plover Cove Reservoir form a plane.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Plover Cove coastal reservoir.]]
[[File:Plover Cove Reservoir from a plane.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Plover Cove coastal reservoir.]]
'''Coastal reservoir''' is a type of [[reservoir]] to store fresh water on sea coast area near a [[river delta]]. [[Saemangeum Seawall|Saemanguem]] in South Korea, [[Marina Barrage]] in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China and [[Plover Cove Reservoir|Plover Cove]] in [[Hongkong]], [[Delta Works]] in [[Netherlands]], [[Thanneermukkom Bund]] in India etc. are a few existing coastal reservoirs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastal reservoirs strategy for water resource development-a review of future trend|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2991&context=eispapers|accessdate=9 March 2018}}</ref>
A '''Coastal reservoir''' is a type of [[reservoir]] to store fresh water in a dammed area of a coastal sea near a [[river delta]]. [[Saemangeum Seawall|Saemanguem]] in South Korea, [[Marina Barrage]] in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China, [[Plover Cove Reservoir|Plover Cove]] in Hong Kong, [[Zuiderzee Works]] and [[Delta Works]] in the [[Netherlands]], and [[Thanneermukkom Bund]] in India are a few existing coastal reservoirs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastal reservoirs strategy for water resource development-a review of future trend|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2991&context=eispapers|accessdate=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Storing freshwater in the salty sea| website=[[YouTube]] | date=21 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmzYVL6y1es|accessdate=5 September 2022}}</ref>


==Advantages==
==Advantages==
Unlike land based water reservoirs there is no land submergence in case of coastal reservoirs.<ref name= core>{{cite web |title=India is not running out of water, water is running out of India|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/260317/by-invitation-india-is-not-running-out-of-water-water-is-running-out-of-india.html|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research |url=http://iacrr.org/home|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> They store water without disturbing people and natural habitat by replacing standing salt water on the sea area by river flood water.<ref name= core/> The coastal reservoir area is separated from the sea by building earth [[Levee|dike]]s by [[dredging]]. Water is pumped from these reservoirs for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes. Some times used for flood control and [[land reclamation]] from the sea coast. The social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs are negligible compared to land based water reservoirs.<ref name= core/> The construction cost is few times less than the cost of land based reservoirs since there is no expenditure for acquiring the vast land area, the submerged immovable properties and the rehabilitation of displaced people.<ref name= core/> The sea side of the coastal reservoir can also be used for locating deep sea [[harbor]].
Unlike land-based water reservoirs, there is no land submergence in the case of coastal reservoirs.<ref name= core>{{cite web |title=India is not running out of water, water is running out of India|date=26 March 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/260317/by-invitation-india-is-not-running-out-of-water-water-is-running-out-of-india.html|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research |url=http://iacrr.org/home|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> They store water without disturbing land use by replacing standing salt water of the sea area by fresh water from a river.<ref name= core/> The coastal reservoir area is separated from the sea by building earth [[Levee|dike]]s, e.g. by [[dredging]]. Fresh water from these reservoirs can be used for irrigation, drinking water and industrial purposes. Sometimes the reservoirs are used for flood control and [[land reclamation]]. The social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs are often negligible compared to land-based water reservoirs.<ref name= core/> The construction costs are a few times less than the costs of land-based reservoirs since there is no expenditure for acquiring the vast land area, the submerged immovable properties and the rehabilitation of displaced people.<ref name= core/> The sea side of the coastal reservoir can also be used for locating a deep sea [[harbor]].

==Construction==
[[File:Kalpsar3.jpg|thumb|Map of proposed [[Kalpasar Project]] coastal reservoir in India]]
The coastal reservoirs earth dikes extending up to 8 m [[Mean sea level|msl]] high, is in the form of two parallel dikes separated by 1000 meters gap. The main purpose of the twin dikes is to prevent any sea water seepage into coastal reservoir as its water level is below the sea water level. The water level between the dikes is always maintained up to 1 m above the sea level by pumping fresh water from the coastal reservoir to the 1000 m gap between the dikes. The higher level fresh water barrier between the two dikes fully eliminate any sea water seepage in to the coastal reservoir by establishing fresh water seepage to the sea. The rain water falling on the coastal reservoir area and the run off water from the catchment area of its minor coastal rivers is adequate to cater the seepage and evaporation losses from the coastal reservoir. The 1000 m gap between the two dikes is also used as deep water mega harbor for shipping, ship breaking, ship building, safe berthing of crude oil, [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]], etc. ships with [[Oil-storage trade|floating storage options]], etc. For shipping purpose, the [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] outer dike facing the sea is envisaged with few [[Lock (water transport)|locks]] fitted with twin gates for access to the open sea. The top surface of inner dike would serve as access to the main land from the mega [[harbor]] with rail and road links. The coastal reservoir whose full reservoir water level (FRL) is at 0.0 m msl, would also drastically reduce the cyclone damage and flooding in coastal areas. It would also greatly improve the irrigated coastal lands drainage. The dikes of coastal reservoirs would also reclaim coastal lands by giving protection from [[tsunami]]s, [[storm surge]]s and [[tidal bore]]s. The coastal reservoir area can also be used for locating [[floating solar]] power plants to generate the needed water pumping power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Power Island: A blue battery for green energy|url=http://www.gottliebpaludan.com/en/project/green-power-island|accessdate=July 13, 2015}}</ref> Also top surface of the inner dike of the coastal reservoirs can be used as transnational [[highway]]s & [[Rail transport|railways]]. Coastal reservoirs are truly multi purpose infrastructure projects with shipping & transport, [[land reclamation]], irrigation, renewable power generation, etc. facilities.

The dikes are built by [[dredging]] sand and clay from the nearby shallow sea bed using dredgers fueled by LNG or [[Fuel cell vehicle|Hydrogen fuel cells]] or [[Battery electric vehicle|battery power]] to reduce the construction cost. Major river's water would be diverted in controlled manner to the coastal reservoirs from their delta channels or by flood flow canals by constructing barrages across the major rivers. Their excessive flood flows are directly routed to the sea. The coastal reservoirs located on either side of a major river course/path are interconnected by [[Submarine pipeline|submarine ducts/pipes]] of suitable length. Wherever existing ports/waterways and famous beach resorts are to be preserved, the long coastal reservoir is broken in to parts and interconnected by submarine ducts of suitable length. During lean flow periods, minimum [[environmental flows]] would be maintained in medium and major rivers up to sea by letting water to the sea directly or via submarine ducts of suitable length. It would also prevent deterioration of water quality in coastal reservoirs by preventing inflow of inferior quality river waters with higher [[Dissolved load|salt load]]. For inland shipping, the deep water ports (1000 m wide) would be connected with locks arrangement to the major rivers via delta channels and to the adjacent coastal reservoir. Fish migration to and fro to the sea or rivers is possible as the rivers are not completely blocked. Navigation paths from sea to the river via deep sea port will also serve as fish migration routs. However the negative aspects of these man made lagoons are to be evaluated in detail and proper remedial steps shall be incorporated to minimize the damage to coastal ecosystem by the presence of fresh water lagoon as barrier to the sea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assessment of social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs |url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51 |accessdate=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226122326/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Proposed projects==
==Proposed projects==
There are vast deserts on all continents (western part of South America, northern and south western Africa, middle east in Asia, south western part of USA, Australia, etc.) and also [[List of countries by total renewable water resources|water surplus regions]] nearer to these deserts. It is technically and economically feasible to construct man made fresh water coastal reservoirs / lagoons on the [[continental shelf]] of the sea up to 20 meters depth from the coast line to supply fresh water to desert areas from nearby water surplus/high rainfall areas. Excess water from the high rainfall regions will be collected in the coastal reservoirs at sea level and this fresh water is pumped to irrigate desert lands from the other end of the lengthy coastal reservoirs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coastal Reservoir, Journal of Sustainable Urbanization, Planning and Progress|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190207/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In other words, the proposal is interconnecting rivers with a sea level / sub sea level [[contour canal]] (at least five km wide) to facilitate water transfer.
It is technically and economically feasible to construct man-made freshwater coastal reservoirs up to 20 meters depth from the coastline. Excess water from the high rainfall regions needs to be collected in the coastal reservoir. The fresh water from a coastal reservoir can be used to irrigate coastal desert lands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coastal Reservoir, Journal of Sustainable Urbanization, Planning and Progress|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190207/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The following are the proposed projects:
The following are proposed projects:


* The [[Reber Plan|Reber plan]] involved damming the [[San Francisco Bay]] near the [[Golden Gate]], in order to transform the San Francisco Bay into a giant freshwater reservoir that could be used to provide potable water and irrigation for the entire state of [[California]].
* The [[Reber Plan|Reber plan]] involved damming the [[San Francisco Bay]] near the [[Golden Gate]], in order to transform the San Francisco Bay into a giant freshwater reservoir that could be used to provide potable water and irrigation for the entire state of [[California]].
* [[Hangzhou Bay]] area in south eastern [[China]] can be used for coastal reservoir to store flood water of [[Yangtze River]] for the needs of agriculture, city water supply, etc. in entire China.
* [[Yangtze River]] water can be fully harnessed by constructing a coastal reservoir on the left side of its river mouth to cultivate vast desert lands in northern China.<ref name=cr/>
* Water transfer from the west central Africa ([[Congo River]] basin, etc.) to Northern Africa ([[Sahara desert]]) and South West Africa ([[Namibia]] and [[South Africa]] deserts)
* Water transfer from the west central Africa ([[Congo River]] basin, [[Niger River]] etc.) to Northern Africa ([[Sahara desert]]) and South West Africa ([[Namibia]] and [[South Africa]] deserts)<ref name=cr/>
* Water transfer from the south east Africa ([[Zambezi River]] basin, etc.) to North east Africa ([[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[Egypt]], etc.).
* Water transfer from the south east Africa ([[Zambezi River]] basin, etc.) to North east Africa ([[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], etc.).
* Water transfer from the northern part of South America continent from [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]] to desert lands of [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] by interconnecting [[Atrato River|Atrato]] and [[Tuira River|Tuira]] rivers to lift/transfer water from the side of Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
* Water transfer from the northern part of the South America continent from [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]] to desert lands of [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] by interconnecting [[Atrato River|Atrato]] and [[Tuira River|Tuira]] rivers to lift/transfer water from the side of Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
* Water transfer from [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Kikori River|Kikori]], [[Purari River|Purari]], etc. rivers of the [[Papua New Guinea]] island to Northern [[Australia]] by blocking the shallow depth sea of [[Torres Strait]] between southern Papua New Guinea and Northern tip of Australia. For navigation purpose, a fresh water sea level navigation channel (20 m water depth and 500 m wide) is provided with locks at the entry to the sea to cross the coastal reservoir which is blocking the Torres Strait. The divided coastal reservoir into two parts is connected by [[Tunnel|underpass water tunnels]] for water transport.
* Water transfer from [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Kikori River|Kikori]], [[Purari River|Purari]], etc. rivers of the [[Papua New Guinea]] island to Northern [[Australia]] by blocking the shallow depth sea of [[Torres Strait]] between southern Papua New Guinea and Northern tip of Australia. For navigation purposes, a freshwater sea level navigation channel (20 m water depth and 500 m wide) is provided with locks at the entry to the sea to cross the coastal reservoir which is blocking the Torres Strait. The divided coastal reservoir into two parts is connected by [[Tunnel|underpass water tunnels]] for water transport.<ref name=cr/>
* Water transfer from the north and south coastal areas of western 'North America continent' to south western region of the [[United States]] and central parts of [[Mexico]].
* Water transfer from the north and south coastal areas of the western 'North America continent' to the southwestern region of the [[United States]] and central parts of [[Mexico]].
* [[Pollution of the Ganges#Ganga Manthan|East to west Water transfer]] from a coastal reservoir on Bay of Bengal sea to water deficit parts of India from [[Ganga river|Ganga]] and [[Bramhaputra]] flood waters.{{cn|date=August 2021}}
* [[Pollution of the Ganges#Ganga Manthan|East to west Water transfer]] from a coastal reservoir on the Bay of Bengal sea to water deficit parts of India from [[Ganga river|Ganga]] and [[Bramhaputra]] flood waters.<ref name=cr>{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Polavaram Project#Future potential uses|Water transfer]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in India from [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers flood waters to [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India with a coastal reservoir on [[Bay of Bengal]] sea.{{cn|date=August 2021}}
* [[Polavaram Project#Future potential uses|Water transfer]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in India from [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers flood waters to [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India with a coastal reservoir on [[Bay of Bengal]] sea.<ref name=cr/>
* [[Talk:Kalpasar Project|Water transfer]] from India and [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]] with lengthy coastal reservoir on [[Arabian sea]] along the west coast of India from [[Rameshwaram]] to [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Efficacy of coastal reservoirs to address India's water shortage by impounding excess river flood waters near the coast|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190207/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Talk:Kalpasar Project|Water transfer]] from India and [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]] with lengthy coastal reservoir on [[Arabian Sea]] along the west coast of India from [[Rameshwaram]] to [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Efficacy of coastal reservoirs to address India's water shortage by impounding excess river flood waters near the coast|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190207/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/view/51|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Coastal reservoirs with associated embankment canals can also be envisaged to cultivate most of the central Asian deserts by [[Northern river reversal|diverting water of Siberian rivers]].<ref name=cr/> Diversion of Siberian rivers water would enhance the Arctic seawater salinity above the salinity of Atlantic sea water which would facilitate more Atlantic seawater flow to mix with the Arctic seawater. It would trigger comfortable (not so cold) winters across Europe and Siberia.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cooling down the world oceans and the earth by enhancing the North Atlantic Ocean current|date=2020 |doi=10.1007/s42452-019-1755-y |last1=Hunt |first1=Julian David |last2=Nascimento |first2=Andreas |last3=Diuana |first3=Fabio A. |last4=De Assis Brasil Weber |first4=Natália |last5=Castro |first5=Gabriel Malta |last6=Chaves |first6=Ana Carolina |last7=Mesquita |first7=André Luiz Amarante |last8=Colling |first8=Angéli Viviani |last9=Schneider |first9=Paulo Smith |journal=SN Applied Sciences |volume=2 |s2cid=213041112 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Climate change==
The above gigantic coastal reservoir projects would cover most of the desert areas of the world except the high lands of central Asian deserts. Water needs of these areas can be fully met by [[Northern river reversal|diverting water of Siberian rivers]]. Thus most of the lands which are not available for cultivation and forestry can be turned in to habitat to copious greenery which would help to mitigate the global warming process. With the advent of cheap [[renewable energy]] like solar and wind power, availability of energy sources is not a ongoing issue but water availability is still a major issue which can be solved by coastal reservoirs to a major extent.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://helioscsp.com/an-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible/ |title= An entirely renewable energy future is possible |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref>
A coastal reservoir project can also create adequate capacity [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] potential to store the electricity generated by [[variable renewable energy]] sources and ensure adequate round-the-clock electricity supply.<ref name=cr/> Due to irrigation, lands which are not available for cultivation and forestry can be turned into a habitat with copious greenery with enhanced carbon storage in the [[topsoil]] which would contribute in mitigating the global warming process. With the advent of cheap [[renewable energy]] like solar and wind power, the availability of energy sources is not an ongoing issue but water availability is still a major issue that can be solved by coastal reservoirs to a major extent.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://helioscsp.com/an-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible/ |title= An entirely renewable energy future is possible |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 05:44, 27 May 2024

Aerial view of Plover Cove coastal reservoir.

A Coastal reservoir is a type of reservoir to store fresh water in a dammed area of a coastal sea near a river delta. Saemanguem in South Korea, Marina Barrage in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China, Plover Cove in Hong Kong, Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works in the Netherlands, and Thanneermukkom Bund in India are a few existing coastal reservoirs.[1][2]

Advantages

[edit]

Unlike land-based water reservoirs, there is no land submergence in the case of coastal reservoirs.[3][4] They store water without disturbing land use by replacing standing salt water of the sea area by fresh water from a river.[3] The coastal reservoir area is separated from the sea by building earth dikes, e.g. by dredging. Fresh water from these reservoirs can be used for irrigation, drinking water and industrial purposes. Sometimes the reservoirs are used for flood control and land reclamation. The social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs are often negligible compared to land-based water reservoirs.[3] The construction costs are a few times less than the costs of land-based reservoirs since there is no expenditure for acquiring the vast land area, the submerged immovable properties and the rehabilitation of displaced people.[3] The sea side of the coastal reservoir can also be used for locating a deep sea harbor.

Proposed projects

[edit]

It is technically and economically feasible to construct man-made freshwater coastal reservoirs up to 20 meters depth from the coastline. Excess water from the high rainfall regions needs to be collected in the coastal reservoir. The fresh water from a coastal reservoir can be used to irrigate coastal desert lands.[5]

The following are proposed projects:

  • The Reber plan involved damming the San Francisco Bay near the Golden Gate, in order to transform the San Francisco Bay into a giant freshwater reservoir that could be used to provide potable water and irrigation for the entire state of California.
  • Yangtze River water can be fully harnessed by constructing a coastal reservoir on the left side of its river mouth to cultivate vast desert lands in northern China.[6]
  • Water transfer from the west central Africa (Congo River basin, Niger River etc.) to Northern Africa (Sahara desert) and South West Africa (Namibia and South Africa deserts)[6]
  • Water transfer from the south east Africa (Zambezi River basin, etc.) to North east Africa (Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, etc.).
  • Water transfer from the northern part of the South America continent from Venezuela, Colombia and Panama to desert lands of Chile and Peru by interconnecting Atrato and Tuira rivers to lift/transfer water from the side of Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
  • Water transfer from Fly, Kikori, Purari, etc. rivers of the Papua New Guinea island to Northern Australia by blocking the shallow depth sea of Torres Strait between southern Papua New Guinea and Northern tip of Australia. For navigation purposes, a freshwater sea level navigation channel (20 m water depth and 500 m wide) is provided with locks at the entry to the sea to cross the coastal reservoir which is blocking the Torres Strait. The divided coastal reservoir into two parts is connected by underpass water tunnels for water transport.[6]
  • Water transfer from the north and south coastal areas of the western 'North America continent' to the southwestern region of the United States and central parts of Mexico.
  • East to west Water transfer from a coastal reservoir on the Bay of Bengal sea to water deficit parts of India from Ganga and Bramhaputra flood waters.[6]
  • Water transfer from Andhra Pradesh state in India from Krishna and Godavari rivers flood waters to Tamil Nadu state in India with a coastal reservoir on Bay of Bengal sea.[6]
  • Water transfer from India and Sri Lanka to Pakistan and Iran with lengthy coastal reservoir on Arabian Sea along the west coast of India from Rameshwaram to Strait of Hormuz.[7]
  • Coastal reservoirs with associated embankment canals can also be envisaged to cultivate most of the central Asian deserts by diverting water of Siberian rivers.[6] Diversion of Siberian rivers water would enhance the Arctic seawater salinity above the salinity of Atlantic sea water which would facilitate more Atlantic seawater flow to mix with the Arctic seawater. It would trigger comfortable (not so cold) winters across Europe and Siberia.[8]

Climate change

[edit]

A coastal reservoir project can also create adequate capacity Pumped-storage hydroelectricity potential to store the electricity generated by variable renewable energy sources and ensure adequate round-the-clock electricity supply.[6] Due to irrigation, lands which are not available for cultivation and forestry can be turned into a habitat with copious greenery with enhanced carbon storage in the topsoil which would contribute in mitigating the global warming process. With the advent of cheap renewable energy like solar and wind power, the availability of energy sources is not an ongoing issue but water availability is still a major issue that can be solved by coastal reservoirs to a major extent.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Coastal reservoirs strategy for water resource development-a review of future trend". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  2. ^ "Storing freshwater in the salty sea". YouTube. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "India is not running out of water, water is running out of India". 26 March 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  4. ^ "International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research". Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  5. ^ "Coastal Reservoir, Journal of Sustainable Urbanization, Planning and Progress". Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Efficacy of coastal reservoirs to address India's water shortage by impounding excess river flood waters near the coast". Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  8. ^ Hunt, Julian David; Nascimento, Andreas; Diuana, Fabio A.; De Assis Brasil Weber, Natália; Castro, Gabriel Malta; Chaves, Ana Carolina; Mesquita, André Luiz Amarante; Colling, Angéli Viviani; Schneider, Paulo Smith (2020). "Cooling down the world oceans and the earth by enhancing the North Atlantic Ocean current". SN Applied Sciences. 2. doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1755-y. S2CID 213041112.
  9. ^ "An entirely renewable energy future is possible". Retrieved 1 June 2020.
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