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'''Barawana''' (Baré) is an [[Arawakan language]] of [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]], where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the [[Baré people]]. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and extinct Marawá to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as [[Marawán language|Marawán]].)
'''Barawana''' (Baré) is an [[Arawakan language]] of [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]], where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the [[Baré people]]. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (currently extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as [[Marawán language|Marawán]].)


''Baré'' is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]], [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]], [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]], and [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and ''Ethnologue''. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.
''Baré'' is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]], [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]], [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]], and [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and ''Ethnologue''. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}}
| {{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|i̥}}
|
| {{IPA link|u̥}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA link|e}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}}
| {{IPA link|ẽ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|e̥}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
! {{small|oral}}
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|ã}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|ḁ}}
|
|}

* Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
*/a/ is heard as a back sound {{IPAblink|ɑ}} when after /w/.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Sonorant]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|m̥}}
| {{IPAlink|n̥}}
| {{IPAlink|j̊}}
| {{IPAlink|w̥}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|}

* Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal {{IPAblink|t̪}} {{IPAblink|ɲ}} before and after /i/.
*/d/ is realized as an affricate {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} before front vowels.
*/ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in free variation.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Cunha de Oliveira |first=Christiane |title=Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais |trans-title=A description of Bare (Arawak): phonological and grammatical aspects |lang=pt |publisher=Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina |year=1993 |degree=Master's |url=https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157788 |access-date=2024-01-02 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095152/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157788 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 09:52, 26 May 2024

Barawana
Baré
Mitua
Native toVenezuela, Brazil
Native speakers
240 (2011)[1]
Arawakan
Language codes
ISO 639-3bae
qth (Guiano)
 qqd (Marawá)
Glottologbare1276  Baré
guin1258  Guinau
mara1409  Maragua
ELPBaré

Barawana (Baré) is an Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil, where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the Baré people. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (currently extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as Marawán.)

Baré is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including Mandahuaca, Guarequena, Baniwa, and Piapoco. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and Ethnologue. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]

Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:

Front Central Back
Close oral i u
nasal ĩ ũ
voiceless i̥ u̥
Mid oral e
nasal ẽ
voiceless e̥
Open oral a
nasal ã
voiceless ḁ
  • Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
  • /a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d
Fricative s h
Flap ɾ
Sonorant voiceless m̥ n̥ j̊ w̥
voiced m n j w
  • Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪] [ɲ] before and after /i/.
  • /d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
  • /ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Barawana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (1993). Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais [A description of Bare (Arawak): phonological and grammatical aspects] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

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