Barawana language: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil}} |
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{{Expand Portuguese|Língua baré|date=October 2020}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Barawana |
|name=Barawana |
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|altname=Baré |
|altname=Baré |
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|nativename=Mitua |
|nativename=''Mitua'' |
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|states=[[Venezuela]], [[Brazil]] |
|states=[[Venezuela]], [[Brazil]] |
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|speakers=240 |
|speakers=240 |
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|date=2011 |
|date=2011 |
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|ref = |
|ref =e18 |
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|familycolor=American |
|familycolor=American |
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|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]] |
|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]] |
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|iso3=bae |
|iso3=bae |
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|linglist=qth |
|linglist=qth |
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|lingname=( |
|lingname=(Guiano) |
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|linglist2=qqd |
|linglist2=qqd |
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|lingname2=(Marawá) |
|lingname2=(Marawá) |
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|glotto=bare1276 |
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|glottoname=Baré |
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|glotto2=guin1258 |
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|glottoname2=Guinau |
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|glotto3=mara1409 |
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|glottoname3=Maragua |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Barawana''' (Baré) is an [[Arawakan language]] of [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]], where it is nearly extinct. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and |
'''Barawana''' (Baré) is an [[Arawakan language]] of [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]], where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the [[Baré people]]. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (currently extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as [[Marawán language|Marawán]].) |
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''Baré'' is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]], [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]], [[Baniwa |
''Baré'' is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]], [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]], [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]], and [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and ''Ethnologue''. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua. |
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== Phonology == |
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=== Vowels === |
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Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless: |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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! {{small|oral}} |
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| {{IPA link|i}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|ĩ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|ũ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|i̥}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|u̥}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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! {{small|oral}} |
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| {{IPA link|e}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|ẽ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|e̥}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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! {{small|oral}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|a}} |
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| |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|ã}} |
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| |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|ḁ}} |
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| |
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|} |
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* Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position. |
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*/a/ is heard as a back sound {{IPAblink|ɑ}} when after /w/. |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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![[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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| {{IPAlink|p}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|k}} |
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| |
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|- |
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!<small>aspirated</small> |
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| {{IPA|pʰ}} |
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| {{IPA|tʰ}} |
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| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}} |
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| {{IPA|kʰ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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!<small>voiced</small> |
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| {{IPAlink|b}} |
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| {{IPAlink|d}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]] |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|s}} |
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| |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|h}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Sonorant]] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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| {{IPAlink|m̥}} |
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| {{IPAlink|n̥}} |
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| {{IPAlink|j̊}} |
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| {{IPAlink|w̥}} |
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| |
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|- |
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!<small>voiced</small> |
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| {{IPAlink|m}} |
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| {{IPAlink|n}} |
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| {{IPAlink|j}} |
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| {{IPAlink|w}} |
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|} |
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* Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal {{IPAblink|t̪}} {{IPAblink|ɲ}} before and after /i/. |
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*/d/ is realized as an affricate {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} before front vowels. |
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*/ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in free variation.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Cunha de Oliveira |first=Christiane |title=Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais |trans-title=A description of Bare (Arawak): phonological and grammatical aspects |lang=pt |publisher=Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina |year=1993 |degree=Master's |url=https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157788 |access-date=2024-01-02 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095152/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157788 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Languages of Brazil}} |
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{{Arawakan languages}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bare Language}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bare Language}} |
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[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]] |
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]] |
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{{Arawakan-lang-stub}} |
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{{Na-lang-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 09:52, 26 May 2024
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (October 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Barawana | |
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Baré | |
Mitua | |
Native to | Venezuela, Brazil |
Native speakers | 240 (2011)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bae |
qth (Guiano) | |
qqd (Marawá) | |
Glottolog | bare1276 Baréguin1258 Guinaumara1409 Maragua |
ELP | Baré |
Barawana (Baré) is an Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil, where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the Baré people. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (currently extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as Marawán.)
Baré is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including Mandahuaca, Guarequena, Baniwa, and Piapoco. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and Ethnologue. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | oral | i | u | |
nasal | ĩ | ũ | ||
voiceless | i̥ | u̥ | ||
Mid | oral | e | ||
nasal | ẽ | |||
voiceless | e̥ | |||
Open | oral | a | ||
nasal | ã | |||
voiceless | ḁ |
- Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
- /a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d | ||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Flap | ɾ | |||||
Sonorant | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | j̊ | w̥ | |
voiced | m | n | j | w |
- Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪] [ɲ] before and after /i/.
- /d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
- /ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Barawana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (1993). Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais [A description of Bare (Arawak): phonological and grammatical aspects] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-01-02.