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{{Short description|Association of professional crystallographers}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}

{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
|name = International Union of Crystallography
|name = International Union of Crystallography
|image =
|image =
|image_border =
|image_border =
|size =
|size = 100px
|alt =
|alt =
|caption = IUCr
|caption = IUCr
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|num_volunteers =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|budget =
|website = [http://www.iucr.org/ IUCr Official website]
|website = {{URL|http://www.iucr.org/}}
|remarks =
|remarks =
}}
}}


The '''International Union of Crystallography''' ('''IUCr''') is a member of the [[International Council for Science|International Council for Science (ICSU)]] and exists to serve the world community of crystallographers.
The '''International Union of Crystallography''' ('''IUCr''') is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of [[crystallography]]. The IUCr is a member of the [[International Council for Science|International Council for Science (ICSU)]].


== Objectives ==
It was founded 1948 with the help of [[Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff]] who served as Vice-president and President from 1951 to 1957.<ref name="RWGW-bio">"Ralph W. G. Wyckoff 1897-1994," ''Acta Crystallogr''. (1995). A51, 649-650. Accessed online at http://ww1.iucr.org/people/wyckoff.htm on 3/23/2010</ref>
The objectives of the IUCr are to promote international cooperation in [[crystallography]] and to contribute to all aspects of crystallography, to promote international publication of crystallographic research, to facilitate standardization of methods, units, nomenclatures and symbols, and to form a focus for the relations of crystallography to other sciences.


The IUCr fulfils these objectives by publishing in print and electronically primary scientific journals through the ''[[Acta Crystallographica]]'' journal series, as well as ''[[Journal of Applied Crystallography]]'', ''[[Journal of Synchrotron Radiation]]'', ''[[IUCrJ]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=''Crystallography Journals Online'' |url=http://journals.iucr.org/ |website=Crystallography Journals Online |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> the series of reference volumes ''International Tables for Crystallography'',<ref>{{cite web |title=International Tables for Crystallography |url=http://it.iucr.org/ |website=International Tables for Crystallography |publisher=International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> distributing the quarterly ''IUCr Newsletter'',<ref>{{cite web |title=IUCr Newsletter |url=http://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter |website=IUCr Newsletter |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> maintaining the online ''World Directory/Database of Crystallographers'',<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Crystallographers |url=http://www.iucr.org/people/wdc |website=World Directory of Crystallographers |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> awarding the [[Ewald Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ewald Prize |url=http://www.iucr.org/iucr/ewald-prize |website=The Ewald Prize |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> and organising the triennial Congress and General Assembly.
⚫
== Symmetry notation ==

⚫
The IUC notation is the notation for the symmetry group adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1952. It names the [[wallpaper group]]s with a 4 character name. First it has a ''P'' or ''C'' for ''primitive'' or ''centered'' groups. Groups are given a number 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 for the highest order of symmetry. Groups can have one or two reflections, given as vertical mirrors first (horizontal reflection), and horizontal second (vertical reflection). A simple reflection is given an ''m'' (mirror), and a glide-reflection is given a ''g''. Place holder ''1'' are given for an orthogonal direction with no reflections.
== History ==
<ref name="IUCr_history" /><ref>{{cite web |editor-last1=Ewald |editor-first1=Paul P |title=The Consolidation of the New Crystallography |url=http://www.iucr.org/publ/50yearsofxraydiffraction/full-text/consolidation |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref>
In 1944 the yearly meeting of the X-ray Analysis Group (XRAG) of the UK [[Institute of Physics]] was held in Oxford, and the distinguished German crystallographer [[Paul Peter Ewald]], who then taught at [[Queen's University Belfast]], was invited to give the evening lecture. In it he gave a historical survey of some of the stages in the evolution of [[X-ray crystallography]] and ended with a strong plea for the formation of an international society or union which would represent, and unify publication for, the new science. This idea was followed up by the British crystallographers, and particularly by Sir [[Lawrence Bragg]], the Chairman of XRAG. In June 1946, within a year of the termination of fighting in [[WWII]], he arranged for an international meeting of crystallographers in London which was attended by some 120 scientists from most of the allied countries.<ref>With one very distinguished exception, the German physicist [[Max von Laue]], who won the 1914 Nobel Prize for his discovery of [[X-ray diffraction]] in crystals, whose invitation and acceptance required some degree of political and personal courage by both Bragg and von Laue.</ref> In that London meeting Ewald was elected Chairman of the Provisional International Crystallographic Committee, which put into action the decision to form the International Union of Crystallography.<ref name="IUCr_history"></ref>

== Presidents ==
Sir [[Lawrence Bragg]] was the first formally elected President of the IUCr,<ref name="IUCr_history">{{cite journal |last1=Kamminga |first1=Harmke |title=The International Union of Crystallography: its formation and early development |journal=Acta Crystallogr. |date=1989 |volume=A45 |issue=9 |pages=581–601 |doi=10.1107/S0108767389003910 |url=http://www.iucr.org/iucr/history/early-history}}</ref> with [[Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff]]<ref name="RWGW-bio">"Ralph W. G. Wyckoff 1897-1994," ''Acta Crystallogr''. (1995). A51, 649-650. Accessed online at http://ww1.iucr.org/people/wyckoff.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107061038/http://ww1.iucr.org/people/wyckoff.htm |date=2010-11-07 }} on 3/23/2010</ref> and Arne Westgren <ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Arne Westgren 1889-1975 |url=http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/1976/01/00/a28677/a28677.pdf |publisher=The International Union of Crystallography}}</ref> as Vice-Presidents. Ewald was elected as 5th President of the IUCr, the 'international society or union' that he had originally conceived, in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(IUCr) Aspects of the History of the IUCr |url=http://cristal.org/DU-SDPD/nexus/iucr2/iucr-top/iucr/dw/sc0025.htm |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=cristal.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Executive Committees |url=https://www.iucr.org/iucr/history/previous |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.iucr.org}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1948 – [[Lawrence Bragg]]
* 1951 – [[Johannes Martin Bijvoet]]
* 1954 – [[Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff|Ralph Wyckoff]]
* 1957 – [[Jean Wyart]]
* 1960 – [[Paul Peter Ewald]]
* 1963 – [[John Desmond Bernal]]
* 1966 – [[Kathleen Lonsdale]], [[Nikolay Belov (geochemist)|Nikolay Belov]]
* 1969 – [[André Guinier]]
* 1972 – [[Dorothy Hodgkin]]
* 1975 – [[Arne Magnéli]]
* 1978 – [[Norio Kato]]
* 1981 – [[Jerome Karle]]
* 1984 – [[Theo Hahn]]
* 1987 – Mario Nardelli
* 1990 – [[André Authier]]
* 1993 – [[Philip Coppens (chemist)|Philip Coppens]]
* 1996 – [[Ted Baker (chemist)|Edward Neill Baker]]
* 1999 – Henk Schenk
* 2002 – William L. Duax
* 2005 – Yuji Ohashi
* 2008 – Sine Larsen
* 2011 – [[Gautam Radhakrishna Desiraju]]
* 2014 – Marvin L. Hackert
* 2017 – [[:sv:Sven Lidin|Sven Lidin]]
* 2021 – Hanna Dabkowska
* 2024 – [[Santiago García Granda]]
{{div col end}}

⚫
== IUCr Symmetry notation ==
⚫
The IUCr notation is the notation for the symmetry group adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1952. It identifies members of the [[Wallpaper group]] with a 4 character name. First it has a ''P'' or ''C'' for ''primitive'' or ''centered'' groups. Groups are denoted by a number 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 for the highest order of symmetry. Groups can have one or two reflections, denoted as vertical mirrors first (horizontal reflection), and horizontal second (vertical reflection). A simple reflection is denoted by an ''m'' (mirror), and a glide-reflection is denoted by a ''g''. Place holder ''1'' denotes an orthogonal direction with no reflections.


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[International Year of Crystallography]]
*[[International Year of Crystallography]]
*[[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]], of which IUCr is a member
*[[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]], of which IUCr is a member
* [[British Crystallographic Association]]
* [[American Crystallographic Association]]
* [[German Crystallographic Society]]
* [[French Crystallographic Association]]
* [[Crystallographic Society of Japan]]


==References==
==References==
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* [http://www.iucr.org/ International Union of Crystallography Home Page]
* [http://www.iucr.org/ International Union of Crystallography Home Page]


=== Archival collections ===
⚫
{{International Council for Science}}

* [https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=16805L8485WS5.65155&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=rev-all&ri=&index=.GW&term=INTERNATIONAL+UNION+OF+CRYSTALLOGRAPHY+RECORDS+OF+PAUL+PETER+EWALD%2C+1936-1967&oper=AND&x=12&y=8&aspect=power&index=.TW&term=&oper=AND&index=.AW&term=&oper=AND&index=.SW&term=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort= International Union of Crystallography Paul Peter Ewald records, 1936-1967, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
⚫
{{International Science Council}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:International organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Members of the International Science Council]]


{{int-org-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:11, 26 May 2024

International Union of Crystallography
AbbreviationIUCr
Formation1948; 76 years ago (1948)
TypeINGO
Region served
Worldwide
Official language
English
Parent organization
International Council for Science
Websitewww.iucr.org

The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of crystallography. The IUCr is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU).

Objectives

[edit]

The objectives of the IUCr are to promote international cooperation in crystallography and to contribute to all aspects of crystallography, to promote international publication of crystallographic research, to facilitate standardization of methods, units, nomenclatures and symbols, and to form a focus for the relations of crystallography to other sciences.

The IUCr fulfils these objectives by publishing in print and electronically primary scientific journals through the Acta Crystallographica journal series, as well as Journal of Applied Crystallography, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrJ,[1] the series of reference volumes International Tables for Crystallography,[2] distributing the quarterly IUCr Newsletter,[3] maintaining the online World Directory/Database of Crystallographers,[4] awarding the Ewald Prize[5] and organising the triennial Congress and General Assembly.

History

[edit]

[6][7] In 1944 the yearly meeting of the X-ray Analysis Group (XRAG) of the UK Institute of Physics was held in Oxford, and the distinguished German crystallographer Paul Peter Ewald, who then taught at Queen's University Belfast, was invited to give the evening lecture. In it he gave a historical survey of some of the stages in the evolution of X-ray crystallography and ended with a strong plea for the formation of an international society or union which would represent, and unify publication for, the new science. This idea was followed up by the British crystallographers, and particularly by Sir Lawrence Bragg, the Chairman of XRAG. In June 1946, within a year of the termination of fighting in WWII, he arranged for an international meeting of crystallographers in London which was attended by some 120 scientists from most of the allied countries.[8] In that London meeting Ewald was elected Chairman of the Provisional International Crystallographic Committee, which put into action the decision to form the International Union of Crystallography.[6]

Presidents

[edit]

Sir Lawrence Bragg was the first formally elected President of the IUCr,[6] with Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff[9] and Arne Westgren [10] as Vice-Presidents. Ewald was elected as 5th President of the IUCr, the 'international society or union' that he had originally conceived, in 1960.[11][12]

IUCr Symmetry notation

[edit]

The IUCr notation is the notation for the symmetry group adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1952. It identifies members of the Wallpaper group with a 4 character name. First it has a P or C for primitive or centered groups. Groups are denoted by a number 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 for the highest order of symmetry. Groups can have one or two reflections, denoted as vertical mirrors first (horizontal reflection), and horizontal second (vertical reflection). A simple reflection is denoted by an m (mirror), and a glide-reflection is denoted by a g. Place holder 1 denotes an orthogonal direction with no reflections.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Crystallography Journals Online". Crystallography Journals Online. The International Union of Crystallography.
  2. ^ "International Tables for Crystallography". International Tables for Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography.
  3. ^ "IUCr Newsletter". IUCr Newsletter. The International Union of Crystallography.
  4. ^ "World Directory of Crystallographers". World Directory of Crystallographers. The International Union of Crystallography.
  5. ^ "The Ewald Prize". The Ewald Prize. The International Union of Crystallography.
  6. ^ a b c Kamminga, Harmke (1989). "The International Union of Crystallography: its formation and early development". Acta Crystallogr. A45 (9): 581–601. doi:10.1107/S0108767389003910.
  7. ^ Ewald, Paul P (ed.). "The Consolidation of the New Crystallography". The International Union of Crystallography.
  8. ^ With one very distinguished exception, the German physicist Max von Laue, who won the 1914 Nobel Prize for his discovery of X-ray diffraction in crystals, whose invitation and acceptance required some degree of political and personal courage by both Bragg and von Laue.
  9. ^ "Ralph W. G. Wyckoff 1897-1994," Acta Crystallogr. (1995). A51, 649-650. Accessed online at http://ww1.iucr.org/people/wyckoff.htm Archived 2010-11-07 at the Wayback Machine on 3/23/2010
  10. ^ "Obituary: Arne Westgren 1889-1975" (PDF). The International Union of Crystallography.
  11. ^ "(IUCr) Aspects of the History of the IUCr". cristal.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  12. ^ "Previous Executive Committees". www.iucr.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
[edit]

Archival collections

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Crystallography&oldid=1225672553"